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Otite SV, Lag-Brotons AJ, Ezemonye LI, Martin AD, Pickup RW, Semple KT. Volatile Fatty Acids Effective as Antibacterial Agents against Three Enteric Bacteria during Mesophilic Anaerobic Incubation. Molecules 2024; 29:1908. [PMID: 38731399 PMCID: PMC11085169 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29091908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The antibacterial effects of a selection of volatile fatty acids (acetic, propionic, butyric, valeric, and caproic acids) relevant to anaerobic digestion were investigated at 1, 2 and 4 g/L. The antibacterial effects were characterised by the dynamics of Enterococcus faecalis NCTC 00775, Escherichia coli JCM 1649 and Klebsiella pneumoniae A17. Mesophilic anaerobic incubation to determine the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and median lethal concentration of the VFAs was carried out in Luria Bertani broth at 37 °C for 48 h. Samples collected at times 0, 3, 6, 24 and 48 h were used to monitor bacterial kinetics and pH. VFAs at 4 g/L demonstrated the highest bactericidal effect (p < 0.05), while 1 g/L supported bacterial growth. The VFA cocktail was the most effective, while propionic acid was the least effective. Enterococcus faecalis NCTC 00775 was the most resistant strain with the VFAs MBC of 4 g/L, while Klebsiella pneumoniae A17 was the least resistant with the VFAs MBC of 2 g/L. Allowing a 48 h incubation period led to more log decline in the bacterial numbers compared to earlier times. The VFA cocktail, valeric, and caproic acids at 4 g/L achieved elimination of the three bacteria strains, with over 7 log10 decrease within 48 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saanu Victoria Otite
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK;
| | | | - Lawrence I. Ezemonye
- Centre for Global Eco-Innovation Nigeria, University of Benin, Benin City PMB 300313, Nigeria
- Vice Chancellor’s Office, Igbinedion University Okada, Benin City PMB 0006, Nigeria
| | - Alastair D. Martin
- Engineering Department, Gillow Avenue, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Roger W. Pickup
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Furness Building, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Kirk T. Semple
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK;
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Semi-VOCs of Wood Vinegar Display Strong Antifungal Activities against Oomycete Species Globisporangium ultimum and Pythium aphanidermatum. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres14010029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant disease outbreaks are increasingly exacerbated by climate change and the conditions of stress combinations. They are negatively affecting crop yield and driving threats to food security in many areas of the world. Although synthetic pesticides offer relative success in the control of pests and plant diseases, they are often overused, and this method faces numerous drawbacks, including environmental toxicity, soil degradation, and adverse effects on human health. Therefore, alternatives are being developed and examined, including the biocontrol of pests and pathogens and biomass pyrolysis leading to wood vinegar that has shown great promise in agriculture and organic farming. However, while wood vinegar use is expanding and allows the control of numerous pests and bacterial and fungal diseases, its application to control oomycete diseases is limited. This study aimed to test wood vinegar for the control of oomycete plant pathogens from which six wood vinegars of pistachio, pomegranate, almond, pine, cypress, and walnut were produced. The inhibitory effects of volatile metabolites (semi-VOCs) of different wood vinegars concentrations (100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, and 6.25%) were examined against the hyphal growth of Globisporangium ultimum and Pythium aphanidermatum isolates. An in vitro analysis unambiguously demonstrated that for Globisporangium ultimum, the wood vinegar semi-VOCs of almond, pistachio (C 100% and 50%), and walnut (C 100%) totally inhibited mycelial growth. On the other hand, Pythium aphanidermatum, pistachio (C 100%, 50%, and 25%), and cypress (C 100%) expressed their abilities to completely inhibit the mycelial growth. Other treatments, including relevant concentrations of pine and pomegranate significantly inhibited the growth of mycelia of both species compared to the control (p ≤ 0.05). Therefore, wood vinegar could be considered a natural and organic product to use in agriculture to cope not only against pests, bacterial and fungal pests but also against emerging oomycete plant diseases.
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Jindo K, Goron TL, Kurebito S, Matsumoto K, Masunaga T, Mori K, Miyakawa K, Nagao S, Tokunari T. Sustainable Plant Growth Promotion and Chemical Composition of Pyroligneous Acid When Applied with Biochar as a Soil Amendment. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113397. [PMID: 35684334 PMCID: PMC9182051 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The pyrolysis of biomass material results in pyroligneous acid (PA) and biochar, among other by-products. In agriculture, PA is recognized as an antimicrobial agent, bio-insecticide, and bio-herbicide due to antioxidant activity provided by a variety of constituent materials. Application of PA to crop plants and soil can result in growth promotion, improved soil health, and reduced reliance on polluting chemical crop inputs. More detailed information regarding chemical compound content within PA and identification of optimal chemical profiles for growth promotion in different crop species is essential for application to yield effective results. Additionally, biochar and PA are often applied in tandem for increased agricultural benefits, but little is known regarding the optimal proportion of each crop input. This work reports on the effect of combined applications of different proportions of PA (200- and 800-fold dilutions) and chemical fertilizer rates (100%, 75%, 50%, and 0%) in the presence or absence of biochar on Komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. perviridis, Japanese mustard spinach) plant growth. To elucidate the chemical composition of the applied PA, four different spectroscopic measurements of fluorescence excitation were utilized for analysis—excitation-emission matrix, ion chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. It was determined that PA originating from pyrolysis of Japanese pine wood contained different classes of biostimulants (e.g., tryptophan, humic acid, and fulvic acid), and application to Komatsuna plants resulted in increased growth when applied alone, and in different combinations with the other two inputs. Additionally, application of biochar and PA at the higher dilution rate increased leaf accumulation of nutrients, calcium, and phosphorus. These effects reveal that PA and biochar are promising materials for sustainable crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Jindo
- Agrosystems Research, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
| | - Travis Luc Goron
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
| | - Soboda Kurebito
- Meiwa Co., Ltd., 3-8-1 Minato, Kanazawa 920-0211, Japan; (S.K.); (T.T.)
| | - Kazuhiro Matsumoto
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan;
| | - Tsugiyuki Masunaga
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue 690-8504, Japan; (T.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Kouki Mori
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue 690-8504, Japan; (T.M.); (K.M.)
| | - Kazuhiro Miyakawa
- Graduate School of Natural Sciences and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
| | - Seiya Nagao
- Low Level Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan;
| | - Takeo Tokunari
- Meiwa Co., Ltd., 3-8-1 Minato, Kanazawa 920-0211, Japan; (S.K.); (T.T.)
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Science and Engineering Complex, 150 Western Avenue, Boston, MA 02134, USA
- Harvard Graduate School of Design, 48 Quincy Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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