1
|
Arnold M, Echtermann T, Nathues H. Infectious Enteric Diseasses in Pigs. PRODUCTION DISEASES IN FARM ANIMALS 2024:223-269. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-51788-4_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2025]
|
2
|
Cullen JT, Lawlor PG, Cormican P, Gardiner GE. Microbial Quality of Liquid Feed for Pigs and Its Impact on the Porcine Gut Microbiome. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102983. [PMID: 34680002 PMCID: PMC8532943 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Liquid feed is produced by mixing dry feed ingredients with water, and sometimes liquid co-products from the food and beverage industry, at a defined ratio. Liquid feeding of pigs is popular, particularly in parts of northern and western Europe, and can be associated with lower feed costs, improved dry matter intake, growth rate and gut health, compared to dry feeding. However, spontaneous/uncontrolled fermentation upon mixing of feed with water or co-products can decrease the microbial and nutritional quality of the feed, resulting in poorer pig health and growth. For this reason, strategies aimed at optimising liquid feed microbial quality are frequently employed. These include: deliberate fermentation with/without the use of lactic acid bacteria starter cultures that produce lactic acid and lower the feed pH, thereby preventing growth of pathogens. Fermenting only the cereal component of the diet is preferred to whole diet fermentation to minimise loss of free amino acids from the diet during fermentation. This review examines the microbiome of liquid feed and explores how optimisation strategies impact both feed microbial quality and the gut microbiota and growth of liquid-fed pigs. It also covers cleaning and disinfection of liquid feeding systems and how this might impact liquid feed microbial quality. Abstract There is evidence that spontaneous fermentation frequently occurs in liquid pig feed that is intended to be delivered as fresh liquid feed, often with a resultant deterioration in the microbial and nutritional quality of the feed, which can negatively affect pig health and growth. Strategies including controlled fermentation with microbial inoculants, pre-fermentation or soaking of the cereal fraction of the diet, enzyme supplementation and dietary acidification have been employed to inhibit pathogens and prevent deterioration of feed nutritional quality, with promising results obtained in many cases. This review evaluates the impact of these strategies on the microbial quality of liquid feed and discusses how they can be further improved. It also investigates if/how these strategies impact the pig gut microbiota and growth performance of liquid-fed pigs. Finally, we review liquid feed system sanitisation practices, which are highly variable from farm to farm and discuss the impact of these practices and whether they are beneficial or detrimental to liquid feed microbial quality. Overall, we provide a comprehensive review of the current state of knowledge on liquid feed for pigs, focusing on factors affecting microbial quality and strategies for its optimisation, as well as its impact on the pig gut microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James T. Cullen
- Department of Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Co. Waterford, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland;
| | - Peadar G. Lawlor
- Teagasc, Pig Development Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Paul Cormican
- Teagasc, Animal Bioscience Research Centre, Grange, Dunsany, Co. Meath, C15 PW93 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Gillian E. Gardiner
- Department of Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Co. Waterford, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Beauchemin J, Fréchette A, Thériault W, Dufour S, Fravalo P, Thibodeau A. Comparison of microbiota of recycled manure solids and straw bedding used in dairy farms in eastern Canada. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:389-408. [PMID: 34656347 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recycled manure solids (RMS) bedding is an alternative bedding option that is growing in popularity on Canadian dairy farms. However, the microbiological characteristics and production of RMS bedding are poorly documented under on-farm conditions in eastern Canada. This bedding could support the presence of pathogens and could have an effect on cow and human health. The aim of this study was to describe the RMS microbiota when used under dairy cows and compare it with straw bedding. Unused and used bedding from 27 RMS and 61 straw-bedded dairy farms were collected and compared using 16S amplicon sequencing, bacterial counts, and Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes detection. Microbiota composition of unused RMS and unused straw were different. After use, both bedding microbiota were similar in their bacterial composition, structure, and diversity. Unused RMS generally contained higher bacterial counts than did unused straw, except for Klebsiella spp. counts. Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes were more frequently detected in unused RMS (Salmonella spp.: 11%; L. monocytogenes: 30%), than in unused straw (Salmonella spp.: 0%; L. monocytogenes: 11%). Finally, 2 RMS production systems (extraction of the liquid fraction followed by maturation in an opened or enclosed container vs. in a heap) did not influence the microbiota richness and bacteria distribution (α-diversity), but did influence the microbiota structure (β-diversity). In conclusion, animal and human pathogens were found in greater numbers and more frequently in unused RMS than unused straw, and this could eventually affect dairy cow or human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessika Beauchemin
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2 Canada; Chaire de recherche en salubrité des viandes (CRSV), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2 Canada; Regroupement FRQ-NT Op+Lait, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2 Canada.
| | - Annie Fréchette
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2 Canada; Regroupement FRQ-NT Op+Lait, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2 Canada
| | - William Thériault
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2 Canada; Chaire de recherche en salubrité des viandes (CRSV), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2 Canada
| | - Simon Dufour
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2 Canada; Regroupement FRQ-NT Op+Lait, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2 Canada
| | - Philippe Fravalo
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2 Canada; Chaire de recherche en salubrité des viandes (CRSV), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2 Canada; Pole Agro-alimentaire, Conservatoire national des arts et métiers, Le Cnam, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Alexandre Thibodeau
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2 Canada; Chaire de recherche en salubrité des viandes (CRSV), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2 Canada; Centre de recherche en infectiologie porcine et avicole (CRIPA-FRQNT), Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec J2S 2M2 Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Luise D, Spinelli E, Correa F, Salvarani C, Bosi P, Trevisi P. Effects of E. coli bivalent vaccine and of host genetic susceptibility to E. coli on the growth performance and faecal microbial profile of weaned pigs. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
5
|
Rukambile E, Sintchenko V, Muscatello G, Kock R, Alders R. Infection, colonization and shedding of Campylobacter and Salmonella in animals and their contribution to human disease: A review. Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 66:562-578. [PMID: 31179637 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Livestock meat and offal contribute significantly to human nutrition as sources of high-quality protein and micronutrients. Livestock products are increasingly in demand, particularly in low- and middle-income settings where economies are growing and meat is increasingly seen as an affordable and desirable food item. Demand is also driving intensification of livestock keeping and processing. An unintended consequence of intensification is increased exposure to zoonotic agents, and a contemporary emerging problem is infection with Campylobacter and Salmonella spp. from livestock (avian and mammalian), which can lead to disease, malabsorption and undernutrition through acute and chronic diarrhoea. This can occur at the farm, in households or through the food chain. Direct infection occurs when handling livestock and through bacteria shed into the environment, on food preparation surfaces or around the house and surroundings. This manuscript critically reviews Campylobacter and Salmonella infections in animals, examines the factors affecting colonization and faecal shedding of bacteria of these two genera as well as risk factors for human acquisition of the infection from infected animals or environment and analyses priority areas for preventive actions with a focus on resource-poor settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elpidius Rukambile
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Vitali Sintchenko
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology-Public Health, Westmead Hospital and New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gary Muscatello
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Kock
- The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Robyn Alders
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Kyeema Foundation, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Centre on Global Health Security, Chatham House, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Larivière-Gauthier G, Thibodeau A, Letellier A, Yergeau É, Fravalo P. Salmonella
shedding status of the sow affects the microbiota of their piglets at weaning. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 126:411-423. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Larivière-Gauthier
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Meat-Safety (CRSV), University of Montreal; Saint-Hyacinthe QC Canada
| | - A. Thibodeau
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Meat-Safety (CRSV), University of Montreal; Saint-Hyacinthe QC Canada
| | - A. Letellier
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Meat-Safety (CRSV), University of Montreal; Saint-Hyacinthe QC Canada
| | - É. Yergeau
- Centre INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier; Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université du Québec; Laval QC Canada
| | - P. Fravalo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Meat-Safety (CRSV), University of Montreal; Saint-Hyacinthe QC Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Larivière-Gauthier G, Thibodeau A, Letellier A, Yergeau É, Fravalo P. Reduction of Salmonella Shedding by Sows during Gestation in Relation to Its Fecal Microbiome. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2219. [PMID: 29209285 PMCID: PMC5701629 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pork meat is estimated to be responsible for 10–20% of human salmonellosis cases in Europe. Control strategies at the farm could reduce contamination at the slaughterhouse. One of the targeted sectors of production is maternity, where sows could be Salmonella reservoirs. The aim of this study was to assess the dynamics of shedding of Salmonella in terms of variation in both shedding prevalence and strains excreted during gestation in Quebec’s maternity sector. The evolution of the fecal microbiota of these sows during gestation was also assessed to detect bacterial populations associated with these variations. A total of 73 sows both at the beginning and the end of the gestation were randomly selected and their fecal matter was analyzed. Salmonella detection was conducted using a method that includes two selective enrichment media (MSRV and TBG). Nine isolates per positive samples were collected. Among the 73 sows tested, 27 were shedding Salmonella. Sows in the first third of their gestation shed Salmonella significantly more frequently (21/27) than those in the last third (6/46) (χ2P < 0.05). The shedding status of 19 of the sows that were previously sampled in the first third of their gestation was followed, this time in the last third of their gestation, which confirmed reduction of shedding. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and qPCR, significant differences between the fecal flora of sows at the beginning and the end of the gestation, shedding Salmonella or not and with different parity number were detected. Using MaAsLin, multiple OTUs were found to be associated with the time of gestation, the status of Salmonella excretion and parity number. Some of the identified taxa could be linked to the reduction of the shedding of Salmonella at the end of gestation. In this study, we showed that the level of Salmonella shedding was variable during gestation with significantly higher shedding at the beginning rather than at the end of gestation. We also observed for the first time a significant change in the microbiota during sow gestation and identified interesting taxa which could be linked to a reduced Salmonella shedding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Larivière-Gauthier
- NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Meat-Safety (CRSV), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre Thibodeau
- NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Meat-Safety (CRSV), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Ann Letellier
- NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Meat-Safety (CRSV), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Étienne Yergeau
- Centre INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université du Québec, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Fravalo
- NSERC Industrial Research Chair in Meat-Safety (CRSV), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|