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Scholz F, Vendramin N, Olesen NJ, Cuenca A, Moesgaard Iburg T, Mirimin L, O'Connor I, Ruane NM, Rodger HD, MacCarthy E. Experimental infection trials with European North Atlantic ranavirus (Iridoviridae) isolated from lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus, L.). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:1745-1756. [PMID: 35989490 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
European North Atlantic ranavirus (ENARV, Iridoviridae), is a ranavirus species recently isolated from lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus, L.), which are used as cleaner fish in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) farming in Northern Europe. This study aimed to investigate (1) the virulence of ENARV isolates from Ireland, Iceland and the Faroe Islands to lumpfish; (2) horizontal transmission between lumpfish; and (3) virulence to Atlantic salmon parr. Lumpfish were challenged in a cohabitation model using intraperitoneally (IP) injected shedders, and naïve cohabitants. IP challenge with isolates from Iceland (1.9 × 107 TCID50 ml-1 ) and the Faroe Islands (5.9 × 107 TCID50 ml-1 ) reduced survival in lumpfish, associated with consistent pathological changes. IP challenge with the Irish strain (8.6 × 105 TCID50 ml-1 ) did not significantly reduce survival in lumpfish, but the lower challenge titre complicated interpretation. Horizontal transmission occurred in all strains tested, but no clinical impact was demonstrated in cohabitants. Salmon parr were challenged by IP injection with the Irish isolate, no virulence or virus replication were demonstrated. A ranavirus qPCR assay, previously validated for fish ranaviruses, was first used to detect ENARV in tissues of both in lumpfish and Atlantic salmon. This study provides the first data on the assessment of virulence of ENARV isolates to lumpfish and salmon, guidelines for the diagnosis of ENARV infection, and poses a basis for further investigations into virulence markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Scholz
- PHARMAQ Analytiq, Oranmore, Ireland
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
| | - Niccolò Vendramin
- DTU Aqua, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Argelia Cuenca
- DTU Aqua, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Luca Mirimin
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
| | - Ian O'Connor
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
| | | | | | - Eugene MacCarthy
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
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Mugimba KK, Byarugaba DK, Mutoloki S, Evensen Ø, Munang’andu HM. Challenges and Solutions to Viral Diseases of Finfish in Marine Aquaculture. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060673. [PMID: 34070735 PMCID: PMC8227678 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture is the fastest food-producing sector in the world, accounting for one-third of global food production. As is the case with all intensive farming systems, increase in infectious diseases has adversely impacted the growth of marine fish farming worldwide. Viral diseases cause high economic losses in marine aquaculture. We provide an overview of the major challenges limiting the control and prevention of viral diseases in marine fish farming, as well as highlight potential solutions. The major challenges include increase in the number of emerging viral diseases, wild reservoirs, migratory species, anthropogenic activities, limitations in diagnostic tools and expertise, transportation of virus contaminated ballast water, and international trade. The proposed solutions to these problems include developing biosecurity policies at global and national levels, implementation of biosecurity measures, vaccine development, use of antiviral drugs and probiotics to combat viral infections, selective breeding of disease-resistant fish, use of improved diagnostic tools, disease surveillance, as well as promoting the use of good husbandry and management practices. A multifaceted approach combining several control strategies would provide more effective long-lasting solutions to reduction in viral infections in marine aquaculture than using a single disease control approach like vaccination alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kizito K. Mugimba
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda;
- Correspondence: (K.K.M.); (H.M.M.); Tel.: +256-772-56-7940 (K.K.M.); +47-98-86-86-83 (H.M.M.)
| | - Denis K. Byarugaba
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda;
| | - Stephen Mutoloki
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369, 0102 Oslo, Norway; (S.M.); (Ø.E.)
| | - Øystein Evensen
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369, 0102 Oslo, Norway; (S.M.); (Ø.E.)
| | - Hetron M. Munang’andu
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369, 0102 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence: (K.K.M.); (H.M.M.); Tel.: +256-772-56-7940 (K.K.M.); +47-98-86-86-83 (H.M.M.)
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Papadopoulou A, Wallis T, Ramirez-Paredes JG, Monaghan SJ, Davie A, Migaud H, Adams A. Atypical Aeromonas salmonicida vapA type V and Vibrio spp. are predominant bacteria recovered from ballan wrasse Labrus bergylta in Scotland. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2020; 140:47-54. [PMID: 32614330 DOI: 10.3354/dao03489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Healthy and/or moribund farmed and wild ballan wrasse Labrus bergylta (>0.5 to 900 g) were sampled from hatcheries (n = 2) and Atlantic salmon Salmo salar cage sites (n = 8) in Scotland between February 2016 and October 2018. Less than half of the sampled individuals (n = 43; 32.3%) had been vaccinated (autogenous polyvalent vaccine; dip and/or injection) against atypical furunculosis (type V and VI), while 20 (15.0%) fish were not vaccinated, and the rest (70 individuals, 52.7%) were of unknown vaccination status. Swab samples from skin lesions, gill, liver, spleen and kidney were inoculated onto a variety of bacteriological agar plates, and bacteriology identification and sequencing analysis was performed on significant bacterial colonies. Atypical Aeromonas salmonicida (aAs) vapA type V was the predominant bacterial species (70/215 bacterial isolates, 32.5% of bacterial samples; 43/117 positive individual fish, 36.8%) isolated in this survey followed by Vibrio species, which were the most geographically prevalent bacteria. Photobacterium indicum/profundum was also isolated from L. bergylta for the first time during this study. The collection of these bacterial isolates provides useful information for disease management. Identifying the aAs isolates involved in disease in ballan wrasse could provide vital information for improving/updating existing autogenous vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Papadopoulou
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
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Gulla S, Bayliss S, Björnsdóttir B, Dalsgaard I, Haenen O, Jansson E, McCarthy U, Scholz F, Vercauteren M, Verner-Jeffreys D, Welch T, Wiklund T, Colquhoun DJ. Biogeography of the fish pathogen Aeromonas salmonicida inferred by vapA genotyping. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 366:5449007. [PMID: 30977802 PMCID: PMC6502549 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A recently described typing system based on sequence variation in the virulence array protein (vapA) gene, encoding the A-layer surface protein array, allows unambiguous subtyping of Aeromonas salmonicida. In the present study, we compile A-layer typing results from a total of 675 A. salmonicida isolates, recovered over a 59-year period from 50 different fish species in 26 countries. Nine novel A-layer types (15–23) are identified, several of which display a strong predilection towards certain fish hosts, including e.g. Cyprinidae and Pleuronectidae species. Moreover, we find indications that anthropogenic transport of live fish may have aided the near global dissemination of two cyprinid-associated A-layer types. Comparison of whole genome phylogeny and A-layer typing for a subset of strains further resulted in compatible tree topologies, indicating the utility of vapA as a phylogenetic as well as an epizootiological marker in A. salmonicida. A Microreact project (microreact.org/project/r1pcOAx9m) has been created, allowing public access to the vapA analyses and relevant metadata. In sum, the results generated provide valuable insights into the global population structure of A. salmonicida, particularly in relation to its piscine host spectrum and the geographic distribution of these hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snorre Gulla
- Fish Health Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sion Bayliss
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology & Biotechnology, University of Bath, Bath, England
| | | | - Inger Dalsgaard
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Olga Haenen
- NRL for Fish Diseases, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Eva Jansson
- Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Una McCarthy
- Marine Scotland Science, Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, Scotland
| | | | - Maaike Vercauteren
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Tim Welch
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Kearneysville, West Virginia, USA
| | - Tom Wiklund
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Environmental and Marine Biology, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Duncan J Colquhoun
- Fish Health Research Group, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Toffan A, De Salvador M, Scholz F, Pretto T, Buratin A, Rodger HD, Toson M, Cuenca A, Vendramin N. Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus, Linnaeus) is susceptible to viral nervous necrosis: Result of an experimental infection with different genotypes of Betanodavirus. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:1667-1676. [PMID: 31612537 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the use of cleaner fish for biological control of sea lice has increased considerably. Along with this, a number of infectious diseases have emerged. The aim of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) to Betanodavirus since it was detected in asymptomatic wild wrasses in Norway and Sweden. Three betanodaviruses were used to challenge lumpfish: one RGNNV genotype and two BFNNV genotypes. Fish were injected and monitored for 4 weeks. Brain samples from clinically affected specimens, from weekly randomly selected fish and survivors were subjected to molecular testing, viral isolation, histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Reduced survival was observed but was attributed to tail-biting behaviour, since no nervous signs were observed throughout the study. Betanodavirus RNA was detected in all samples, additionally suggesting an active replication of the virus in the brain. Viral isolation confirmed molecular biology results and revealed a high viral titre in BFNNV-infected groups associated with typical lesions in brains and eyes of survivor fish. We concluded that lumpfish are susceptible to Betanodavirus, as proven by the high viral titre and brain lesions detected, but further studies are necessary to understand if Betanodavirus can cause clinical disease in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Toffan
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Felix Scholz
- FishVet Group Ireland, Oranmore, Galway, Ireland
| | - Tobia Pretto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandra Buratin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Marica Toson
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Argelia Cuenca
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, EURL for fish and crustacean diseases, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Niccolò Vendramin
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, EURL for fish and crustacean diseases, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Tighe AJ, Carlsson J, Morrissey T, Swords F, Ruane NM. Genetic diversity of piscine myocarditis virus in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. in Ireland. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:1161-1168. [PMID: 31169311 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Piscine myocarditis virus (PMCV) is a double-stranded RNA virus which has been linked to cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS) in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). The first recorded outbreak of CMS in Ireland occurred in 2012. Heart tissue samples were collected in the current study from farmed Atlantic salmon from various marine sites around Ireland, and the open reading frames (ORFs) 1 and 3 were amplified and sequenced in order to examine the genetic diversity of PMCV. Results showed PMCV to be largely homogenous in Irish samples, showing little genetic diversity. However, several amino acid positions within both ORF1 and ORF3 showed consistent variations unique to the Irish PMCV strains when compared with previously published Norwegian strains. The phylogeny generated in the present study suggests that PMCV may have been introduced into Ireland in two waves, both coming from the southern part of PMCV's range in Norway. In addition, over three-quarters of the PMCV strains which were sequenced came from fish not exhibiting any clinical signs of CMS, suggesting that either PMCV is evolving to become less virulent in Ireland or Irish Atlantic salmon are developing immunity to the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Tighe
- Fish Health Unit, Marine Institute, Oranmore, Ireland
- Area 52 Research Group, School of Biology and Environmental Science/Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jens Carlsson
- Area 52 Research Group, School of Biology and Environmental Science/Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Fiona Swords
- Fish Health Unit, Marine Institute, Oranmore, Ireland
| | - Neil M Ruane
- Fish Health Unit, Marine Institute, Oranmore, Ireland
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Brooker AJ, Papadopoulou A, Gutierrez C, Rey S, Davie A, Migaud H. Sustainable production and use of cleaner fish for the biological control of sea lice: recent advances and current challenges. Vet Rec 2018; 183:383. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.104966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Brooker
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling; Stirling UK
| | | | | | - Sonia Rey
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling; Stirling UK
| | - Andrew Davie
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling; Stirling UK
| | - Herve Migaud
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling; Stirling UK
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Powell MD, Yousaf MN. Cardiovascular Effects of Disease: Parasites and Pathogens. FISH PHYSIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.fp.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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