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Godoy M, Coca Y, Suárez R, Montes de Oca M, Bledsoe JW, Burbulis I, Caro D, Pontigo JP, Maracaja-Coutinho V, Arias-Carrasco R, Rodríguez-Córdova L, Sáez-Navarrete C. Salmo salar Skin and Gill Microbiome during Piscirickettsia salmonis Infection. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:97. [PMID: 38200828 PMCID: PMC10778177 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Maintaining the high overall health of farmed animals is a central tenant of their well-being and care. Intense animal crowding in aquaculture promotes animal morbidity especially in the absence of straightforward methods for monitoring their health. Here, we used bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing to measure bacterial population dynamics during P. salmonis infection. We observed a complex bacterial community consisting of a previously undescribed core pathobiome. Notably, we detected Aliivibrio wodanis and Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi on the skin ulcers of salmon infected with P. salmonis, while Vibrio spp. were enriched on infected gills. The prevalence of these co-occurring networks indicated that coinfection with other pathogens may enhance P. salmonis pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Godoy
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (CIBA), Lago Panguipulli 1390, Puerto Montt 5480000, Región de Los Lagos, Chile; (M.M.d.O.); (D.C.)
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Patagonia, Lago Panguipulli 1390, Puerto Montt 5480000, Región de Los Lagos, Chile
| | - Yoandy Coca
- Doctorado en Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioprocesos, Escuela de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago 7820436, Macul, Chile;
| | - Rudy Suárez
- Programa de Magíster en Acuicultura, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Elqui, Chile;
| | - Marco Montes de Oca
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (CIBA), Lago Panguipulli 1390, Puerto Montt 5480000, Región de Los Lagos, Chile; (M.M.d.O.); (D.C.)
| | - Jacob W. Bledsoe
- Department of Animal, Veterinary, and Food Sciences, Aquaculture Research Institute, University of Idaho, Hagerman, ID 83332, USA;
| | - Ian Burbulis
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Patagonia, Lago Panguipulli 1390, Puerto Montt 5480000, Región de Los Lagos, Chile;
| | - Diego Caro
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (CIBA), Lago Panguipulli 1390, Puerto Montt 5480000, Región de Los Lagos, Chile; (M.M.d.O.); (D.C.)
| | - Juan Pablo Pontigo
- Laboratorio Institucional, Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Patagonia, Lago Panguipulli 1390, Puerto Montt 5480000, Región de Los Lagos, Chile;
| | - Vinicius Maracaja-Coutinho
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Macul, Chile;
- Centro de Modelamiento Molecular, Biofísica y Bioinformática (CM2B2), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Macul, Chile
- Beagle Bioinformatics, Santiago 7820436, Macul, Chile
| | - Raúl Arias-Carrasco
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (PIDi), Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago 7820436, Macul, Chile;
| | | | - César Sáez-Navarrete
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Bioprocesos, Escuela de Ingeniería, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago 7820436, Macul, Chile;
- Centro de Investigación en Nanotecnología y Materiales Avanzados (CIEN-UC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago 7820436, Macul, Chile
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Valenzuela-Aviles P, Torrealba D, Figueroa C, Mercado L, Dixon B, Conejeros P, Gallardo-Matus J. Why vaccines fail against Piscirickettsiosis in farmed salmon and trout and how to avoid it: A review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1019404. [PMID: 36466828 PMCID: PMC9714679 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1019404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Piscirickettsiosis is the most severe, persistent, and damaging disease that has affected the Chilean salmon industry since its origins in the 1980s. As a preventive strategy for this disease, different vaccines have been developed and used over the last 30 years. However, vaccinated salmon and trout frequently die in the sea cages and the use of antibiotics is still high demonstrating the low efficiency of the available vaccines. The reasons why the vaccines fail so often are still debated, but it could involve different extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Among the extrinsic factors, mainly associated with chronic stress, we can distinguish: 1) biotic including coinfection with sea lice, sealions attacks or harmful algal blooms; 2) abiotic including low oxygen or high temperature; and 3) farm-management factors including overcrowding or chemical delousing treatments. Among the intrinsic factors, we can distinguish: 1) fish-related factors including host's genetic variability (species, population and individual), sex or age; 2) pathogen-related factors including their variability and ability to evade host immune responses; and 3) vaccine-related factors including low immunogenicity and poor matches with the circulating pathogen strain. Based on the available evidence, in order to improve the development and the efficacy of vaccines against P. salmonis we recommend: a) Do not perform efficacy evaluations by intraperitoneal injection of pathogens because they generate an artificial protective immune response, instead cohabitation or immersion challenges must be used; b) Evaluate the diversity of pathogen strains in the field and ensure a good antigenic match with the vaccines; c) Investigate whether host genetic diversity could be improved, e.g. through selection, in favor of better and longer responses to vaccination; d) To reduce the stressful effects at the cage level, controlling the co-infection of pathogens and avoiding fish overcrowding. To date, we do not know the immunological mechanisms by which the vaccines against P. salmonis may or may not generate protection. More studies are required to identify what type of response, cellular or molecular, is required to develop effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Valenzuela-Aviles
- Laboratorio de Genética y Genómica Aplicada, Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Débora Torrealba
- Laboratorio de Genética y Genómica Aplicada, Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Carolina Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Genética y Genómica Aplicada, Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos en Organismos Acuáticos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Instituto de Biología, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Pablo Conejeros
- Centro de Investigación y Gestión de Recursos Naturales (CIGREN), Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - José Gallardo-Matus
- Laboratorio de Genética y Genómica Aplicada, Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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