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Rendón-Herrera JJ, Pérez-Jiménez JC, Saavedra-Sotelo NC. Regional variation in multiple paternity in the brown smooth-hound shark Mustelus henlei from the northeastern Pacific. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 100:1399-1406. [PMID: 35349175 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Multiple paternity (MP) in the brown smooth-hound shark (Mustelus henlei) was assessed in 15 litters (15 mothers and 97 embryos) collected in the northern Gulf of California of which 86.7% were sired by more than one male (i.e., from 2 to 4 sires). When taken together with results from previous studies, this record indicates that there is regional variation in MP in M. henlei in the northeastern Pacific. This pattern is associated with variations in the reproductive traits of each population (e.g., female size and litter size). In the Gulf of California, the results of a generalized linear model (GLZ) indicated that the litters of larger females had a higher probability of MP compared to those of smaller females.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nancy C Saavedra-Sotelo
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Mazatlán, Mexico
- Cátedras CONACYT, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CDMX, Mexico
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2
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Nash CS, Darby PC, Frazier BS, Hendon JM, Higgs JM, Hoffmayer ER, Daly‐Engel TS. Multiple paternity in two populations of finetooth sharks ( Carcharhinus isodon) with varying reproductive periodicity. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:11799-11807. [PMID: 34522342 PMCID: PMC8427605 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying polyandry and female mate choice in certain taxonomic groups remain widely debated. In elasmobranchs, several species have shown varying rates of polyandry based on genetic studies of multiple paternity (MP). We investigated MP in the finetooth shark, Carcharhinus isodon, in order to directly test the encounter rate hypothesis (ERH), which predicts that MP is a result of the frequency of encounters between mature conspecifics during the breeding season, and should therefore increase when more time is available for copulation and sperm storage. Female finetooth sharks in the northern Gulf of Mexico (GoM) have been found to reproduce with both annual periodicity and biennial periodicity, while finetooth sharks from the northwestern Atlantic Ocean have only been found to reproduce biennially, allowing us to compare mating opportunity to frequency of MP. Our results show high rates of MP with no significant difference in frequency between females in the GoM (83.0%) and Atlantic (88.2%, p = .8718) and varying but nonsignificant rates of MP between females in the GoM reproducing annually (93.0%) and biennially (76.6%, p = .2760). While the ERH is not supported by this study, it remains possible that reproductive periodicity and other physiological factors play a role in determining rates of MP in elasmobranchs, with potential benefits to individuals and populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody S. Nash
- Department of BiologyUniversity of West FloridaPensacolaFLUSA
| | - Philip C. Darby
- Department of BiologyUniversity of West FloridaPensacolaFLUSA
| | - Bryan S. Frazier
- South Carolina Department of Natural ResourcesMarine Resources Research InstituteCharlestonSCUSA
| | - Jill M. Hendon
- Center for Fisheries Research & DevelopmentGulf Coast Research LaboratoryThe University of Southern MississippiOcean SpringsMSUSA
| | - Jeremy M. Higgs
- Center for Fisheries Research & DevelopmentGulf Coast Research LaboratoryThe University of Southern MississippiOcean SpringsMSUSA
| | - Eric R. Hoffmayer
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationNational Marine Fisheries Service Southeast Fisheries Science CenterMississippi LaboratoriesPascagoulaMSUSA
| | - Toby S. Daly‐Engel
- Department of Ocean Engineering and Marine SciencesFlorida Institute of TechnologyMelbourneFLUSA
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3
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Lyons K, Kacev D, Mull CG. An inconvenient tooth: Evaluating female choice in multiple paternity using an evolutionarily and ecologically important vertebrate clade. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:1574-1593. [PMID: 33586211 PMCID: PMC8251896 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding mating systems is a pillar of behavioural ecology, placing the complex interactions between females and males into a reproductive context. The field of multiple paternity, the phenomenon whereby many sires contribute to an individual litter, has traditionally viewed females as passive players in a male–male competitive framework. With the emergence of feminist perspectives in ecological fields, novel alternative mechanisms and evolutionary theories across invertebrate and vertebrate taxa recognize females are active stakeholders in the reproductive process. Despite their evolutionary significance, ecological diversity and myriad reproductive modes, elasmobranch (sharks, skates and rays) research lags behind other fields regarding complex biological processes, such as multiple paternity which is often ascribed to convenience polyandry. Here, we layout hypotheses and resynthesize multiple paternity literature from a female and life history perspective to highlight how alternative mechanisms influence the predominance of multiple paternity across elasmobranchs. We draw upon parallels in other invertebrate and vertebrate taxa to demonstrate how female elasmobranchs can influence multiple paternity outcomes that benefit their reproductive success. Our article challenges dogma that has resulted from years of dismissing the female perspective as important and provides a framework for future advancement using more holistic approaches to studying mating systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dovi Kacev
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego, CA, USA
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4
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Accessing Multiple Paternity in the Shortfin Mako Shark ( Isurus oxyrinchus). Zool Stud 2020; 59:e49. [PMID: 33335597 DOI: 10.6620/zs.2020.59-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple paternity has been demonstrated in a variety of sharks with different reproductive modes (i.e., viviparous, ovoviviparous, adelphophagy, oviparous), although the number of sires per litter varies considerably among species. To date, such analyses have focused mainly on coastal and nearshore shark species due to the difficulty in sampling oceanic sharks. In the present study, we observed multiple paternity in the oceanic shark Isurus oxyrinchus from seven polymorphic microsatellite loci and three litters collected from Nanfangao Fishing Port. Paternity tests showed that an average of 4.6 sires were assigned to each litter of I. oxyrinchus using COLONY software, and that the average number of sires dropped to 2.5 when using GERUD. These findings suggest that multiple paternity could be a common reproductive strategy used by the shortfin mako shark, and that this mating system should be integrated into a demographic model to make more accurate population projections and risk analyses in the future.
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Lamarca F, Vianna M, Vilasboa A. The first reproductive parameters and evidence of multiple paternity in one new spiny dogfish species, Squalus albicaudus (Squaliformes, Squalidae). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 97:1268-1272. [PMID: 32725818 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding elasmobranch reproductive biology is necessary for species conservation. Multiple paternity (MP) has been reported for elasmobranchs, and this study investigates the reproductive aspects and mating system (paternity genetic analyses) for Squalus albicaudus. Thirteen pregnant females were analysed concerning reproductive parameters, and the mating system was assessed for nine females and their litters. The study found a mean fecundity of 2.84 pups per litter without correlation between total female length and the number of embryos per litter. One litter showed evidence of MP, indicating the presence of polyandrous behaviour of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Lamarca
- Laboratório de Biologia e Tecnologia Pesqueira, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Vianna
- Laboratório de Biologia e Tecnologia Pesqueira, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- IMAN - Instituto Museu Aquario Marinho do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anderson Vilasboa
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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6
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Duchatelet L, Oury N, Mallefet J, Magalon H. In the intimacy of the darkness: Genetic polyandry in deep-sea luminescent lanternsharks Etmopterus spinax and Etmopterus molleri (Squaliformes, Etmopteridae). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 96:1523-1529. [PMID: 32246461 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Multiple paternity seems common within elasmobranchs. Focusing on two deep-sea shark species, the velvet belly lanternshark (Etmopterus spinax) and the slendertail lanternshark (Etmopterus molleri) we inferred the paternity in 31 E. spinax litters from Norway (three to 18 embryos per litter) and six E. molleri litters from Japan (three to six embryos), using 21 and 10 specific microsatellites, respectively. At least two E. spinax litters were sired from multiple fathers each, with highly variable paternal skew (1:1 to 9:1). Conversely, no clear signal of genetic polyandry was found in E. molleri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Duchatelet
- Marine Biology Laboratory, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Oury
- UMR ENTROPIE (Université de La Réunion, IRD, IFREMER, Université de Nouvelle-Calédonie, CNRS), Université de La Réunion, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, St Denis Cedex 09, La Réunion, France
- Laboratoire Cogitamus, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Mallefet
- Marine Biology Laboratory, Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Hélène Magalon
- UMR ENTROPIE (Université de La Réunion, IRD, IFREMER, Université de Nouvelle-Calédonie, CNRS), Université de La Réunion, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, St Denis Cedex 09, La Réunion, France
- Laboratoire Cogitamus, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL, Perpignan, France
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Pirog A, Magalon H, Poirout T, Jaquemet S. Reproductive biology, multiple paternity and polyandry of the bull shark Carcharhinus leucas. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2019; 95:1195-1206. [PMID: 31393599 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
To improve understanding of bull shark Carcharhinus leucas reproductive biology, we analysed reproductive traits from 118 bull sharks caught along Reunion Island coasts (Western Indian Ocean), including 16 gravid females. Specific microsatellite loci were used to investigate the frequency of multiple paternity. Males and females reached maturity at c. 234 cm and 257 cm total length (LT ), respectively, and litter sizes ranged from 5 to 14 embryos. Analysis of the 16 litters collected in various months of the year indicated that parturition occurs between October and December, with a size at birth c. 60-80 cm LT and that the gestation period is probably c. 12 months. Assuming a 1 year resting period and a period of sperm storage (4-5 months) between mating (in June-September) and fertilisation, the reproductive cycle of bull sharks at Reunion Island would be biennial. At least 56.25% of the litters investigated were polyandrous, sired by 2-5 males. Several males that each sired several litters conceived during the same or distinct mating seasons were detected, suggesting both a seasonal aggregation of sharks to mate and some male fidelity to mating site. Altogether, these findings provide valuable information for both shark risk management and conservation of the species in the Western Indian Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Pirog
- UMR ENTROPIE (Université de La Réunion/IRD/CNRS), Université de La Réunion, Saint Denis, France
| | - Hélène Magalon
- UMR ENTROPIE (Université de La Réunion/IRD/CNRS), Université de La Réunion, Saint Denis, France
- Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL, Perpignan, France
| | - Thomas Poirout
- UMR ENTROPIE (Université de La Réunion/IRD/CNRS), Université de La Réunion, Saint Denis, France
| | - Sébastien Jaquemet
- UMR ENTROPIE (Université de La Réunion/IRD/CNRS), Université de La Réunion, Saint Denis, France
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8
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Barker AM, Frazier BS, Gelsleichter J, Grubbs RD, Hollenbeck CM, Portnoy DS. High Rates of Genetic Polyandry in the Blacknose Shark, Carcharhinus acronotus. COPEIA 2019. [DOI: 10.1643/cg-19-180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Barker
- Marine Genomics Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Dr., Corpus Christi, Texas 78412; (AMB) ; and (DSP) . Send reprint requests to AMB
| | - Bryan S. Frazier
- South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Marine Resources Research Institute, 217 Ft. Johnson Rd., Charleston, South Carolina 29412;
| | | | - R. Dean Grubbs
- Florida State University Coastal and Marine Laboratory, 3618 Hwy 98, St. Teresa, Florida 32358;
| | | | - David S. Portnoy
- Marine Genomics Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University–Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Dr., Corpus Christi, Texas 78412; (AMB) ; and (DSP) . Send reprint requests to AMB
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9
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Sandoval-Castillo J. Conservation genetics of elasmobranchs of the Mexican Pacific Coast, trends and perspectives. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2019; 83:115-157. [PMID: 31606069 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
One of the most critical threats to biodiversity is the high extinction rate driven by human activities. Reducing extinction rates requires the implementation of conservation programmes based on robust scientific data. Elasmobranchs are important ecological components of the ocean, and several species sustain substantial economic activities. Unfortunately, elasmobranchs are one of the most threatened and understudied animal taxa. The Mexican Pacific Coast (MPC) is a region with high elasmobranch diversity and is the seat of major elasmobranch fisheries. But it is also a developing region with several conservation and management challenges which require national and international attention. Here, we review the conservation genetics literature of elasmobranchs from the MPC. We present a synthesis of the works using samples from the region and emphasize the main gaps and biases in these data. In addition, we discuss the benefits and challenges of generating genomic information to improve the management and conservation of an elasmobranch biodiversity hotspot in a developing country. We found 47 elasmobranch genetic articles that cover <30% of the elasmobranch diversity in the region. These studies mainly used mitochondrial DNA sequences to analyse the genetic structure of commercially important and abundant species of the order Carcharhiniformes. Some of these papers also assessed mating systems, demographic parameters, and taxonomic uncertainties, all of which are important topics for efficient management decisions. In terms of conservation genetics, elasmobranchs from the MPC remain understudied. However, high-throughput sequencing technologies have increased the power and accessibility of genomic tools, even in developing countries such as Mexico. The tools described here provide information relevant for biodiversity conservation. Therefore, we strongly suggest that investment in genomic research will assist implementation of efficient management strategies. In time, this will reduce the extinction risk of the unique elasmobranch biodiversity from the MPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Sandoval-Castillo
- Molecular Ecology Lab, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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10
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Maduna SN, Van Wyk JH, Da Silva C, Gennari E, Bester-Van Der Merwe AE. Evidence for sperm storage in common smoothhound shark Mustelus mustelus and paternity assessment in a single litter from South Africa. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2018; 92:1183-1191. [PMID: 29492981 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present histological study of adult female common smoothhound shark Mustelus mustelus demonstrates that the species can store sperm in their oviducal glands. In addition, single paternity of a litter of 22 pups is reported, contributing to further knowledge regarding the genetic and behavioural mating strategy of M. mustelus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Maduna
- Molecular Breeding and Biodiversity Group, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag XI, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - J H Van Wyk
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag XI, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - C Da Silva
- Fisheries Research, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Private Bag X2, Rogge Bay ,8012, South Africa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - E Gennari
- Oceans Research, PO Box 1767, Mossel Bay, South Africa
- South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Private Bag, 1015, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - A E Bester-Van Der Merwe
- Molecular Breeding and Biodiversity Group, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag XI, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
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Holmes BJ, Pope LC, Williams SM, Tibbetts IR, Bennett MB, Ovenden JR. Lack of multiple paternity in the oceanodromous tiger shark ( Galeocerdo cuvier). ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:171385. [PMID: 29410842 PMCID: PMC5792919 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple paternity has been documented as a reproductive strategy in both viviparous and ovoviviparous elasmobranchs, leading to the assumption that multiple mating may be ubiquitous in these fishes. However, with the majority of studies conducted on coastal and nearshore elasmobranchs that often form mating aggregations, parallel studies on pelagic, semi-solitary species are lacking. The tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) is a large pelagic shark that has an aplacental viviparous reproductive mode which is unique among the carcharhinids. A total of 112 pups from four pregnant sharks were genotyped at nine microsatellite loci to assess the possibility of multiple paternity or polyandrous behaviour by female tiger sharks. Only a single pup provided evidence of possible multiple paternity, but with only seven of the nine loci amplifying for this individual, results were inconclusive. In summary, it appears that the tiger sharks sampled in this study were genetically monogamous. These findings may have implications for the genetic diversity and future sustainability of this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie J. Holmes
- School of Biomedical Sciencesy, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Molecular Fisheries Laboratory, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Lisa C. Pope
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Long Pocket Precinct, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Samuel M. Williams
- School of Biomedical Sciencesy, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Molecular Fisheries Laboratory, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Ian R. Tibbetts
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mike B. Bennett
- School of Biomedical Sciencesy, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Molecular Fisheries Laboratory, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jennifer R. Ovenden
- School of Biomedical Sciencesy, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Molecular Fisheries Laboratory, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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12
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Green ME, Appleyard SA, White W, Tracey S, Ovenden J. Variability in multiple paternity rates for grey reef sharks (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) and scalloped hammerheads (Sphyrna lewini). Sci Rep 2017; 7:1528. [PMID: 28484261 PMCID: PMC5431484 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01416-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the presence and prevalence of multiple paternity (MP) in litters of grey reef sharks (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) and scalloped hammerheads (Sphyrna lewini) opportunistically caught in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Litter size between species were significantly different with an average of 3.3 pups for grey reef sharks and 17.2 pups for scalloped hammerhead. Using 14 and 10 microsatellite loci respectively, we identified MP in 66% of grey reef sharks (4 out of 6 litters) and 100% MP in scalloped hammerheads (5 litters). We found high paternal skew (the uneven contribution of sires per litter) and a positive correlation between female adult size and litter size in scalloped hammerheads but not in grey reef sharks. Differences in the frequency of MP between species and the identification of paternal skew may be linked with mating strategies and post-copulatory mechanisms. Multiple paternity is thought to benefit populations by enhancing genetic diversity therefore increasing the population’s genetic resilience to extrinsic pressures. The identification of MP in two shark species reported here, further elucidates the complex breeding strategies elasmobranchs undertake.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Green
- CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Hobart, TAS 7004, Australia. .,CSIRO Australian National Fish Collection, National Research Collections Australia, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, TAS 7004, Australia. .,Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia.
| | - S A Appleyard
- CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Hobart, TAS 7004, Australia.,CSIRO Australian National Fish Collection, National Research Collections Australia, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, TAS 7004, Australia
| | - W White
- CSIRO Oceans & Atmosphere, Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Hobart, TAS 7004, Australia.,CSIRO Australian National Fish Collection, National Research Collections Australia, Castray Esplanade, Hobart, TAS 7004, Australia
| | - S Tracey
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 49, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - J Ovenden
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Chancellors Pl, St. Lucia, Brisbane, OLD 4072, Australia
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