Carrier frequencies of hearing loss variants in newborns of China: A meta-analysis

Newborn screening for deafness genes with cord blood-based multicolour melting curve analysis

BACKGROUND

The purpose of the research was to examine the prevalence rates of screening for genetics and hearing simultaneously in neonates and provide scientific evidence for the beneficial application of newborn screening in the Southeast China population.

METHODS

Between June 2015 and March 2023, 27,843 newborns were enrolled in the study. All participants were screened by otoacoustic emissions at 2 days of age. Fifteen variant hotspots in the four deafness genes (GJB2, GJB3, SLC26A4 and MTRNR1) were detected using multicolour melting curve analysis. Newborn screening data were also analysed.

RESULTS

In otoacoustic emissions testing, 244 newborns (0.88 %) failed the secondary screening. According to genetic testing, 1307 (4.69 %) newborns had at least one variant. GJB2 c.235delC (2.34 %) and SLC26A4 c.919-2 A > G (0.91 %) were the major deafness-related variants in the Wenzhou area of Southeast China. In addition, a difference in the number of newborns with variants was observed between the passed and failed groups. The difference in the positive rate between the two groups was statistically significant (χ2 = 274.969, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Newborn screening for deafness genes by cord blood-based melting curve analysis can be applied to genetic counselling, prenatal diagnosis, and genetic screening of newborns with sensorineural hearing impairment with an unknown cause. The new PCR melting curve analysis approach is more effective and more convenient than SNaPshot and MS-based assay testing. Furthermore, it has a lower cost and is more suitable for clinical testing.

Carrier frequencies, trends, and geographical distribution of hearing loss variants in China: The pooled analysis of 2,161,984 newborns

The aim of this study is to comprehensively investigate the prevalence and distribution patterns of three common genetic variants associated with hearing loss (HL) in Chinese neonatal population. Methods: Prior to June 30, 2023, an extensive search and screening process was conducted across multiple literature databases. R software was utilized for conducting meta-analyses, cartography, and correlation analyses. Results: Firstly, our study identified a total of 99 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Notably, provinces such as Qinghai, Tibet, Jilin, and Heilongjiang lack large-scale genetic screening data for neonatal deafness. Secondly, in Chinese newborns, the carrier frequencies of GJB2 variants (c.235delC, c.299_300delAT) were 1.63 % (95 %CI 1.52 %-1.76 %) and 0.33 % (95 %CI 0.30 %-0.37 %); While SLC26A4 variants (c.919-2A > G, c.2168A > G) exhibited carrier rates of 0.95 % (95 %CI 0.86 %-1.04 %) and 0.17 % (95 %CI 0.15 %-0.19 %); Additionally, Mt 12S rRNA m.1555 A > G variant was found at a rate of 0.24 % (95 % CI 0.22 %-0.26 %). Thirdly, the mutation rate of GJB2 c.235delC was higher in the east of the Heihe-Tengchong line, whereas the mutation rate of Mt 12S rRNA m.1555 A > G variant exhibited the opposite pattern. Forthly, no significant correlation exhibited the opposite pattern of GJB2 variants, but there was a notable correlation among SLC26A4 variants. Lastly, strong regional distribution correlations were evident between mutation sites from different genes, particularly between SLC26A4 (c.919-2A > G and c.2168A > G) and GJB c.299_300delAT. Conclusions: The most prevalent deafness genes among Chinese neonates were GJB2 c.235delC variant, followed by SLC26A4 c.919-2A > G variant. These gene mutation rates exhibit significant regional distribution characteristics. Consequently, it is imperative to enhance genetic screening efforts to reduce the incidence of deafness in high-risk areas.

Multicolor melting curve analysis discloses high carrier frequency of hearing loss-associated variants among neonates in Jiangsu province

BACKGROUND

Genetic disorders ascribe to half of cases of congenital hearing loss. Hearing screening is significant in detecting hearing loss (HL) but weak at diagnosis, which can be complemented by genetic screening.

METHODS

To find a feasible method to accomplish genetic screening and evaluate its advantage when combined with hearing screening, between 1 January 2022, and 10 December 2023, we performed an observational cohort study based on 2488 neonates from the Han population at three hospitals in Jiangsu province. Genetic screening for 20 variants in four common HL-associated genes by multicolor melting curve analysis (MMCA) and hearing screening were offered concurrently to all participants.

RESULTS

In total, 170 (6.8%) of 2488 eligible neonates were detected at least one variant and among them, the proportion of referral was higher (p < 0.05). Genetic screening combined with hearing screening was associated with a 25.0% increase (2 of 8) in discovering cases of diagnosed hearing loss that were missed by hearing screening.

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that genetic screening combined with hearing screening by MMCA is effective at finding potential HL cases and practical to be validated in other places.

Establishment and application of a reverse dot blot assay for 13 mutations of hearing-loss genes in primary hospitals in China

Background

Hearing loss is a common sensorineural dysfunction with a high incidence in China. Although genetic factors are important causes of hearing loss, hearing-related gene detection has not been widely adopted in China.

Objective

Establishing a rapid and efficient method to simultaneously detect hotspot hearing loss gene mutations.

Methods

A reverse dot blot assay combined with a flow-through hybridization technique was developed for the simultaneous detection of 13 hotspot mutations of 4 hearing loss-related genes including GJB2, GJB3, SLC26A4, and the mitochondrial gene MT-RNR1. This method involved PCR amplification systems and a hybridization platform.

Results

The technique can detect 13 hotspot mutations of 4 hearing loss-related genes. And a total of 213 blood samples were used to evaluate the availability of this method.

Discussion

Our reverse dot blot assay was a simple, rapid, accurate, and cost-effective method to identify hotspot mutations of 4 hearing loss-related genes in a Chinese population.

Hereditary deafness carrier screening in 9,993 Chinese individuals

Background: Preconception or prenatal carrier screening plays an important role in reproductive decision-making, but current research on hereditary deafness is limited. This study aimed to investigate the carrier frequencies of common deafness genes in the Chinese population who underwent carrier screening and to follow up on pregnancy outcomes in high-chance couples. Methods: Individual females or couples in preconception or early pregnancy were recruited from two hospitals in China. Carrier screening for common deafness genes in the Chinese population, including the GJB2 and SLC26A4 genes, was performed using next-generation sequencing technology. Genetic counseling was provided to subjects before and after testing. Results: Of the 9,993 subjects screened, the carrier rate was 2.86% for the GJB2 gene and 2.63% for the SLC26A4 gene. The variant with the highest carrier frequency in GJB2 was c.235delC (1.89%), and c.919-2A>G (1.08%) in SLC26A4. Of the six high-chance couples, four made alternative reproductive decisions (three with prenatal diagnosis and one with preimplantation genetic testing), with consequent termination of the birth of two affected fetuses. Conclusion: These findings confirmed the clinical utility of preconception or prenatal carrier screening for hereditary deafness.

Genetic screening of 15 hearing loss variants in 77,647 neonates with clinical follow-up

BACKGROUND

To analyze the genotype distribution and frequency of hearing loss genes in newborn population and evaluate the clinical value of genetic screening policy in China.

METHODS

Genetic screening for hearing loss was offered to 84,029 neonates between March 2019 and December 2021, of whom 77,647 newborns accepted the screening program with one-year follow-up. The genotyping of 15 hot spot variants in GJB2, GJB3, SLC26A4, and MT-RNR1 was performed on microarray platform.

RESULTS

A total of 3.05% (2369/77,647) newborns carried at least one genetic hearing loss-associated variant, indicated for early preventive management. The carrier frequency of GJB2 gene was the highest, at 1.48% (1147/77,647), followed by SLC26A4 gene at 1.07% (831/77,647), and GJB3 gene at 0.23% (181/77,647). GJB2 c.235delC variant and SLC26A4 IVS7-2A>G variant were the most common allelic variants with allele frequency of 0.6304% (979/155,294) and 0.3992% (620/155,294), respectively. 10 children are identified as homozygous or compound heterozygous for pathogenic variants (4 in GJB2, 6 in SLC26A4), and 7 of these infants had passed the hearing screening. Following up of the genetically screened newborns revealed that genetic screening detected more hearing-impaired infants than hearing screening alone. Genetic screening helped identify the infants who had passed the initial hearing screening, and reduced time for diagnosis and intervention of hearing aid. In addition, we identified 234 newborns (0.30%, 234/77,647) susceptible to preventable aminoglycoside antibiotic ototoxicity undetectable by hearing screening.

CONCLUSION

We performed the largest-scale neonatal carrier screening for hearing loss genes in Southeast China. Our results indicated that genetic screening is an important complementation to conventional hearing screening. Our practice and experience may facilitate the application and development of neonatal genetic screening policy in mainland China.

Characteristics of hearing loss-associated gene mutations: A multi-center study of 119,606 neonates in Gannan

BACKGROUND

HL is the second most common congenital disability in China, and its high incidence brings a serious burden of medical and educational sequelae. HL genetic screening enables the identification of individuals with inherited HL and carriers in a large scale.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to measure the detection rates of hearing loss (HL)-associated gene mutations in the Gannan population. The molecular etiology and risk factors of hereditary HL were also analyzed.

METHODS

In total, 119,606 newborns from 18 districts of Gannan were enrolled in this multi-center study conducted between April 2019 and April 2021. Otoacoustic Emission (OAE) was used for primary hearing screening 3 days after birth in quiet conditions, and OAE combined with automated auditory brainstem response (AABR) was applied 29-42 days after birth for those who failed or missed the initial screening. Meanwhile, high-throughput sequencing of hotspot HL-associated mutations in GJB2, GJB3, MTRNR1, and SLC26A4 were performed.

RESULTS

Among the 119,606 newborns, 7796 (6.52%) failed the hearing screening. Genetic screening revealed that 5092 neonates (4.26%) carried HL-associated mutations. The detection rate of GJB2, SLC26A4, MTRNR1 and GJB3 mutations were 2.09%, 1.51%, 0.42% and 0.24%, respectively. The most prevalent variant was GJB2 c.235delC (1.74%). The second most prevalent variant was SLC26A4 c.919-2A > G (0.93%). The population who failed the hearing screening had a lower proportion (24.64%) of SLC26A4 gene variants compared to the population who passed (37.46%). Genetic screening identified 4612 (3.86%) carriers who were normal in hearing screenings. The concurrent hearing and genetic screening identified 480 (0.40%) neonates at high risk for hereditary HL.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this study suggest that the concurrent hearing screening and high-throughput genetic screening would greatly improve the effectiveness of newborn HL programs. This integration also facilitates the management of congenital HL, and aids in the prevention of aminoglycoside antibiotics-induced HL.

Comparative analysis of allele frequencies of 15 deafness gene variants between hearing-loss and normal populations in Henan, China

Background

Hearing loss is found in more than 5 % of cases worldwide. Hearing loss is divided into three types: Sensorineural hearing loss, Combined hearing loss and Conductive hearing loss. Among them, no less than 50 % of pediatric cases of sensorineural hearing loss are genetic. In Henan, China, there are no statistics on the allele frequency of deafness gene variants.

Methods

We divided 2178 subjects enrolled at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou College from January 2019 to March 2021 into a hearing loss group and a normal control group. We performed array and pathogenicity classification for screening the 15 deafness gene variants, calculated and compared the allele frequency of the deafness gene variants, and then compared the hearing loss diagnosis rate between the hearing loss group and the normal control group.

Results

We found that in the hearing loss group, the overall allele frequency of all detected variants was 16.6 %. Comparative analysis showed that the allele frequencies of GJB2 c.235delC variant, GJB3 c.538C > T variant and SLC26A4 c.919-2A > G variant were significantly higher than those of the East Asian population average in the gnomAD database. At the same time, our study confirmed that GJB3 c.538C > T variant may not be the disease-causing variant of hearing loss.

Conclusions

These results support genetic counseling and rational prediction of risk for deafness.

Efficacy and safety of montelukast adjuvant therapy in adults with cough variant asthma: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Montelukast is a highly selective and specific cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist used in the treatment of asthma. Whether montelukast as adjuvant therapy can significantly and safely treat adults with cough variant asthma (CVA) remains inconclusive.

AIMS

This meta-analysis systematically evaluated the efficacy and safety of montelukast as an adjuvant treatment for adults with CVA.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on montelukast combined with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and long-acting β2 agonists (LABAs) to treat CVA in adults, from inception to March 6, 2023, were retrieved from the CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, CBM, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases and Clinical Trials website. Review Manager (version 5.4) and Stata (version 15.0) were used to conduct the meta-analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 15 RCTs were ultimately included in the meta-analysis. It was established that montelukast as adjuvant therapy raised the total effective rate (RR = 1.20, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.13, 1.27], P < 0.01) and improved the FEV1% (SMD = 0.91, 95% CI [0.40, 1.41], P < 0.01), PEF% (SMD = 0.63, 95% CI [0.38, 0.88], P < 0.01), FEV1 (SMD = 1.15, 95% CI [0.53, 1.77], P < 0.01), PEF (SMD = 0.64, 95% CI [0.42, 0.86], P < 0.01), and FEV1/FVC% (SMD = 0.76, 95% CI [0.51, 1.01], P < 0.01) and reduced the recurrence rate (RR = 0.28, 95% CI [0.15, 0.53], P < 0.01). The incidence of adverse reactions was higher in the montelukast auxiliary group compared to the control group but with no statistical difference (RR = 1.32, 95% CI [0.89, 1.96], P = 0.17).

CONCLUSION

Existing evidence indicated that the use of montelukast as an adjuvant therapy had therapeutic efficacy superior to ICS + LABA alone for the treatment of adult patients with CVA. However, further research is needed, especially a combination of high-quality long-term prospective studies and carefully designed RCTs.

The Frequency of Common Deafness-Associated Variants Among 3,555,336 Newborns in China and 141,456 Individuals Across Seven Populations Worldwide

OBJECTIVES

Genetic screening can benefit early detection and intervention for hearing loss. The frequency of common deafness-associated variants in general populations is highly important for genetic screening and genetic counseling tailored to different ethnic backgrounds. We aimed to analyze the frequency of common deafness-associated variants in a large population-based Chinese newborn cohort and to explore the population-specific features in diverse populations worldwide.

DESIGN

This population-based cohort study analyzed the frequency of common deafness-associated variants in 3,555,336 newborns in the Chinese Newborn Concurrent Hearing and Genetic Screening cohort. Participants were newborn infants born between January 2007 and September 2020. Limited genetic screening for 20 variants in 4 common deafness-associated genes and newborn hearing screening were offered concurrently to all newborns in the Chinese Newborn Concurrent Hearing and Genetic Screening cohort. Sequence information of 141,456 individuals was also analyzed from seven ethnic populations from the Genome Aggregation Database for 20 common deafness-related variants. Statistical analysis was performed using R.

RESULTS

A total of 3,555,326 Chinese neonates completed the Newborn Concurrent Hearing and Genetic Screening were included for analysis. We reported the distinct landscape of common deafness-associated variants in this large population-based cohort. We found that the carrier frequencies of GJB2 , SLC26A4 , GJB3 , and MT-RNR were 2.53%, 2.05%, 0.37%, and 0.25%, respectively. Furthermore, GJB2 c.235delC was the most common variant with an allele frequency of 0.99% in the Chinese newborn population. We also demonstrated nine East-Asia-enriched variants, one Ashkenazi Jewish-enriched variant, and one European/American-enriched variant for hearing loss.

CONCLUSIONS

We showed the distinct landscape of common deafness-associated variants in the Chinese newborn population and provided insights into population-specific features in diverse populations. These data can serve as a powerful resource for otolaryngologists and clinical geneticists to inform population-adjusted genetic screening programs for hearing loss.

Identification of four novel variants in the CDH23 gene from four affected families with hearing loss

Background: Hearing loss (HL) is the most common form of sensory disorder in humans. Molecular diagnosis of HL is important for genetic counseling for the affected individuals and their families.

Methods: To identify potential genetic causes, we performed whole-exome sequencing and related biomedical informatics for 351 non-syndromic HL patients and their family members.

Results: In the present study, we report the identification of four compound heterozygous variants in the CDH23 gene from four affected families, including four novel variants (c.995C&gt;A, p.T332K; c.2159G&gt;A, p.R720Q; c.5534A&gt;G, p.N1845S, and c.7055-1G&gt;C) and two frequently reported variants (c.719C&gt;T, p.P240L and c.4762C&gt;T, p.R1588W).

Conclusion: Our findings significantly expanded the mutation spectrum of CDH23-associated autosomal recessive hearing loss.

The application of enhanced recovery after surgery in minimally invasive gastrectomy for gastric cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) for patients with gastric cancer undergoing minimally invasive surgery (MIS).

METHODS

We searched the PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, CNKI, VIP, WanFang, and CBM for relevant RCTs from the database inception until December 2021, for studies that compared the ERAS and traditional care (TC) in MIS for gastric cancer.

RESULTS

A total of 25 RCTs comprising 2809 patients were included in this study. When compared with the traditional care TC group, the ERAS group had a shorter postoperative hospital stay [MD = -1.88,95%CI (-2.22, -1.55), P < 0.00001] and an earlier time at first postoperative flatus [MD = -18.12,95%CI (-21.45,-14.80), P < 0.00001] along with lower medical costs [SMD = -0.64, 95% CI (-0.85, -0.43), P < 0.00001] and an overall reduction in postoperative complication rates [RR = 0.55, 95% CI (0.44, 0.69), P < 0.00001]. However, the difference in the readmission rates    was not significant.

CONCLUSIONS

ERAS can shorten the postoperative hospital stay, hasten the first postoperative flatus and reduce medical costs and overall postoperative complication rate without increasing readmission rates. Therefore, the ERAS protocol is preferable for gastric cancer patients undergoing MIS.

Efficacy of Vitamin C Supplementation on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background

In recent years, the pleiotropic roles of antioxidants have drawn extensive attention in various diseases. Vitamin C is a well-known antioxidant, and it has been used to treat patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to demonstrate the impact of vitamin C supplementation in patients with COPD.

Methods

We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), SinoMed, Wanfang, and China Science and Technology Journal Database (cqvip.com) for eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from their respective inception to May 18^th, 2021, by using the searching terms of COPD, vitamin C, and RCTs. A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the effects of vitamin C on lung function, antioxidant levels, and nutritional conditions in COPD patients by using Review Manager (Version 5.4).

Results

Ten RCTs including 487 participants were eligible for our study. Meta-analysis results showed that vitamin C supplementation (≥400 mg/day) can significantly improve the forced expiratory volume in one second as a percentage (FEV1%) in COPD (SMD:1.08, 95% CI:0.03, 2.12, P=0.04). Moreover, vitamin C supplementation significantly improved the ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second and forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) (WMD:0.66, 95% CI: 0.26, 1.06, P=0.001), vitamin C level in serum (SMD:0.63, 95% CI: 0.02, 1.24, P=0.04) and glutathione (GSH) level in serum (SMD:2.47, 95% CI: 1.06, 3.89, P=0.0006). While no statistically significant difference was observed in body mass index (BMI), fat-free mass index (FFMI), vitamin E level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) level in serum.

Conclusion

Vitamin C supplementation could increase the levels of antioxidation in serum (vitamin C and GSH) and improve lung function (FEV1% and FEV1/FVC), especially in patients treated with vitamin C supplementation greater than 400 mg/day. However, further prospective studies are needed to explore the role of vitamin C in improving nutritional status.

Application of a next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel in newborn screening efficiently identifies inborn disorders of neonates

Background

Newborn screening (NBS) has been implemented for neonatal inborn disorders using various technology platforms, but false-positive and false-negative results are still common. In addition, target diseases of NBS are limited by suitable biomarkers. Here we sought to assess the feasibility of further improving the screening using next-generation sequencing technology.

Methods

We designed a newborn genetic sequencing (NBGS) panel based on multiplex PCR and next generation sequencing to analyze 134 genes of 74 inborn disorders, that were validated in 287 samples with previously known mutations. A retrospective cohort of 4986 newborns was analyzed and compared with the biochemical results to evaluate the performance of this panel.

Results

The accuracy of the panel was 99.65% with all samples, and 154 mutations from 287 samples were 100% detected. In 4986 newborns, a total of 113 newborns were detected with biallelic or hemizygous mutations, of which 36 newborns were positive for the same disorder by both NBGS and conventional NBS (C-NBS) and 77 individuals were NBGS positive/C-NBS negative. Importantly, 4 of the 77 newborns were diagnosed currently including 1 newborn with methylmalonic acidemia, 1 newborn with primary systemic carnitine deficiency and 2 newborns with Wilson’s disease. A total of 1326 newborns were found to be carriers with an overall carrier rate of 26.6%.

Conclusion

Analysis based on next generation sequencing could effectively identify neonates affected with more congenital disorders. Combined with C-NBS, this approach may improve the early and accurate identification of neonates with inborn disorders. Our study lays the foundation for prospective studies and for implementing NGS-based analysis in NBS.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13023-022-02231-x.

Concurrent Newborn Hearing and Genetic Screening in a Multi-Ethnic Population in South China

Hearing loss is a common sensory deficit in humans with intricate genomic landscape and mutational signature. Approximately 1-3 out of 1,000 newborns have hearing loss and up to 60% of these cases have a genetic etiology. In this study, we conducted the concurrent newborn hearing and genetic screening in 20 mutations (18 pathogenic variants in GJB2, SLC26A4, and MT-RNR1 and 2 uncertain clinical significance variants in GJB3) for 9,506 normal newborns (4,977 [52.4%] males) from 22 ethnic population in South China. A total of 1,079 (11.4%) newborns failed to pass the initial hearing screening; 160 (1.7%) infants failed to pass the re-screening, and 135 (1.4%) infants presented the diagnostic hearing loss. For the genetic screening, 220 (2.3%) newborns who presented at least one of the screened mutations were more likely to fail the hearing screening and have diagnostic hearing loss than mutation-negative newborns. In comparison to the differences of distribution of mutations, we did not identify any significant difference in the prevalence of screened mutations between Han group (n = 5,265) and Zhuang group (n = 3,464), despite the lack of number of minority ethnic groups. Studies including larger number of minority ethnic populations are needed in the future.

Combined hearing screening and genetic screening of deafness among Hakka newborns in China

OBJECTIVE

Hearing loss (HL) can severely impact the quality of human life. To explore strategies for clinical interventions, we investigated hearing screening coupled with genetic testing of deafness among Hakka newborns.

METHODS

The testing was performed on 4205 newborns who born in Heyuan of Guangdong province between December 2018 and November 2019. Hearing screening used otoacoustic emission(OAE) coupled with automatic auditory brainstem response(AABR). A total of 13 hot spot mutations in GJB2, SLC26A4, mtDNA, and GJB3 genes were screened using PCR accompanied by flow-through hybridization technology.

RESULTS

Among the 4205 newborns, the number of 47 individuals who failed the hearing testing accounted for 1.12％(47/4205). The genetic screening displayed that 176 individuals(4.19%,176/4205) discovered to carry more than one mutant site. The gene carrier frequency of GJB2, SLC26A4, GJB3, and mtDNA was 2.24%, 1.76%, 0.19%, and 0.07% respectively. The most carried mutations were GJB2 c.235del (2.05%), followed by SLC26A4 c.IVS7-2A > G(1.38%). A total of 216 (5.14%, 216/4205) high-risk children detected by combined hearing screening and genetic screening of deafness. Pairwise comparison (1.12% vs 4.19% vs 5.14%) showed significant differences for the positive rate of detection(χ 2 = 11.045, P < 0.001). The difference was no statistical significance between neonatal demographics information and genetic mutations using logistic regression analysis(all P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Among Hakka newborns in Heyuan, the carrier rate of GJB2 c.235delC was the highest. Combining with two screening methods will effectually increase the detection rate of neonatal deafness and play an essential role in clinical intervention.

The POLR2E rs3787016 polymorphism is strongly associated with the risk of female breast and cervical cancer

The rs3787016 polymorphism, in polymerase II polypeptide E (POLR2E), was previously identified as being associated with the risk for prostate cancer, esophageal cancer, breast cancer, papillary thyroid carcinoma and liver cancer, suggesting that rs3787016 may server as a common genetic factor to affect individual susceptibility to cancer. To prove the hypothesis, we here performed a case-control study to explore the association between rs3787016 and cervical cancer risk, and to confirm the association between rs3787016 and breast cancer in a central Chinese population, which was followed by a meta-analysis to precisely estimate the association between rs3787016 and risk of female breast and cervical cancer. The genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and confirmed by sequencing. Our results indicated that rs3787016 was associated with the risk of both breast cancer and cervical cancer, and stratified analysis indicated that the association remained particularly for ≤60 years old females who smoke and drink. Moreover, after grouping breast cancer and cervical cancer together, our meta-analysis demonstrated that rs3787016 was associated with overall cancer risk and breast cancer risk. Collectively, the POLR2E rs3787016 polymorphism may be a valuable biomarker for female breast and cervical cancer predisposition.