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Siswina T, Miranti Rustama M, Sumiarsa D, Kurnia D. Phytochemical profiling of Piper crocatum and its antifungal mechanism action as Lanosterol 14 alpha demethylase CYP51 inhibitor: a review. F1000Res 2023; 11:1115. [PMID: 37151610 PMCID: PMC10157293.2 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.125645.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoses or fungal infections are general health problem that often occurs in healthy and immunocompromised people in the community. The development of resistant strains in Fungi and the incidence of azole antibiotic resistance in the Asia Pacific which reached 83% become a critical problem nowadays. To control fungal infections, substances and extracts isolated from natural resources, especially in the form of plants as the main sources of drug molecules today, are needed. Especially from Piperaceae, which have long been used in India, China, and Korea to treat human ailments in traditional medicine. The purpose of this review is to describe the antifungal mechanism action from Piper crocatum and its phytochemical profiling against lanosterol 14a demethylase CYP51. The methods used to search databases from Google Scholar to find the appropriate databases using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) Flow Diagram as a clinical information retrieval method. From 1.150.000 results searched by database, there is 73 final results article to review. The review shows that P. crocatum contains flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, saponins, polyphenols, eugenol, alkaloids, quinones, chavibetol acetate, glycosides, triterpenoids or steroids, hydroxychavikol, phenolics, glucosides, isoprenoids, and non-protein amino acids. Its antifungal mechanisms in fungal cells occur due to ergosterol especially lanosterol 14a demethylase (CYP51) inhibition, which is one of the main target sites for antifungal activity because it functions to maintain the integrity and function of cell membranes in Candida. P. crocatum has an antifungal activity through its phytochemical profiling against fungal by inhibiting the lanosterol 14a demethylase, make damaging cell membranes, fungal growth inhibition, and fungal cell lysis.
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Siswina T, Miranti Rustama M, Sumiarsa D, Kurnia D. Phytochemical profiling of Piper crocatum and its antifungal mechanism action as Lanosterol 14 alpha demethylase CYP51 inhibitor: a review. F1000Res 2022; 11:1115. [PMID: 37151610 PMCID: PMC10157293 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.125645.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoses or fungal infections are a general health problem that often occurs in healthy and immunocompromised people in the community. The development of resistant strains in Fungi and the incidence of azole antibiotic resistance in the Asia Pacific which reached 83% become a critical problem nowadays. To control fungal infections, substances and extracts isolated from natural resources, especially in the form of plants as the main sources of drug molecules today, are needed. Especially from Piperaceae, which have long been used in India, China, and Korea to treat human ailments in traditional medicine. The purpose of this review is to describe the antifungal mechanism action from Piper crocatum and its phytochemical profiling against lanosterol 14a demethylase CYP51. The methods used to search databases from Google Scholar to find the appropriate databases using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) Flow Diagram as a clinical information retrieval method. From 1.150.000 results searched by database, there is 73 final results article to review. The review shows that P. crocatum contains flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, saponins, polyphenols, eugenol, alkaloids, quinones, chavibetol acetate, glycosides, triterpenoids or steroids, hydroxychavikol, phenolics, glucosides, isoprenoids, and non-protein amino acids. Its antifungal mechanisms in fungal cells occur due to ergosterol, especially lanosterol 14a demethylase (CYP51) inhibition, which is one of the main target sites for antifungal activity because it functions to maintain the integrity and function of cell membranes in Candida. P. crocatum has an antifungal activity through its phytochemical profiling against fungal by inhibiting the lanosterol 14a demethylase, make damaging cell membranes, fungal growth inhibition, and fungal cell lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Siswina
- Midwifery, Poltekkes Kemenkes Pontianak, Pontianak, Kalimantan Barat, 78124, Indonesia
- Chemistry, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, Jawa Barat, 45363, Indonesia
| | | | - Dadan Sumiarsa
- Chemistry, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, Jawa Barat, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Dikdik Kurnia
- Chemistry, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, Jawa Barat, 45363, Indonesia
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Siswina T, Miranti Rustama M, Sumiarsa D, Kurnia D. Phytochemical profiling of Piper crocatum and its antifungal activity as Lanosterol 14 alpha demethylase CYP51 inhibitor: a review. F1000Res 2022; 11:1115. [PMID: 37151610 PMCID: PMC10157293 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.125645.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoses or fungal infections are a general health problem that often occurs in healthy and immunocompromised people in the community. The development of resistant strains in Fungi and the incidence of azole antibiotic resistance in the Asia Pacific which reached 83% become a critical problem nowadays. To control fungal infections, substances and extracts isolated from natural resources, especially in the form of plants as the main sources of drug molecules today, are needed. Especially from Piperaceae, which have long been used in India, China, and Korea to treat human ailments in traditional medicine. The purpose of this review was to describe antifungal activity from Piper crocatum and its phytochemical profiling against lanosterol 14 alpha demethylase CYP51. The methods used search databases from Google Scholar to find the appropriate databases using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) flow diagram as a clinical information retrieval method. From 1,150,000 results search by database, there were 73 selected articles to review. The review shows that P. crocatum contains flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, saponins, polyphenols, eugenol, alkaloids, quinones, chavibetol acetate, glycosides, triterpenoids or steroids, hydroxychavikol, phenolics, glucosides, isoprenoids, and non-protein amino acids. Its antifungal mechanisms in fungal cells occur due to ergosterol especially lanosterol 14 alpha demethylase CYP51 inhibition as a result of 5,6 desaturase (ERG3) downregulation. P. crocatum has an antifungal activity by its phytochemical profiling that act against fungi by inhibiting the fungal cytochrome P 450 pathway, make damaging cell membranes, fungal growth inhibition, morphological changes, and fungal cell lysis.
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Persistence of the antifungal capacity of a fraction of Jacquinia macrocarpa plant against Fusarium verticillioides after continuous exposure. Indian J Microbiol 2020; 60:458-467. [PMID: 33087995 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-020-00887-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the ability of Fusarium verticillioides in developing mechanisms to counteract the antifungal effect of a fraction from Jacquinia macrocarpa plant extract (JmAF), as well as the morphological and physiological changes that occur during its exposure. The fungus was exposed to JmAF during consecutive periods. A culture sample was taken weekly to determine radial growth, spore germination and size, and fungal β-1,3-glucanase activity. The results showed that, in the beginning, the radial growth decreased by 85.8%, and spore germination was delayed. As the exposure continued, the fungus showed a recovery, to some extent, in its original characteristics. However, the radial growth of the fungus continued to be inhibited (42.9%) throughout the experiment (7 weeks). The β-1,3-glucanase activity also was inhibited by 36.4% during the first week of exposure to JmAF. However, the activity was recovered after 7 weeks of exposure.
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Valenzuela-Cota DF, Morales-Amparano MB, Plascencia-Jatomea M, Martínez-Cruz O, Hernández-García F, Vázquez-Moreno L, Rosas-Burgos EC, Huerta-Ocampo JÁ. Proteomic analysis of the inhibitory effect of the butanolic fraction of Jacquinia macrocarpa on Fusarium verticillioides. Can J Microbiol 2020; 66:535-548. [PMID: 32407666 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2020-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Jacquinia macrocarpa, a plant native to northwestern Mexico, has an inhibitory effect against phytopathogenic fungi. Previous studies have shown that the butanolic extract of J. macrocarpa causes retardation and atrophy in mycelial growth of Fusarium verticillioides. However, the action mechanism of this extract is unknown. We used a proteomics approach to understand the inhibitory effect of J. macrocarpa butanolic extract, based on differential protein accumulation in F. verticillioides. Proteins were extracted from F. verticillioides cultured in Czapek broth with and without 202.12 μg/mL (IC50) of butanolic extract of J. macrocarpa. Thirty-eight protein spots showing statistically significant changes (ANOVA, p < 0.01) and at least a 2-fold change in abundance between experimental conditions were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Identified proteins were grouped into different biological processes according to Gene Ontology, among them were amino acid metabolism, protein folding and stabilization, protein degradation, protein transport, carbohydrate metabolism, oxidative stress response, and miscellaneous. This work is the first report of changes in the proteomic profile of F. verticillioides exposed to the J. macrocarpa extract. This information provides new insights into the inhibitory mechanism of the extract and represents a starting point for dissection of the fungal response against the J. macrocarpa extract components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Valenzuela-Cota
- Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales s/n, Col. Centro, C.P. 83000, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Martha B Morales-Amparano
- Coordinación de Ciencia de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Colonia La Victoria, C.P. 83304, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Maribel Plascencia-Jatomea
- Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales s/n, Col. Centro, C.P. 83000, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Oliviert Martínez-Cruz
- Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales s/n, Col. Centro, C.P. 83000, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Francisca Hernández-García
- Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Carretera de Bienel Km 3.2 s/n, C.P. 03312, Orihuela, Alacant, España
| | - Luz Vázquez-Moreno
- Coordinación de Ciencia de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Colonia La Victoria, C.P. 83304, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - Ema C Rosas-Burgos
- Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Luis Encinas y Rosales s/n, Col. Centro, C.P. 83000, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
| | - José Á Huerta-Ocampo
- CONACYT-Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas No. 46, Colonia La Victoria, C.P. 83304, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
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Peng Y, Li T, Jiang H, Gu Y, Chen Q, Yang C, Qi WL, Liu SQ, Zhang X. Postharvest biochemical characteristics and ultrastructure of Coprinus comatus. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8508. [PMID: 32071815 PMCID: PMC7007737 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coprinus comatus is a novel cultivated edible fungus, hailed as a new preeminent breed of mushroom. However, C. comatus is difficult to keep fresh at room temperature after harvest due to high respiration, browning, self-dissolve and lack of physical protection. METHODS In order to extend the shelf life of C. comatus and reduce its loss in storage, changes in quality, biochemical content, cell wall metabolism and ultrastructure of C. comatus (C.c77) under 4 °C and 90% RH storage regimes were investigated in this study. RESULTS The results showed that: (1) After 10 days of storage, mushrooms appeared acutely browning, cap opening and flowing black juice, rendering the mushrooms commercially unacceptable. (2) The activity of SOD, CAT, POD gradually increased, peaked at the day 10, up to 31.62 U g-1 FW, 16.51 U g-1 FW, 0.33 U g-1 FW, respectively. High SOD, CAT, POD activity could be beneficial in protecting cells from ROS-induced injuries, alleviating lipid peroxidation and stabilizing membrane integrity. (3) The activities of chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase were significantly increased. Higher degrees of cell wall degradation observed during storage might be due to those enzymes' high activities. (4) The fresh C. comatus had dense tissue and every single cell had the number of intracellular organelles which structure can be observed clearly. After 10 d storage, the number of intracellular organelles was declined and the structure was fuzzy, the nucleus disappeared. After 20 d storage, C. comatus's organization was completely lost, many cells were stacked together and the cell wall was badly damaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Peng
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural Uniersity, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tongling Li
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Huaming Jiang
- Sichuan Vocational and Technical College, Suining, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunfu Gu
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural Uniersity, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural Uniersity, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Cairong Yang
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Microbiology, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei liang Qi
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Song-qing Liu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Microbiology, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural Uniersity, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Valenzuela-Cota DF, Buitimea-Cantúa GV, Plascencia-Jatomea M, Cinco-Moroyoqui FJ, Martínez-Higuera AA, Rosas-Burgos EC. Inhibition of the antioxidant activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase from Fusarium verticillioides exposed to a Jacquinia macrocarpa antifungal fraction. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2019; 54:647-654. [PMID: 31146638 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2019.1622978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro effect of an antifungal fraction obtained from Jacquinia macrocarpa plant (JmAF) in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activity of the catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes from Fusarium verticillioides, as well as their influence in the viability of the fungus spores. The compounds present in the JmAF were determined by gas chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC/QTOF-MS). The effect of the exposition to JmAF on the generation of ROS, as well as in the CAT and SOD activities in F. verticillioides, was determined. The main compounds detected were γ-sitosterol, stephamiersine, betulinol and oleic acid. JmAF showed very high ability in inhibiting the spore viability of F. verticillioides, and their capacity to cause oxidative stress by induction of ROS production. JmAF induced the highest ROS concentration and also inhibited CAT and SOD activities. The results obtained in this study indicate that JmAF is worthy of being considered for the fight against phytopathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel F Valenzuela-Cota
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora , Hermosillo , Sonora , México
| | - Génesis V Buitimea-Cantúa
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA , Monterrey , México
| | - Maribel Plascencia-Jatomea
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora , Hermosillo , Sonora , México
| | | | | | - Ema C Rosas-Burgos
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora , Hermosillo , Sonora , México
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Buitimea-Cantúa GV, Velez-Haro JM, Buitimea-Cantúa NE, Molina-Torres J, Rosas-Burgos EC. GC-EIMS analysis, antifungal and anti-aflatoxigenic activity of Capsicum chinense and Piper nigrum fruits and their bioactive compounds capsaicin and piperine upon Aspergillus parasiticus. Nat Prod Res 2018; 34:1452-1455. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1514395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Génesis V. Buitimea-Cantúa
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Monterrey, México
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - John M. Velez-Haro
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Instituto Tecnológico de Celaya, Celaya, Guanajuato, México
| | - Nydia E. Buitimea-Cantúa
- Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Monterrey, México
| | - Jorge Molina-Torres
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Ema C. Rosas-Burgos
- Departamento de Investigación y Posgrado en Alimentos, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
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Activity of chitosan-lysozyme nanoparticles on the growth, membrane integrity, and β-1,3-glucanase production by Aspergillus parasiticus. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:279. [PMID: 28794934 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0913-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of nanocomposites from antimicrobial biopolymers such as chitosan (CS) and lysozyme (LZ) is an important and promising area in bionanotechnology. Chitosan-lysozyme (CS-LZ) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by the nanoprecipitation method, using commercial chitosan of 153 kDa. TEM and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis were carried out to evaluate the morphology, size, dispersion, and Z potential. Association efficiency of lysozyme was determined using Coomassie blue assay. The antifungal activity of NPs against Aspergillus parasiticus was evaluated through cell viability (XTT), germination and morphometry of spores, and reducing sugars production; the effects on membrane integrity and cell wall were also analyzed. NPs' size were found in the range of 13.4 and 11.8 nm for CS-LZ and CS NPs, respectively, and high Z potential value was observed in both NPs. Also, high association of lysozyme was presented in the CS matrix. With respect to the biological responses, CS-LZ NPs reduced the viability of A. parasiticus and a strong inhibitory effect on the germination of spores (100% of inhibition) was observed at 24 h in in vitro assays. CS-LZ and CS NPs affected the membrane integrity and the cell wall of spores of fungi with respect to control, which is consistent with the low amount of reducing sugars detected. CS-LZ NPs prepared by nanoprecipitation promise to be a viable and safe alternative for use in biological systems, with a possible low or null impact to humans and biota. However, the potential benefits and the environmental and health implications of NPs need to be globally discussed due to its possible negative effects.
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Medina-López CF, Plascencia-Jatomea M, Cinco-Moroyoqui FJ, Yépiz-Gómez MS, Cortez-Rocha MO, Rosas-Burgos EC. Potentiation of antifungal effect of a mixture of two antifungal fractions obtained from Baccharis glutinosa and Jacquinia macrocarpa plants. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2016; 51:760-768. [PMID: 27382921 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2016.1198641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of mixtures of antifungal fractions extracted from Baccharis glutinosa and Jacquinia macrocarpa plants on the development of the filamentous fungi Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium verticillioides. The minimal inhibitory concentration that inhibited 50% of growth (MIC50) of each plant antifungal fraction was determined from the percentage radial growth inhibition of both fungi. Binomial mixtures made with both plant fractions were used at their MIC50 to determine the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration index (FIC index) for each fungus in order to evaluate their synergistic effect. Each synergistic mixture was analyzed in their effect on spore germination, spore size, spore viability, mitotic divisions, hyphal diameter and length, and number of septa per hypha. Some antifungal mixtures, even at low concentrations, showed higher antifungal effect than those of the individual antifungal fraction. The FIC indices of mixtures that showed the highest antifungal activity against A. flavus and F. verticillioides were 0.5272 and 0.4577, respectively, indicating a synergistic effect against both fungi. Only 12% and 8% of the spores of A. flavus and F. verticillioides, respectively, treated with the synergistic mixtures, were able to germinate, although their viability was not affected. An increase in the number of septa per hypha of both fungi was observed. The results indicated that the synergistic mixtures strongly affected the fungal growth even at lower concentrations than those of the individual plant fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos F Medina-López
- a Department of Food Science Research and Graduate Studies , University of Sonora , Hermosillo , Sonora , Mexico
| | - Maribel Plascencia-Jatomea
- a Department of Food Science Research and Graduate Studies , University of Sonora , Hermosillo , Sonora , Mexico
| | - Francisco J Cinco-Moroyoqui
- a Department of Food Science Research and Graduate Studies , University of Sonora , Hermosillo , Sonora , Mexico
| | - María S Yépiz-Gómez
- a Department of Food Science Research and Graduate Studies , University of Sonora , Hermosillo , Sonora , Mexico
| | - Mario O Cortez-Rocha
- a Department of Food Science Research and Graduate Studies , University of Sonora , Hermosillo , Sonora , Mexico
| | - Ema C Rosas-Burgos
- a Department of Food Science Research and Graduate Studies , University of Sonora , Hermosillo , Sonora , Mexico
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