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Madkour FA, Abdellatif AM, Osman YA, Kandyel RM. Histological and ultrastructural characterization of the dorso-ventral skin of the juvenile and the adult starry puffer fish (Arothron stellatus, Anonymous 1798). BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:221. [PMID: 37875870 PMCID: PMC10598996 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03784-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The starry puffer fish (Arothron stellatus, Anonymous, 1798) is a poisonous tetradontidae fish inhabiting the Red sea. The skin constitutes an important defense against any external effects. The study aims to characterize the dorso-ventral skin of the juvenile and the adult starry puffer fish using light and scanning electron microscopies. Twenty specimens of juvenile and adult fresh fishes were used. RESULTS The scanning electron microarchitecture of the skin of the juvenile and adult fish showed delicate irregular-shaped protrusions, and well-defined bricks-like elevations on the dorsal side and interrupted folds as well as irregular-shaped protrusions on the ventral side. In adult fish, the patterned microridges of the superficial and deep epithelial cells (keratinocytes) were larger and well-defined in the dorsal skin than in the ventral side, the contrary was seen in the juvenile fish. The microridges were arranged in a fingerprint or honeycomb patterns. The openings of the mucous cells were more numerous in the dorsal skin in both age stages but more noticeable in adult. Furthermore, the sensory cells were more dominant in the juveniles than the adults. The odontic spines were only seen in adult. Histologically, few taste buds were observed in the epidermis of the dorsal skin surface of the adult fish. Both mucous and club cells were embedded in the epidermis of the juvenile and adult fish with different shapes and sizes. Melanophores were observed at the dorsal skin of both juvenile and adult fishes while fewer numbers were noticed at the ventral surfaces. Several dermal bony plates with different shapes and sizes were demonstrated in the skin of both adult and juvenile fishes. CONCLUSION The structural variations of skin of the juvenile and adult fishes may reflect the various environmental difficulties that they confront.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma A Madkour
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed M Abdellatif
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Yassein A Osman
- Department of Fisheries, Fish Population Dynamic Lab, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Hurghada, Red Sea, Egypt
| | - Ramadan M Kandyel
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Kim HT. Histology and morphometry of the skin of the trident goby Tridentiger brevispinis (Perciformes, Gobiidae). Appl Microsc 2022; 52:8. [PMID: 35943594 PMCID: PMC9363545 DOI: 10.1186/s42649-022-00077-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The Korean trident goby, Tridentiger brevispinis, lives in adverse habitats that can easily become hypoxic due to low precipitation, regional dry periods, and high amounts of solar radiation. Histological and morphometric studies revealed the goby’s specialized skin (35.4–150.0 μm in thickness), consisting of an epidermis and dermis. The thicker epidermis comprises an outermost surface layer (having taste buds, stratified flattened cells, mucous cells, pigment cells, and stratified polygonal cells), middle layer (having stratified polygonal cells), and stratum germinativum (stratified columnar cells). In particular, the dermis has scales, well-developed vascularization, and a few blood capillaries just above the basement membrane, and a reduced diffusion distance was present in the lateral body. Consequently, adaptations such as thicker epidermis, well-developed vascularization, few blood capillaries, and a reduced diffusion distance may provide cutaneous respiration for survival in poorly oxygenated water during the periodic dry season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Tae Kim
- Department of Science Education, Jeonju National University of Education, Jeonju, 55101, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Effects of Continuous Light (LD24:0) Modulate the Expression of Lysozyme, Mucin and Peripheral Blood Cells in Rainbow Trout. FISHES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes7010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Continuous photoperiod is extensively used in fish farming, to regulate the reproductive cycle, despite evidence suggesting that artificial photoperiods can act as a stressor and impair the immune system. We evaluated the potential effects of an artificial photoperiod on mucus components: lysozyme and mucin, in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after exposure for one month to natural photoperiod (LD12:12) or constant light (LD24:0) artificial photoperiod. For each treatment, we assessed changes in peripheral blood cells (erythrocytes and leukocytes) and skin mucus component concentrations. Our results show a decrease in lysozyme concentration, while mucin levels are increased. Similarly, we find elevated monocytes and polymorphonuclears under constant light photoperiod. These findings suggest that LD24:0 regulates lysozyme, mucin, and leukocytes, implying that artificial photoperiods could be a stressful.
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4
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Turko AJ, Rossi GS, Wright PA. More than Breathing Air: Evolutionary Drivers and Physiological Implications of an Amphibious Lifestyle in Fishes. Physiology (Bethesda) 2021; 36:307-314. [PMID: 34431416 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00012.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphibious and aquatic air-breathing fishes both exchange respiratory gasses with the atmosphere, but these fishes differ in physiology, ecology, and possibly evolutionary origins. We introduce a scoring system to characterize interspecific variation in amphibiousness and use this system to highlight important unanswered questions about the evolutionary physiology of amphibious fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy J Turko
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Giulia S Rossi
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia A Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Toro-Chacon J, Tickell F, González R, Victoriano PF, Fernández-Urruzola I, Urbina MA. Aerobic and anaerobic metabolic scaling in the burrowing freshwater crayfish Parastacus pugnax. J Comp Physiol B 2021; 191:617-628. [PMID: 33948707 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-021-01374-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic scaling is a well-known biological pattern. Theoretical scaling exponents near 0.67 and 0.75 are the most widely accepted for aerobic metabolism, but little is known about the scaling of anaerobic metabolism. Furthermore, metabolic scaling has been mainly evaluated in organisms primarily relying on aerobic pathways. Here we evaluate both aerobic and anaerobic metabolic scaling in Parastacus pugnax, a burrowing freshwater crayfish endemic to Chile, which inhabits waters with low pO2 (~ 1 mg O2 L-1, measured in this study). We determined the metabolic rate, total oxidative capacity (Electron Transport System: ETS), critical oxygen tension (Pcrit) and muscular Lactate dehydrogenase (LHD) and Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) enzymatic activities (proxies of anaerobic metabolism) over a wide range of P. pugnax sizes (0.24-42.93 g wet mass). Aerobic metabolism scaled with crayfish size with an exponent of 0.78, remarkably similar to the 0.73 which scaled the ETS, the enzymatic complex behind respiration. Critical partial pressure of oxygen (Pcrit) was calculated as 15.6 ± 2.9 mmHg, showing that aerobic metabolism was efficiently maintained until ~ 10% air saturation. Below this threshold, P. pugnax switched to anaerobic metabolism, evidenced by a reduction in aerobic metabolism and ETS activity under chronic low oxygen conditions. None of the activities of MDH, LDH, their ratio (MDH/LDH), nor Pcrit scaled with crayfish size, indicating that these animals are equally adapted to hypoxic environments throughout their whole ontogeny. Given the particularities of its habitat, the information presented here is valuable for a proper management and successful conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Toro-Chacon
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Flora Tickell
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Rodrigo González
- Departamento de Oceanografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica COPAS Sur-Austral, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Pedro F Victoriano
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - Igor Fernández-Urruzola
- Instituto Milenio de Oceanografía (IMO), Universidad de Concepción, PO Box 1313, Concepción, Chile
| | - Mauricio A Urbina
- Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile. .,Instituto Milenio de Oceanografía (IMO), Universidad de Concepción, PO Box 1313, Concepción, Chile.
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6
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Meijer CG, Warburton HJ, Harding JS, McIntosh AR. Shifts in population size structure for a drying-tolerant fish in response to extreme drought. AUSTRAL ECOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/aec.12709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G. Meijer
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Canterbury - Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha; Private Bag 4800 Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - Helen J. Warburton
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Canterbury - Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha; Private Bag 4800 Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - Jon S. Harding
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Canterbury - Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha; Private Bag 4800 Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - Angus R. McIntosh
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Canterbury - Te Whare Wānanga o Waitaha; Private Bag 4800 Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
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7
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ROMANO LUISALBERTO, LÓPEZ ANDREAI, BUITRAGO JUANRAFAEL, PEDROSA VIRGÍNIAF. Histology of juvenile skin of Lepidosiren paradoxa Fitzinger, 1837 (Sarcopterygii, Dipnoi). AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201920190822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
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8
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McRae NK, Glover CN, Burket SR, Brooks BW, Gaw S. Acute exposure to an environmentally relevant concentration of diclofenac elicits oxidative stress in the culturally important galaxiid fish Galaxias maculatus. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:224-235. [PMID: 28802021 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of growing concern in aquatic environments worldwide; nevertheless, knowledge of its effects on aquatic biota is restricted to a few model species with limited information regarding its mechanisms of impact. In the present study, diclofenac accumulation, its effects on metabolic rate, ionoregulation, and oxidative stress were examined at environmentally relevant (0.17 µg L-1 ) and elevated (763 µg L-1 ) concentrations in a culturally and economically important galaxiid fish, inanga (Galaxias maculatus), from the Southern Hemisphere. This species is among the most widespread freshwater fish in the world but its sensitivity to emerging contaminants is unknown. Following an acute 96-h exposure, bioconcentration of diclofenac was measured in the inanga whole-body, resulting in an estimated bioconcentration factor of 87 for the 0.17-µg L-1 exposure concentration, approaching values where transfer through the food chain should be considered. Lipid peroxidation in the liver was significantly elevated at both 0.17- and 763-µg L-1 exposure concentrations but lipid peroxidation in the kidney and gill decreased after diclofenac exposure. Catalase activity was also elevated in the liver of inanga but activity decreased in the gill. There were no effects of diclofenac on metabolic rate or ion (sodium and calcium) influx rates. These data indicate that toxicologically relevant adverse outcomes and bioconcentration of diclofenac at environmentally relevant levels warrant additional study in this important fish. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:224-235. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chris N Glover
- University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta, Canada
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | - Sally Gaw
- University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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9
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White RSA, McHugh PA, Glover CN, McIntosh AR. Metabolism drives distribution and abundance in extremophile fish. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187597. [PMID: 29176819 PMCID: PMC5703508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in population density between species of varying size are frequently attributed to metabolic rates which are assumed to scale with body size with a slope of 0.75. This assumption is often criticised on the grounds that 0.75 scaling of metabolic rate with body size is not universal and can vary significantly depending on species and life-history. However, few studies have investigated how interspecific variation in metabolic scaling relationships affects population density in different sized species. Here we predict inter-specific differences in metabolism from niche requirements, thereby allowing metabolic predictions of species distribution and abundance at fine spatial scales. Due to the differences in energetic efficiency required along harsh-benign gradients, an extremophile fish (brown mudfish, Neochanna apoda) living in harsh environments had slower metabolism, and thus higher population densities, compared to a fish species (banded kōkopu, Galaxias fasciatus) in physiologically more benign habitats. Interspecific differences in the intercepts for the relationship between body and density disappeared when species mass-specific metabolic rates, rather than body sizes, were used to predict density, implying population energy use was equivalent between mudfish and kōkopu. Nevertheless, despite significant interspecific differences in the slope of the metabolic scaling relationships, mudfish and kōkopu had a common slope for the relationship between body size and population density. These results support underlying logic of energetic equivalence between different size species implicit in metabolic theory. However, the precise slope of metabolic scaling relationships, which is the subject of much debate, may not be a reliable indicator of population density as expected under metabolic theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S. A. White
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Peter A. McHugh
- Department of Watershed Sciences, Utah State University and Eco Logical Research Inc., Logan, Utah, United States of America
| | - Chris N. Glover
- Athabasca River Basin Research Institute and Faculty of Science, Athabasca, Alberta, Canada
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Angus R. McIntosh
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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10
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Abstract
The extent of New Zealand's freshwater fish-parasite diversity has yet to be fully revealed, with host-parasite relationships still to be described from nearly half the known fish community. While advances in the number of fish species examined and parasite taxa described are being made, some parasite groups, such as nematodes, remain poorly understood. In the present study we combined morphological and molecular analyses to characterize a capillariid nematode found infecting the swim bladder of the brown mudfish Neochanna apoda, an endemic New Zealand fish from peat-swamp-forests. Morphologically, the studied nematodes are distinct from other Capillariinae taxa by the features of the male posterior end, namely the shape of the bursa lobes, and shape of spicule distal end. Male specimens were classified into three different types according to differences in the shape of the bursa lobes at the posterior end, but only one was successfully characterized molecularly. Molecular analysis indicated that the studied capillariid is distinct from other genera. However, inferences about the phylogenetic position of the capillariid reported here will remain uncertain, due to the limited number of Capillariinae taxa characterized molecularly. The discovery of this new capillariid, which atypically infects the swim bladder of its host, which itself inhabits a very unique ecosystem, underlines the very interesting evolutionary history of this parasite, which for now will remain unresolved.
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11
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Burggren WW, Dubansky B, Bautista NM. Cardiovascular Development in Embryonic and Larval Fishes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.fp.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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12
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Blewett TA, Wood CM, Glover CN. Salinity-dependent nickel accumulation and effects on respiration, ion regulation and oxidative stress in the galaxiid fish, Galaxias maculatus. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 214:132-141. [PMID: 27077552 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Inanga (Galaxias maculatus) are a euryhaline and amphidromous Southern hemisphere fish species inhabiting waters highly contaminated in trace elements such as nickel (Ni). Ni is known to exert its toxic effects on aquatic biota via three key mechanisms: inhibition of respiration, impaired ion regulation, and stimulation of oxidative stress. Inanga acclimated to freshwater (FW), 50% seawater (SW) or 100% SW were exposed to 0, 150 or 2000 μg Ni L(-1), and tissue Ni accumulation, metabolic rate, ion regulation (tissue ions, calcium (Ca) ion influx), and oxidative stress (catalase activity, protein carbonylation) were measured after 96 h. Ni accumulation increased with Ni exposure concentration in gill, gut and remaining body, but not in liver. Only in the gill was Ni accumulation affected by exposure salinity, with lower branchial Ni burdens in 100% and 50% SW inanga, relative to FW fish. There were no Ni-dependent effects on respiration, or Ca influx, and the only Ni-dependent effect on tissue ion content was on gill potassium. Catalase activity and protein carbonylation were affected by Ni, primarily in FW, but only at 150 μg Ni L(-1). Salinity therefore offsets the effects of Ni, despite minimal changes in Ni bioavailability. These data suggest only minor effects of Ni in inanga, even at highly elevated environmental Ni concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamzin A Blewett
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Canada.
| | - Chris M Wood
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chris N Glover
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, New Zealand; Faculty of Science and Technology, Athabasca University, Alberta, Canada
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13
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Ord TJ, Cooke GM. Repeated evolution of amphibious behavior in fish and its implications for the colonization of novel environments. Evolution 2016; 70:1747-59. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Terry J. Ord
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre University of New South Wales Kensington NSW 2052 Australia
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Kensington NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Georgina M. Cooke
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre University of New South Wales Kensington NSW 2052 Australia
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Kensington NSW 2052 Australia
- Australian Museum Research Institute Australian Museum Sydney 2010 NSW Australia
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14
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McRae NK, Gaw S, Glover CN. Mechanisms of zinc toxicity in the galaxiid fish, Galaxias maculatus. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 179:184-90. [PMID: 26510681 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is an essential metal, which is ubiquitous in aquatic environments occurring both naturally, and through anthropogenic inputs. This study investigated impacts of sub-lethal Zn exposure in the galaxiid fish Galaxias maculatus. Known as inanga, this amphidromous fish is widespread throughout the Southern hemisphere, but to date almost nothing is known regarding its sensitivity to elevated environmental metals. Fish were exposed to environmentally-relevant concentrations of Zn (control, 8, 270 and 1000μgL(-1)) over 96h. End-points measured included those relating to ionoregulatory disturbance (whole body calcium and sodium influx), oxygen consumption (respirometry), oxidative stress (catalase activity and lipid peroxidation) and whole body accumulation of Zn. Zn exposure caused increases in catalase activity and lipid peroxidation, but only at the highest exposure level tested. Zn also significantly inhibited calcium influx, but stimulated sodium influx, at 1000μgL(-1). The sub-lethal changes induced by Zn exposure in inanga appear to be conserved relative to other, better-studied species. These data are the first to explore the sensitivity of juvenile galaxiid fish to Zn, information that will be critical to ensuring adequate environmental protection of this important species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K McRae
- University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Sally Gaw
- University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Chris N Glover
- University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand; Athabasca University, 1 University Drive, Athabasca, AB T9S 3A3, Canada.
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15
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Lefevre S, Bayley M, McKenzie DJ. Measuring oxygen uptake in fishes with bimodal respiration. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2016; 88:206-231. [PMID: 26358224 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Respirometry is a robust method for measurement of oxygen uptake as a proxy for metabolic rate in fishes, and how species with bimodal respiration might meet their demands from water v. air has interested researchers for over a century. The challenges of measuring oxygen uptake from both water and air, preferably simultaneously, have been addressed in a variety of ways, which are briefly reviewed. These methods are not well-suited for the long-term measurements necessary to be certain of obtaining undisturbed patterns of respiratory partitioning, for example, to estimate traits such as standard metabolic rate. Such measurements require automated intermittent-closed respirometry that, for bimodal fishes, has only recently been developed. This paper describes two approaches in enough detail to be replicated by the interested researcher. These methods are for static respirometry. Measuring oxygen uptake by bimodal fishes during exercise poses specific challenges, which are described to aid the reader in designing experiments. The respiratory physiology and behaviour of air-breathing fishes is very complex and can easily be influenced by experimental conditions, and some general considerations are listed to facilitate the design of experiments. Air breathing is believed to have evolved in response to aquatic hypoxia and, probably, associated hypercapnia. The review ends by considering what realistic hypercapnia is, how hypercapnic tropical waters can become and how this might influence bimodal animals' gas exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lefevre
- Department of Biosciences, The Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, P. O. Box 1066, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - M Bayley
- Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience, C. F. Møllers Allé 3, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - D J McKenzie
- UMR 9190 Centre for Marine Biodiversity Exploitation and Conservation, Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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16
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Clifford AM, Zimmer AM, Wood CM, Goss GG. It's all in the gills: Evaluation of O2 uptake in Pacific hagfish refutes a major respiratory role for the skin. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:2814-2818. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.141598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hagfish skin has been reported as an important site for ammonia excretion and as the major site of systemic oxygen acquisition. However, debate remains whether cutaneous O2 uptake is the dominant route of uptake; all evidence supporting this hypothesis has been derived using indirect measurements. Here we use separating chambers and direct measurements of oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion to quantify cutaneous and branchial exchanges in Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii) at rest and following exhaustive exercise. Hagfish primarily relied on the gills for both O2 uptake (81.0%) and ammonia excretion (70.7%). Following exercise, both O2 uptake and ammonia excretion increased, but only across the gill; cutaneous exchange was not increased. When branchial O2 availability was reduced by exposure to anteriorly-localized hypoxia (∼4.6 kPa O2), cutaneous O2 consumption was only slightly elevated on an absolute basis. These results refute a major role for cutaneous O2 acquisition in the Pacific hagfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. Clifford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 116 St. and 85 Ave., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, Canada
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, 100 Pachena Rd., Bamfield, British Columbia, V0R 1B0, Canada
| | - Alex M. Zimmer
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, 100 Pachena Rd., Bamfield, British Columbia, V0R 1B0, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Chris M. Wood
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, 100 Pachena Rd., Bamfield, British Columbia, V0R 1B0, Canada
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Greg G. Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 116 St. and 85 Ave., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2R3, Canada
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, 100 Pachena Rd., Bamfield, British Columbia, V0R 1B0, Canada
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17
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Leiva FP, Urbina MA, Cumillaf JP, Gebauer P, Paschke K. Physiological responses of the ghost shrimp Neotrypaea uncinata (Milne Edwards 1837) (Decapoda: Thalassinidea) to oxygen availability and recovery after severe environmental hypoxia. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015. [PMID: 26212148 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a common and widespread phenomenon in aquatic ecosystems, imposing a significant challenge for the animals that inhabit such waters. In different habitats, however, the characteristics of these hypoxic events may differ, therefore imposing different challenges. We investigated the tolerance of adult ghost shrimp Neotrypaea uncinata (an intertidal mudflat dweller) to different partial pressures of oxygen (pO2), severe hypoxia (2 kPa) and recovery from hypoxia after different exposure times, mimicking the natural tidal cycle (6 h and 12 h). We calculated critical oxygen tension and categorize the adult ghost shrimps as oxyregulators (R value=75.27%). All physiological measurements (metabolic rate, oxyhemocyanin, hemolymph protein and lactate concentrations) were affected by exposure to low partial pressures of oxygen, but most of them recovered (with exception of metabolic rate) control values (21 kPa) after 6h under normoxic conditions. Low metabolic rate, high release of hemolymphatic proteins and anaerobic metabolism are suggested as response mechanisms to overcome hypoxic events during low tide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix P Leiva
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, P.O. Box 1327, Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro de Investigación i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Mauricio A Urbina
- Department of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
| | - Juan Pablo Cumillaf
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, P.O. Box 1327, Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Paulina Gebauer
- Centro de Investigación i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile.
| | - Kurt Paschke
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, P.O. Box 1327, Puerto Montt, Chile.
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Urbina MA, Walsh PJ, Hill JV, Glover CN. Physiological and biochemical strategies for withstanding emersion in two galaxiid fishes. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2014; 176:49-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lefevre S, Bayley M, McKenzie DJ, Craig JF. Air-breathing fishes. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2014; 84:547-553. [PMID: 24588640 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Lefevre
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, 0316, Oslo, Norway
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