Endoscopic and clinical analysis of primary T-cell lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract according to pathological subtype

Comparative analysis of clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis between nasal and nonnasal extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma

BACKGROUND

The clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis of nasal and nonnasal extranodal natural killer T-cell lymphoma (ENKTL) are considered to be different. However, the underlying features responsible for these differences are not well clarified especially in the era of asparaginase therapy.

METHODS

In total, 1007 newly diagnosed ENKTL patients from 11 medical centers were included in this study. Clinicopathologic characteristics and survival data were collected. The chi-squared test and Kruskal-Wallis test were utilized for the comparison of different groups. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to screen prognostic factors.

RESULTS

Overall, 869 (86.3%) patients were nasal forms. Compared to patients with nasal ENKTL, nonnasal patients were at more advanced stages and had poor performance status, bone marrow involvement, elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and CD56-negative status (p < 0.05). The 5-year overall survival (OS) for nasal and nonnasal patients were 65.6% and 45.0%, respectively. The OS of nasal forms patients were superior to nonnasal patients, especially in Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) (≥2), advanced stage, KPI (HIR/HR), IPI (HIR/HR), PINK (HR), and high EBV DNA load groups. In patients treated with pegaspargase/L-asparaginase-based regimens, the OS of nasal patients was better than that of nonnasal patients. After adjusting the covariates of age, stage, ECOG PS score, LDH, B symptoms, and BM involvement, results showed that the nonnasal site was associated with poor survival of ENKTL.

CONCLUSIONS

The clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis of nasal and nonnasal ENKTL patients are different. Nasal forms patients had superior OS than nonnasal patients, especially in the era of asparaginase.

Anaplastic Large-cell Lymphoma Involving Gastrointestinal Tract: A Clinicopathologic Study of 25 Cases of a Rare Tumor at a Rare Site

Background. Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL) is an uncommon lymphoma divided into anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) positive, ALK negative, and breast implant-associated (BIA) ALCL. Gastrointestinal tract involvement is very rare and may be difficult to diagnose. Its recognition is crucial as prognostic ramifications are different. Objectives. To describe clinicopathological features of ALCL involving the gastrointestinal tract. Materials and Methods. Slides were reviewed. Diagnosis was confirmed. Histological and immunohistochemical features were described. Results.Twenty-five tumors were diagnosed during the study period. Ages ranged from 14 to 65 years (mean 41 years). Mean age for ALK-negative and ALK-positive patients were 49 and 17 years, respectively. Twenty-one were males and 4 were females. Eighteen involved small intestine. Mean tumor size was 4.2 cm. All showed diffuse sheets of large anaplastic cells with pleomorphic nuclei, abundant pink cytoplasm, and strong positivity for CD30. Epithelial membrane antigen was positive in 17 tumors and keratin was negative in all. Eighteen tumors were ALK negative. Out of 14 patients with follow-up, 12 died within a few months of diagnosis. Seven had stage IE, 5 had stage IIE, and 2 had stage IV disease. Two patients were alive at 35 and 60 months. Twelve received chemotherapy. Conclusion. A marked male predominance was noted. Small intestine was the commonest site of involvement. Majority were ALK negative. ALK-negative tumors occurred in older patients and ALK positive in younger patients. Prognosis was poor. ALCL should be included in the differential diagnosis of anaplastic epithelioid cell neoplasms in the gastrointestinal tract.

Endoscopic and Histopathological Characteristics of Gastrointestinal Lymphoma: A Multicentric Study

Background: Extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is more prevalent in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract than in other sites. This study aimed to determine the endoscopic characteristics of primary gastrointestinal non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Methods: We investigated 140 patients from three tertiary referral hospitals with primary malignant lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract. Characteristics of the lesions were evaluated and analyzed using image-enhanced endoscopy, endoscopic ultrasound, and histopathology. Results: The median age was 60.5 (range: 11-99), and 59 (42.1%) were female. The most frequent complaint was abdominal pain (74.3%), followed by bloody feces (10%) and diarrhea (2.9%). B symptoms were observed in 15 (10.7%) patients. GI obstruction was the most common complication (10.0%), followed by hemorrhage (7.9%) and perforation (1.5%). Regarding endoscopic findings, the identified sites were the following: the stomach (61.4%), colon (10%), small intestine (10%), ileocecum (8.6%), rectum (6.4%), and duodenum (3.6%). Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma are most prevalent in the stomach. Helicobacter pylori was identified in 46 cases (39.0%), with MALT lymphoma being the most infected subtype. Nearly all gastrointestinal non-Hodgkin lymphomas manifested as superficial type (25-59.6%) and ulcer type (15.6-50%) under endoscopy. We found that fungating type and protruding with ulcer type were more frequent types of aggressive lymphomas (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, and T-cell lymphoma) compared to the indolent types (MALT lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, duodenal-type follicular lymphoma, and small lymphocytic lymphoma) (p < 0.05). Conclusions: This study showed that most subtypes of gastrointestinal non-Hodgkin lymphomas exhibited same endoscopic features (superficial type and ulcer type). Aggressive gastrointestinal non-Hodgkin lymphomas (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, and T-cell lymphoma) were highly suspected when fungating lesions and protruding with ulcer lesions were encountered under endoscopy. Endoscopists should be aware of the connection between enhanced endoscopic characteristics and histological varieties of gastrointestinal lymphoma to improve diagnosis.

Clinical and endoscopic features of primary small bowel lymphoma: a single-center experience from mainland China

Objective

The worldwide incidence of primary small intestinal lymphoma (PSIL) is increasing. However, little is known about the clinical and endoscopic characteristics of this disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical and endoscopic data of patients with PSIL, with the goal of enhancing our understanding of the disease, improving diagnostic accuracy, and facilitating more accurate prognosis estimation.

Methods

Ninety-four patients diagnosed with PSIL were retrospectively studied at Qilu Hospital of Shandong University between 2012 and 2021. The clinical data, enteroscopy findings, treatment modalities, and survival times were collected and analyzed.

Results

Ninety-four patients (52 males) with PSIL were included in this study. The median age of onset was 58.5 years (range: 19-80 years). Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (n=37) was the most common pathological type. Abdominal pain (n=59) was the most frequent clinical presentation. The ileocecal region (n=32) was the most commonly affected site, and 11.7% of patients had multiple lesions. At the time of diagnosis, the majority of patients (n=68) were in stages I-II. A new endoscopic classification of PSIL was developed, including hypertrophic type, exophytic type, follicular/polypoid type, ulcerative type, and diffusion type. Surgery did not show a significant increase in overall survival; chemotherapy was the most commonly administered treatment. T-cell lymphoma, stages III-IV, "B" symptoms, and ulcerative type were associated with poor prognosis.

Conclusion

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the clinical and endoscopic features of PSIL in 94 patients. This highlights the importance of considering clinical and endoscopic characteristics for accurate diagnosis and prognosis estimation during small bowel enteroscopy. Early detection and treatment of PSIL is associated with a favorable prognosis. Our findings also suggest that certain risk factors, such as pathological type, "B" symptoms, and endoscopic type, may affect the survival of PSIL patients. These results underscore the need for careful consideration of these factors in the diagnosis and treatment of PSIL.

Surgical management of monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma followed by chemotherapy and stem-cell transplant: A case report and review of the literature

BACKGROUND

Monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma (MEITL) is a rare and rapidly progressive intestinal T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma associated with a very poor prognosis and a median survival of 7 mo. Advances in the identification of MEITL over the last two decades have led to its recognition as a separate entity. MEITL patients, predominantly male, typically present with vague and nonspecific symptoms and diagnosis is predominantly confirmed at laparotomy. Currently, there are no standardized treatment protocols, and the optimal therapy remains unclear.

CASE SUMMARY

We report a case of MEITL that was initially considered to be gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) and Imatinib was administered for one cycle. The 62-year-old man presented with abdominal pain, abdominal distension, and weight loss of 20 pounds. Within 2 wk, the size of the mass considerably increased on computed tomography scans. The patient underwent surgery followed by chemotherapy with CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) and stem-cell transplant. A correct diagnosis of MEITL was established based on postoperative pathology. Immunophenotypically, the neoplastic cells fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for MEITL as they were CD3⁺, CD4⁺, CD8⁺, CD56⁺, and TIA-1⁺.

CONCLUSION

Given that MEITL has no predisposing factor and presents with vague symptoms with rapid progression, the concomitant presence of abdominal symptoms and B symptoms (weight loss, fever, and night sweats) with hypoalbuminemia, anemia, low lymphocytic count and endoscopic findings of diffuse infiltrating type lesions should alert physicians to this rare disease, especially when it comes to Asian patients. Immediate laparotomy should then be carried out followed by chemotherapy and stem-cell transplant.

Characteristic endoscopic findings of gastrointestinal malignant lymphomas other than mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma

Background and study aims: The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the most common site of extra-nodal involvement for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). The features of GI NHLs remain unclear. The aim of this study was to clarify endoscopic characteristics of GI NHLs. Patients and methods: We retrospectively analyzed the morphological characteristics of 63 GI malignant lymphomas other than mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Lesions were diagnosed between 2005 and 2020. Macroscopic findings were classified into five subtypes: superficial (S); protruding without ulcer (P); protruding with ulcer (PU); fungating (F); and multiple nodules (MN). Results: Thirty-one lesions in the stomach were classified as S type in 3 cases (9.6%), P type in 6 (19%), PU type in 13 (42%), and F type in 9 (29%). In the stomach, the ulcerated phenotype was more frequent for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (89.5%) than for other histological types (41.7%; P = 0.01). In the intestine, 23 tumors were classified as S type in 4 cases (17%), P type in 1 (4%), PU type in 6 (26%), F type in 1 (4%), and MN in 11 (48%). Eleven of the 14 cases (78.6%) of intestinal follicular lymphoma lesions showed MN type. In the colon, eight tumors were classified as S type in 2 cases (25%), P type in 2 (25%), PU type in 1 (13%), and F type in 3 (38%). Conclusion: We have clarified the endoscopic features of GI NHL using macroscopic classifications. The ulcerated phenotype was the most frequent endoscopic finding for DLBCL.

The epidemiology and prognosis of patients with primary gastric T-cell lymphoma in the SEER program

BACKGROUND

Primary gastric T-cell lymphoma (PG-TCL) is a rare hematological malignancy with few data reported. The objective of this study is to investigate the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, and survivals of PG-TCL.

METHODS

Totally, 164 patients with PG-TCL from 1975 to 2016 extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) database were analyzed. Kaplan-Meier method was applied to plot overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS). The prognostic factors of OS and CSS were explored by Cox proportional hazard regression. Nomograms were constructed to predict survival possibilities.

RESULTS

The age-adjusted incidence rate of PG-TCL was 0.0091 per 100,000 person-years and increased with age. The median age at onset was 65 years old with male predominance. The major histological type was peripheral T-cell lymphoma, NOS (63.4%). The 1-, 2-, and 5-year OS were 45.5%, 34.7%, and 23.5%, respectively while the 1-, 2-, and 5-year CSS were 47.4%, 37.3%, and 29.6%, respectively. Multivariate Cox analysis demonstrated that age at diagnosis, use of chemotherapy, and radiotherapy were the independent prognostic factors for OS. Chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy could significantly improve patients' OS compared with chemotherapy alone. Moreover, age at diagnosis and use of chemotherapy were also the independent prognostic factors for CSS. Nomograms for PG-TCL were developed to predict 1-, 2-, and 5-year OS possibilities. The predictability of nomograms was verified by high concordance index and good agreement with the predicted value in calibration plots.

CONCLUSION

PG-TCL is a rare neoplasm with low incidence. Patients with PG-TCL generally exhibited poor prognosis. Use of chemotherapy plus radiotherapy was associated with favorable OS.

A Delayed Presentation of Perforated Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma of the Small Bowel Resulting in a Large Interloop Faecaloma

Primary small bowel lymphomas are a rare entity but with significant morbidity and a low five-year overall survival even after surgery. Its diagnosis is often delayed due to the lack of clear specific signs, unfamiliarity amongst clinicians, and the lack of screening tools. This often results in patients presenting with tumour-associated complications such as perforation, obstruction, or gastrointestinal bleeding which warrant urgent surgical intervention. We present the case of a patient presenting with a perforated small bowel lymphoma resulting in a large interloop extraluminal faecaloma causing subacute small bowel obstruction. He proceeded to have an emergency open right hemicolectomy and extended small bowel resection to facilitate gross resection of tumour which in conjunction with adjuvant systemic chemotherapy is considered current best practice to manage such neoplasms. Early referral to specialist centres and raising awareness of this rare entity will allow earlier recognition and therefore a more planned approach to the management of such pathology with fewer post-operative complications.

Multi-slice spiral CT findings of tubulovillous adenoma of the duodenum

OBJECTIVES

To analyze the appearance of duodenal tubulovillous adenoma on multi-slice spiral CT images to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment to potentially improve prognosis.

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed clinical data and CT imaging findings of 11 cases of duodenal tubulovillous adenomas, all confirmed by pathology. The location, size, shape, CT density, relationship with surrounding structures, accompanying bile duct obstruction, and enhancement pattern of each lesion were documented.

RESULTS

All 11 lesions occurred in the descending part of the duodenum. Ten cases occurred in the duodenal papilla area. Nine cases had a low-density ring sign or semicircle sign between the lesion and the adjacent normal intestinal wall on axial images. Eight cases had differing degrees of bile duct dilatation, five of which had concomitant pancreatic duct dilatation. Noncontrast images revealed uniform soft tissue density; contrast enhanced images showed moderate, mostly uniform enhancement, with the most enhancement in the venous phase. In the arterial phase, two lesions showed linear enhancing vessels.

CONCLUSIONS

On multi-slice spiral CT imaging, duodenal tubulovillous adenomas have certain characteristics that could be used for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

PRECIS

On multi-slice spiral CT imaging of duodenal tubulovillous adenoma, findings of nodular or cauliflower-like shape, uniform density, uniform moderate enhancement, and a peripheral low-density ring sign could improve diagnostic accuracy.

Primary Gastrointestinal T/NK Cell Lymphoma

Primary gastrointestinal T/NK cell lymphoma (GI-TNKL) is an uncommon and heterogeneous group of lymphoid malignancies. We aimed to investigate their subtype distribution, clinicopathologic characteristics, and clinical outcomes. A total of 38 GI-TNKL cases and their clinical and pathological characteristics were analyzed. GI-TNKL occurred in adults with a median patient age in the sixth decade of life and showed a slight male predominance. The most common histologic type was extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKTL; 34.2%), followed by monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma (MEITL; 31.6%), intestinal T-cell lymphoma, NOS (ITCL, NOS, 18.4%), anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK-negative (ALCL, ALK-; 13.2%). The small intestine was the primary affected region. More than 90% of patients complained of various GI symptoms and cases with advanced Lugano stage, high IPI score, or bowel perforation that required emergent operation were not uncommon. GI-TNKL also showed aggressive behavior with short progression-free survival and overall survival. This thorough clinical and pathological descriptive analysis will be helpful for accurate understanding, diagnosis, and treatment.

[Clinical characteristics and survival analysis of primary intestinal extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type]

Objective: To retrospectively analyze the clinical features and survival analysis of primary intestinal extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma nasal type(ENKTL). Methods: Patients with intestinal lymphoma at the First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University were collected from January 2009 to December 2019, and those with primary intestinal ENKTL screened. The general situation, main symptoms, ECOG scale, lactic dehydrogenase(LDH), and β(2)-microglobulin(β(2)-MG)in the serum, lesion site and form, numbers of extranodal invasion, Lugano stage, pathological features, and lifetime and survival outcomes were evaluated. Results: In total, 34 patients with confirmed diagnosis of primary intestinal ENKTL were identified. The incidence rate of primary intestinal ENKTL is 16.2% (34/210). A total of 26 patients were men and 8 were women with the median age at diagnosis of 45 (range, 20-69)years and patients younger than 60 years account for 85.3%. It included abdominal pain (76.5%), diarrhea(20.6%), hematochezia(29.4%), and abdominal mass(2.9%), 85.3% with B-symptoms, and abnormally elevated LDH in the serum(73.5%). The lesion sites included large intestine(52.9%), small intestine(29.4%), and both of them(17.7%). The lesion forms were featured by mass(8.8%), ulcer(32.4%), diffuse infiltration(2.9%), and hybrid(55.9%). Lugano stage included stage Ⅰ/Ⅱ (70.6%)24 patients and stage Ⅳ(29.4%)10 patients. About 94.1% patients were EBER positive. The median survival time was 60 days. The overall survival rate had significant differences on ECOG scale, LDH in the serum, IPI score and complications(P=0.037, 0.009, 0.002, and 0.000, respectively). Conclusion: Primary intestinal ENKTL was commonly observed in men at young or middle age, and the most common symptom was abdominal pain, often with B-symptoms, abnormally elevated LDH in the serum. The most common site was the large intestine. The lesion forms were mainly featured by the hybrid and ulcer. It seemed that patients with IPI low-risk group and without any complication would have longer survival time.

Endoscopic and clinicopathological characteristics of colorectal T/NK cell lymphoma

BACKGROUND

Colorectal T/natural killer (NK)-cell lymphomas (TNKCL) are very rare. Endoscopic and clinicopathological characteristics of colorectal TNKCL have not been clearly demonstrated. In this study, we demonstrated the clinical characteristics of colorectal TNKCL.

METHODS

Endoscopic and clinicopathological characteristics were investigated in 27 patients with colorectal monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T-cell lymphoma (MEITL), adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), and other types of TNKCL.

RESULTS

Nine TNKCL patients (33%) were classified as MEITL, 11 (41%) as ATLL, and seven (26%) as other. Four patients with Epstein-Barr Virus-positive (EBV+) TNKCL, two indolent T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder and one anaplastic large cell lymphoma were included in the other group. Endoscopically, six MEITL (67%) and five ATLL (46%) showed diffuse-infiltrating type, in which the main endoscopic lesion was edematous mucosa in MEITL, while aphthoid erosion and edematous mucosa were typical in ATLL. Ulcerative type was identified in four other group patients (57%), including two EBV+ TNKCL. An increase in atypical T-intraepithelial lymphocytes (T-IELs) was noted in seven MEITL (88%) and six ATLL (60%) patients, but not in the other group (0%) patients. Five MEITL patients (56%) showed features of lymphocytic proctocolitis with increased CD8+ T-IELs.

CONCLUSIONS

MEITL and ATLL occasionally invaded the colorectum, and primary involving MEITL was observed. Diffuse infiltrating type was the characteristic endoscopic finding in colorectal MEITL and ATLL, while ulcerative type was observed in the other group. Features of lymphocytic proctocolitis may be prodromal findings of MEITL.

Gastrointestinal lymphoma: the new mimic

Background

Gastrointestinal (GI) lymphomas comprise a group of distinct clinicopathological entities of B- or T- cell type, with primary gastrointestinal Hodgkin lymphoma being extremely uncommon. The GI tract is the predominant site of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma accounting for 30–40% of all extranodal lymphomas. In the Western world, the stomach is the most commonly involved site followed by the small bowel. Several chronic inflammatory and immune-mediated disorders which predispose to accelerated cell turnover may lead to the malignant transformation of gut lymphocytes and ultimately manifest as GI lymphoma. The challenge for the clinical gastroenterologist is that these tumors may have varied presentations, ranging from nonspecific symptoms such as dyspepsia or bloating to abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, GI bleeding, diarrhea, weight loss or bowel obstruction.

Objective

We illustrate the range of presentations of GI lymphoma with examples based on consecutive cases evaluated at our institution over a 6-month period. These cases demonstrate how appropriately directed endoscopic evaluation with biopsies has the potential to provide a definitive diagnosis and allow the patient to proceed to definitive therapy.

Conclusions

The GI tract is the most commonly involved site for extranodal lymphoma with the stomach being most frequently involved organ. Chronic Helicobacter pylori infection, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease and autoimmune disorders may predispose to GI lymphoma. This heterogenous group of diseases has varied presentations that may mimic several other GI clinico-pathologic entities. GI lymphomas may be diagnosed with appropriately directed endoscopic evaluation coupled with generous tissue sampling and expert pathologic assessment. Management may range from antibiotic therapy, in the case of Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric MALT lymphoma, to chemotherapy with or without radiation and, in rare instances, surgery. There are presently no guidelines to direct endoscopic surveillance of GI lymphomas following treatment.

ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma presenting multiple lymphomatous polyposis: A case report and literature review

BACKGROUND

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a type of T-cell lymphoma that can be divided into two categories: anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive (ALK+) and ALK-negative. Gastrointestinal ALK+ ALCL is rare. Multiple lymphomatous polyposis (MLP) is thought to be a representative form of gastrointestinal lesion in mantle cell lymphoma, and T-cell lymphomas seldom show this feature. Here, we report the first known case of ALK+ ALCL with gastroduodenal involvement to present with MLP.

CASE SUMMARY

The patient was a 43-year-old man who was complained of a mass in the left inguinal area and was performed open biopsy. ALK+ ALCL was diagnosed pathologically. Computed tomography scan demonstrated multiple lymph node lesions in the abdomen - pelvis/inguinal region, and scattered nodular lesions in both lung fields. He did not complain of gastrointestinal symptoms. While, esophagogastroduodenoscopy identified MLP lesions from the antrum of the stomach to the descending portion of the duodenum and mild thickened folds on the corpus of the stomach, and biopsy showed invasion of ALK+ ALCL. We treated this patient with six cycles of CHOEP (Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Vincristine, Etoposide, and Prednisone) chemotherapy. At the conclusion of treatment, there was complete remission. Numerous white scars were found on the stomach, endoscopically consistent with a remission image of lymphoma. The endoscopic features of this case were thought to be similar to those of MCL.

CONCLUSION

The macroscopic/endoscopic features of gastrointestinal ALK+ ALCL may be more similar to those of B-cell lymphomas rather than T-cell lymphomas.

Endoscopic and clinicopathological characteristics of gastrointestinal adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma

Background

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) frequently involves the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and patients mainly show an aggressive clinical course despite of intensive cytotoxic treatments. We investigated the characteristic clinicopathological and endoscopic features of GI ATLL.

Methods

This was a retrospective analysis of 61 GI tract lesions in 54 ATLL patients.

Results

Thirty-six (67%) patients were classified as having lymphoma-type ATLL and 18 (33%) patients were classified as having acute-type with leukemic changes. Examined ATLL lesions in the stomach and intestine (small intestine and colorectum) were 40 (66%) and 21 (34%), respectively. Gastric ATLL lesions were frequently found in the lymphoma-type (29/38; 76%) compared with the acute-type lesions (11/23; 48%; P=0.023). Intestinal ATLL lesions were frequent in the acute-type (12/23; 52%) compared with the lymphoma-type lesions (9/38; 24%; P=0.023). Endoscopically, tumor-forming type lesions were significantly more frequent in lymphoma-type ATLL lesions (29/38 lesions; 76%) compared with acute-type lesions (10/23; 44%; P=0.0096). The superficial spreading-type was significantly more frequent in acute-type lesions (12/23 lesions; 52%) compared with lymphoma-type lesions (3/38; 8%; P=0.0003). Additionally, gastropathy-, enteropathy-, or proctocolitis-like lesions were distinct features, mainly in the acute type (9/23 lesions; 39%). Twenty three of 39 tumor-forming-type lesions (59%) were significantly composed of pleomorphic or anaplastic large cell lymphoma, and 13 of 15 superficial spreading-type lesions (87%) were significantly composed of pleomorphic medium-sized cells (P=0.007, in each). Six patients (11%) who were estimated as having primary GI ATLL based on restricted clinical stages, showed a significantly better overall survival (OS) compared with the 48 advanced-stage patients (P=0.017). Twenty patients with solitary tumor-forming-type lesions showed a significantly better OS than 17 patients with the multiple tumor-forming-type (P=0.015) and five with the mucosal-thickening-type lesions (P=0.04). Twenty-six patients with pleomorphic or anaplastic large cell ATLL showed a significantly better prognosis compared with 28 patients with pleomorphic medium-sized ATLL (P=0.034).

Conclusions

ATLL predominantly involves the stomach. Leukemic behavior of ATLL had a large influence on the tumor location and endoscopic features of GI tract lesions. Gastropathy-, enteropathy-, and proctocolitis-like lesions showed additional distinct characteristics. Primary GI ATLL in the early clinical stages, solitary tumor-forming-type lesions and large tumor cells showed better prognostic factors than other factors, respectively.

Endoscopic features and clinical outcomes of colorectal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Colorectal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is a rare disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical and endoscopic features of colorectal MALT lymphoma.

METHODS

Patients diagnosed with colorectal MALT lymphoma at Asan Medical Center from 2002 to 2016 were eligible. Medical records were reviewed to investigate clinical features and treatment outcomes. Endoscopic pictures were assessed to characterize the endoscopic features of colorectal MALT lymphoma.

RESULTS

A total of 51 patients were enrolled. The median age was 60 years (interquartile range, 55-71), and 21 (41%) were men. Twenty-six patients (51%) were asymptomatic. Forty-four patients (86%) were in early disease stages, namely Lugano stages I, II, and II_E. Endoscopic appearances were classified as 4 distinct types: subepithelial tumor type (26 patients, 51%), polyposis type (10 patients, 20%), epithelial mass type (7 patients, 14%), and ileitis type (8 patients, 16%). The rectum (20 patients, 39%) was the most common location, followed by the ileocecal area (15 patients, 30%). An initial endoscopic impression of lymphoma was made in only 7 patients. Forceps biopsy sampling as the initial tissue acquisition method could histologically diagnose MALT lymphoma in 28 of 35 patients (80%). Polypectomy as the initial histologic diagnosis could diagnose MALT lymphoma in 16 of 16 patients. Progression-free and overall survival rates at 5 years were 92% and 94%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Colorectal MALT lymphomas show various endoscopic appearances, complicating the endoscopic suspicion of colorectal MALT lymphoma. The prognosis of colorectal MALT lymphoma was excellent.

Clinicopathological analysis of 12 patients with Epstein-Barr virus-positive primary intestinal T/natural killer-cell lymphoma (EBV+ ITNKL)

AIMS

Epstein-Barr virus-positive (EBV⁺ ) intestinal T/natural killer (NK) cell lymphoma (ITNKL) is an uncommon tumour with an extremely aggressive clinical behaviour. However, the clinicopathological characteristics of this tumour, including T cell receptor (TCR) phenotype and the patient's background, remain unknown. The aim of this study was to elucidate the detailed clinicopathological profile of EBV⁺ ITNKL.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We enrolled 12 patients with EBV⁺ ITNKL without nasal involvement into the study. All patients were characterized by involvement of the small intestine with concurrent lesions of the large intestine in two patients. Seven patients (58%) had Lugano stages IIE/IV disease and eight (67%) were categorized as high-intermediate/high-risk according to the Prognostic Index for PTCL (PIT). Three patients (25%) with an age of onset of less than 50 years had chronic active EBV infection (CAEBV). Five CD56-positive patients (42%) had a poorer prognosis than those without CD56 expression (P = 0.008). NK cell-type lymphoma defined by the absence of any TCR expression or clonal TCR-γ rearrangement was found in six patients (50%). Interestingly, EBV⁺ intra-epithelial lymphocytosis was observed in one case with a background of CAEBV.

CONCLUSIONS

This study is the first to shed light on the significant heterogeneity of EBV⁺ ITNKL and its relationship with CAEBV, especially in patients younger than 50 years of age. These observations will provide a guide for diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in routine practice.

Integrated Chinese and Western medicine for treatment of cerebral hemorrhage with gastrointestinal hemorrhage: Curative effect and influence on prognosis

AIM

To observe the clinical effect of integrated Chinese and Western medicine in the treatment of cerebral hemorrhage with gastrointestinal hemorrhage and its influence on prognosis.

METHODS

Seventy patients with cerebral hemorrhage and gastrointestinal bleeding were randomly divided into a control group (n = 35) and an observation group (n = 35). Both groups were treated with hemocoagulase and omeprazole injection, and the observation group was additionally given Xijiao Dihuang decoction. Clinical curative effect and prognosis were compared between the two groups.

RESULTS

The duration of continued bleeding and intracranial hypertension, the amount of blood transfusion, NIHSS score, survival rate, and mortality rate were significantly lower in the observation group than in the control group (t = 17.935, 18.293, 16.386, and 20.915, χ² = 5.193, 7.012, P < 0.05). The hemoglobin level, MBI score, and improvement rate were significantly higher in the observation group than in the control group (t = 21.284, 19.841, χ² = 6.395, P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Hemocoagulase and omeprazole injection combined with Xijiao Dihuang decoction are effective in the treatment of cerebral hemorrhage with gastrointestinal bleeding.

Octreotide acetate combined with propranolol hydrochloride for treatment of digestive tract hemorrhage: Efficacy and influence on quality of life

AIM

To observe the efficacy of octreotide acetate combined with propranolol hydrochloride in the treatment of patients with gastrointestinal bleeding and its impact on quality of life (QOL).

METHODS

One hundred patients with gastrointestinal bleeding treated from January 2015 to July 2016 at our hospital were divided into either a control group (n = 50) or an observation group (n = 50). The control group was treated with octreotide acetate injection alone, and the observation group was treated with octreotide acetate injection combined with propranolol hydrochloride. QOL was assessed using the QOL scale. Clinical efficacy and QOL were compared between the two groups.

RESULTS

After treatment, central venous pressure was significantly higher in the observation group than in the control group (P < 0.05); time to hemostasis, heart rate, blood transfusion, portal vein blood flow, splenic vein blood flow, serum alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase levels were significantly lower in the observation group than in the control group (P < 0.05); physical function, role function, cognitive function, emotional function, social function, and the overall QOL score were significantly higher in the observation group than in the control group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Octreotide acetate combined with propranolol hydrochloride for patients with gastrointestinal bleeding has better clinical efficacy and can improve QOL compared with octreotide acetate alone.

Primary rare anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK positive in small intestine: case report and review of the literature

Background

Primary anaplastic large cell lymphoma, ALK positive in small intestine is clinically rare and the clinical, radiological and pathological information are generally not available. Here, we report a case of 32-year-old male with ALK positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma at the junction of jejunum and ileum, and highlight the clinicopathological features and the differential diagnosis of this type lymphoma.

Case presentation

The patient presented with right middle abdominal mass for 1 month with sporadic pain. Computed tomography (CT) showed a mass measured 8.5 × 7.4 × 4 cm at the junction of jejunum and ileum. The diagnosis was made after pathological examination of the excised tissue by enterectomy. Grossly, the mass was located predominately in intestinal wall with grayish appearance and blurry boundary. Microscopically, almost all layers of the intestinal wall were infiltrated by pleomorphic tumor cells with diffuse and cohesive growth pattern. The neoplastic cells were mainly medium to large size with moderate basophilic cytoplasm. Most of them had hyperchromatic nuclei and prominent nucleoli. “Hallmark” cells were easily detected. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells are characterized by CD30, ALK, CD5, TIA-1, Granzyme B, EMA positive staining, and CD2, CD3, CD7, CD4, CD8, CD20, CD79a negative staining. The Epstein-Barr virus encoded RNAs (EBERs) genome was also negative. A diagnosis as primary small intestinal ALK positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma was finally made. The patient received CHOP chemotherapy and is alive till now without recurrence 5 months after enterectomy.

Conclusions

Primary small intestinal ALK positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma is rare. The accurate diagnosis should be based on combined consideration of clinical characteristics, CT image and pathological features, and should be distinguished from other lymphomas or solid tumors in small intestine.

Indolent T- and NK-cell lymphoproliferative disorders of the gastrointestinal tract: a review and update

Primary gastrointestinal (GI) T- and NK-cell lymphomas are usually aggressive neoplasms associated with high morbidity and mortality. Over the past two decades, however, cases of primary GI lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs) or lymphomas of T- or NK-cell derivation with indolent behavior have been reported. These LPDs are rare and they can be challenging to diagnose as they share clinical and pathological features with both, inflammatory disorders and aggressive T- and NK-cell lymphomas. Primary, indolent clonal T-cell proliferations of the GI tract, which can be CD4+, CD8+ or CD4- CD8-, have been included as a provisional entity in the newly revised World Health Organization (WHO) classification of lymphoid neoplasms and designated 'indolent T-cell LPD of the GI tract'. It is currently unclear whether the indolent NK-cell LPDs represent reactive or neoplastic proliferations. In this review, we describe the clinical, morphologic, immunophenotypic and genetic features of indolent GI T- and NK-cell LPDs and provide guidance in differentiating them from other inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. We believe that greater awareness of these LPDs amongst physicians and the research community will lead to timely and accurate diagnoses, stimulate investigations into the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying different entities thereby enhancing our understanding of disease biology and enable the development of effective therapeutic regimens. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Endoscopic detection of the gastric lesions of peripheral T-cell lymphoma

An 82-year-old Japanese man presented with a gastric involvement of peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified. Although gastrointestinal lesions were not detected on computed tomography, oesophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed a slight elevation of the gastric mucosa, with changes in mucosal colour and the presence of abnormal microvessels. This led to the prompt detection of gastric involvement in lymphoma. This case highlights the usefulness of detailed observation of the gastric mucosa for the endoscopic detection of gastric involvement of peripheral T-cell lymphoma.

Primary gastric natural killer/T-cell lymphoma with diffuse CD30 expression and without CD56 expression: A case report

The majority of natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphomas occur in the nasal cavity and rarely involve the stomach. They possess a specific immunophenotype, with the expression of cluster of differentiation (CD)56, CD2 and CD3ε, but without CD3 expression. Few cases of NK/T-cell lymphoma have partial CD30 expression. The present study reveals a unique case of a 41-year-old female patient with gastric NK/T-cell lymphoma that did not express CD56 and diffusely expressed CD30. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that the tumor cells expressed CD3ε, CD43, CD30 and granzyme B and did not express CD2, CD4, CD5, CD7, CD8, CD56, anaplastic lymphoma kinase, CD20, paired box-5 or pan cytokeratin. Based on the immunostaining profile and morphological features, the initial diagnosis considered was gastric anaplastic large cell lymphoma. However, following a consultation with other pathologists, the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) status of the patient was investigated to exclude a diagnosis of NK/T-cell lymphoma. Notably, the signal for EBV RNA was diffuse positive. Therefore, the final diagnosis was corrected to NK/T-cell lymphoma. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to report NK/T-cell lymphoma in the stomach with a diffuse CD30-positive and CD56-negative phenotype.

From the radiologic pathology archives: gastrointestinal lymphoma: radiologic and pathologic findings

Gastrointestinal (GI) lymphoma encompasses a heterogeneous group of neoplasms that have a common lymphoid origin but variable pathologic and imaging features. Extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (ENMZL) and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) are the most common. ENMZL usually occurs in the stomach, where it is associated with chronic infection by Helicobacter pylori, and is typically a superficial spreading lesion that causes mucosal nodularity or ulceration and mild wall thickening. DLBCL may arise de novo or from transformation of ENMZL or other low-grade lymphomas. This form of lymphoma produces extensive wall thickening or a bulky mass, but obstruction is uncommon. Mantle cell lymphoma is the classic cause of lymphomatous polyposis, but multiple polyps or nodules can also be seen with ENMZL and follicular lymphoma. Burkitt lymphoma is usually characterized by an ileocecal mass or wall thickening in the terminal ileum in young children, often in the setting of widespread disease. Primary GI Hodgkin lymphoma, which is rare, may be manifested by a variety of findings, though stenosis is more common than with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma is frequently associated with celiac disease and is characterized by wall thickening, ulceration, and even perforation of the jejunum. Accurate radiologic diagnosis of GI lymphoma requires a multifactorial approach based on the clinical findings, site of involvement, imaging findings, and associated complications.

Rare gastrointestinal lymphomas: The endoscopic investigation

Gastrointestinal lymphomas represent up to 10% of gastrointestinal malignancies and about one third of non-Hodgkin lymphomas. The most prominent histologies are mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. However, the gastrointestinal tract can be the site of rarer lymphoma subtypes as a primary or secondary localization. Due to their rarity and the multifaceted histology, an endoscopic classification has not been validated yet. This review aims to analyze the endoscopic presentation of rare gastrointestinal lymphomas from disease diagnosis to follow-up, according to the involved site and lymphoma subtype. Existing, new and emerging endoscopic technologies have been examined. In particular, we investigated the diagnostic, prognostic and follow-up endoscopic features of T-cell and natural killer lymphomas, lymphomatous polyposis and mantle cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, plasma cell related disease, gastrointestinal lymphomas in immunodeficiency and Hodgkin’s lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract. Contrarily to more frequent gastrointestinal lymphomas, data about rare lymphomas are mostly extracted from case series and case reports. Due to the data paucity, a synergism between gastroenterologists and hematologists is required in order to better manage the disease. Indeed, clinical and prognostic features are different from nodal and extranodal or the bone marrow (in case of plasma cell disease) counterpart. Therefore, the approach should be based on the knowledge of the peculiar behavior and natural history of disease.

Primary Esophageal Extranasal NK/T Cell Lymphoma With Biphasic Morphology: A Case Report and Literature Review

We report a case of esophageal extranasal NK/T cell lymphoma with biphasic morphologic features revealed by a deep large piecemeal biopsy. A 40-year-old man present with pharyngalgia, dysphagia, recurrent fever, and 5-kg weight loss for 8 months. Endoscopy demonstrated progressing longitudinal ulcers and mucosal bridges along the esophagus. The first and second biopsies obtained superficial mucosa with scattered bland-looking small lymphocytes. A subsequent large piecemeal snare abscission for biopsy showed atypical lymphoid cells infiltrating into the deep lamina propria and muscularis mucosae, whereas the superficial lamina propria was highly edematous with scant small lymphocytes. Immunohistochemical studies confirmed that both underlying atypical cells and superficial small lymphocytes were neoplastic, sharing an identical immunophenotype: positive for CD2, CD3, CD43, CD8, CD56, TIA-1 and granzyme B. Epstein-Barr virus-encoded small RNAs were found in both cells. The histologic findings were diagnostic of primary esophageal extranasal NK/T cell lymphoma. However, the patient developed bone marrow depression during chemotherapy and died of massive cerebral hemorrhage after the first cycle of chemotherapy. Primary esophageal extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma nasal type is extremely rare. We show the biphasic morphology of this disease, which highlights the importance of deep biopsy for accurate diagnosis.

Primary lymphomas in the gastrointestinal tract

Primary gastrointestinal (GI) lymphomas are uncommon diseases that can involve the whole GI tract. The etiologies of the disease remain unclear, and potential risk factors include celiac disease, Helicobacter pylori infection, use of immunosuppressive agents, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and inflammatory bowel disease, etc. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma are the most common subtypes of GI lymphomas. B-cell lymphomas of the GI tract are more common in Western countries, while in Asia-Pacific region T-cell lymphomas are more frequently reported. In this review, lymphomas in the esophagus, stomach and intestine are described, including their epidemiology, histology, clinical manifestations, endoscopic findings, radiological features and treatment.

Intestinal lymphoma--a review of the management of emergency presentations to the general surgeon

INTRODUCTION

Intestinal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is uncommon but not rare. This paper aims to review the recent evidence for the management of perforated NHL of the intestine, consider when chemotherapy should be commenced and examine the likely outcomes and prognosis for patients presenting as surgical emergencies with this condition.

METHODS

MEDLINE and Cochrane databases were searched using intestinal lymphoma, clinical presentation, perforation, management and prognosis. The full text of relevant articles was retrieved and reference lists checked for additional articles.

FINDINGS

Emergency surgery was required at disease presentation for between 11 and 64% of intestinal NHL cases. Perforation occurs in 1-25% of cases, and also occurs whilst on chemotherapy for NHL. Intestinal bleeding occurs in 2-22% of cases. Obstruction occurs more commonly in small bowel (5-39%) than large bowel NHL and intussusceptions occur in up to 46%. Prognosis is generally poor, especially for T cell lymphomas.

CONCLUSIONS

There is a lack of quality evidence for the elective and emergency treatment of NHL involving the small and large intestine. There is a lack of information regarding the impact an emergency presentation has on the timing of postoperative chemotherapy and overall prognosis. It is proposed that in order to develop evidence-based treatment protocols, there should be an intestinal NHL registry.