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Ma J, Wei Y, Zhang X, Lin L, Bao Y, Cao H, Chen H, Yu J, Yang J, Zhang Y, Lan H, Li X, Qiong H, Yang D, Yu Y, Chen J, Zhang C, liu L, Chen L, Zhan R, Liu F. Enhanced EPR effects by tumour stromal cell mimicking nanoplatform on invasive pituitary adenoma. Mater Today Bio 2024; 24:100895. [PMID: 38179430 PMCID: PMC10765248 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Rapid advances in nanomedicine have enabled potential applications in cancer therapy. The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect is the primary rationale for the passive targeting of nanoparticles in oncology. However, growing evidence indicates that the accumulation of nanomaterials via the EPR effect could be more efficient. Inspired by our clinical observation of the Gap Junction connecpion between folliculostellate cells and pituitary adenoma cells, we designed a novel drug delivery system that targets tumours by coating folliculostellate cell (FS) membranes onto PLGA nanoparticles (NPs). The resulting FSNPs, inheriting membrane proteins from the folliculostellate cell membrane, significantly enhanced the EPR effect compared to nanoparticles without cancer cell membranes. We further demonstrated that mitotane encapsulation improved the therapeutic efficacy of mitotane in both heterotopic and orthotopic pituitary adenoma models. Owing to its significant efficacy, our FS cell membrane-coated nanoplatforms has the potential to be translated into clinical applications for the treatment of invasive pituitary adenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junning Ma
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhe Jiang, 310003, China
- Department of Neurosurgery of Fifth affiliated Hospital, SunYat-Sen University Zhuhai, 519000, ZhuHai, China
- Department of Neurosurgery of First affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou, Zhe Jiang, 310003, China
- Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- Department of Pathology& Pathophysiology and Department of Surgical Oncology of Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhe Jiang, 310003, China
| | - Yin Wei
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhe Jiang, 310003, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery of Fifth affiliated Hospital, SunYat-Sen University Zhuhai, 519000, ZhuHai, China
- Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Lu Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery of Fifth affiliated Hospital, SunYat-Sen University Zhuhai, 519000, ZhuHai, China
- Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Youmei Bao
- School of Medicine Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Hui Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery of First affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou, Zhe Jiang, 310003, China
| | - Honghwei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery of First affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou, Zhe Jiang, 310003, China
| | - Jianbo Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery of First affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou, Zhe Jiang, 310003, China
| | - Jiqi Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery of First affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou, Zhe Jiang, 310003, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery of Fifth affiliated Hospital, SunYat-Sen University Zhuhai, 519000, ZhuHai, China
- Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Huimin Lan
- Department of Neurosurgery of Fifth affiliated Hospital, SunYat-Sen University Zhuhai, 519000, ZhuHai, China
- Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - XueYang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery of Fifth affiliated Hospital, SunYat-Sen University Zhuhai, 519000, ZhuHai, China
- Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Huang Qiong
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhe Jiang, 310003, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhe Jiang, 310003, China
| | - Yajun Yu
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhe Jiang, 310003, China
| | - Jingyao Chen
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhe Jiang, 310003, China
| | - Chengchen Zhang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhe Jiang, 310003, China
| | - Li liu
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhe Jiang, 310003, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery of Fifth affiliated Hospital, SunYat-Sen University Zhuhai, 519000, ZhuHai, China
- Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Renya Zhan
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhe Jiang, 310003, China
- Department of Neurosurgery of First affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou, Zhe Jiang, 310003, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery of Fifth affiliated Hospital, SunYat-Sen University Zhuhai, 519000, ZhuHai, China
- Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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Mauro AK, Clemente L, Khurshid N, Shah DM, Zheng J, Boeldt DS. Src kinase partially mediates cytokine-induced endothelial dysfunction. Pregnancy Hypertens 2023; 34:83-89. [PMID: 37864990 PMCID: PMC10873000 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Endothelial dysfunction is known to be a key characteristic of preeclampsia (PE) and can contribute to progression of symptoms and injury to multiple organ systems. Delivery is the only treatment for progression of PE, but development of an endothelial-based therapy for PE presents a promising strategy. Growth factors and cytokines are dysregulated in PE and can impact endothelial function, manifesting changes in Ca2+ signaling and interruptions in monolayer barrier function that contribute to symptoms of hypertension, proteinuria, and edema. In this study, we highlight Src kinase as a partial mediator of growth factor and cytokine mediated endothelial dysfunction. STUDY DESIGN Fura-2 Ca2+ imaging and Electrical Cell Impedance Sensing (ECIS) assays are performed on growth factor or cytokine exposed human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Inhibitors to MEK/ERK (U0126) or Src (PP2) are used to determine the contribution of kinase signaling pathways. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Decreases in HUVEC Ca2+ signaling or monolayer resistance measure endothelial dysfunction. Reversal of endothelial dysfunction by kinase inhibitors reveals the respective contibutions of MEK/ERK and Src kinase. RESULTS We show that Src inhibition protects Ca2+ signaling responses against insults induced by VEGF165, bFGF, PlGF, TNFα, and IL-1β. Additionally, we show that Src inhibition protects the endothelial monolayer from the full impact of TNFα insult. Further, we find that MEK/ERK inhibition does not offer protection from growth factor-mediated endothelial dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest cytokine and growth factor-stimulated Src kinase plays a partial role on promoting endothelial dysfunction in HUVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Mauro
- Perinatal Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, School Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Luca Clemente
- Perinatal Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, School Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Nauman Khurshid
- Perinatal Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, School Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, School Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Dinesh M Shah
- Perinatal Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, School Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, School Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Jing Zheng
- Perinatal Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, School Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Derek S Boeldt
- Perinatal Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, School Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53715, USA.
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Mauro AK, Berdahl DM, Khurshid N, Clemente L, Ampey AC, Shah DM, Bird IM, Boeldt DS. Conjugated linoleic acid improves endothelial Ca2+ signaling by blocking growth factor and cytokine-mediated Cx43 phosphorylation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 510:110814. [PMID: 32259635 PMCID: PMC7253345 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sustained Ca2+ burst signaling is crucial for endothelial vasodilator production and is disrupted by growth factors and cytokines. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a Src inhibitor in certain preparations, is generally regarded as safe during pregnancy by the FDA. Multiple CLA preparations; t10, c12 or c9, t11 CLA, or a 1:1 mixture of the two were administered before growth factor or cytokine treatment. Growth factors and cytokines caused a significant decrease in Ca2+ burst numbers in response to ATP stimulation. Both t10, c12 CLA and the 1:1 mixture rescued VEGF165 or TNFα inhibited Ca2+ bursts and correlated with Src-specific phosphorylation of connexin 43. VEGF165, TNFα, and IL-6 in combination at physiologic concentrations revealed IL-6 amplified the inhibitory effects of lower dose of VEGF165 and TNFα. Again, the 1:1 CLA mixture was most effective at rescue of function. Therefore, CLA formulations may be a promising treatment for endothelial dysfunction in diseases such as preeclampsia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Mauro
- Perinatal Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, School Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - Danielle M Berdahl
- Perinatal Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, School Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53715, USA; Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, School Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - Nauman Khurshid
- Perinatal Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, School Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53715, USA; Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, School Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - Luca Clemente
- Perinatal Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, School Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - Amanda C Ampey
- Perinatal Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, School Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - Dinesh M Shah
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, School Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - Ian M Bird
- Perinatal Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, School Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53715, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, School Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - Derek S Boeldt
- Perinatal Research Laboratories, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, School Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53715, USA.
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Cheng Y, Chen T, Song J, Qi Q, Wang C, Xi Q, Liu S, Hao L, Zhang Y. miR-709 inhibits GHRP6 induced GH synthesis by targeting PRKCA in pituitary. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 506:110763. [PMID: 32084499 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary growth hormone (GH) plays an essential role in processes of organism growth and metabolism. MicroRNA (miRNA) could also participate in diverse biological processes. However, the role of miRNA in the regulation of pituitary GH during the growth process remains unclear. In this study, we firstly confirmed that the second highly expressed pituitary miRNA (miR-709) significantly inhibited the GH synthesis and suppressed the viability of GH3 cells. The bioinformatics analysis and dual luciferase report system were used to ascertain the PRKCA is the direct target gene of miR-709, which is the coding gene of PKCα. Then the transcription and translation levels of Prkca were obvious reduced by the over-expression of miR-709 in GH3 cells, followed by the inhibition of the transcription factor (CREB1) of Gh1 gene and the ERK1/2 signaling pathway or the possible cross-talk signaling pathway (cAMP/PKA signaling pathway) detected by western blot, suggesting that ERK1/2 maybe an important factor involved in the GH3 cell viability mediated by PKCα. At last, GHRP6 increased PKCα and GH expression but reduced miR-709 expression in vitro and vivo assays, and this conclusion was further confirmed by the result of GHRP6 attenuated the inhibition of miR-709 on GH expression. These findings will provide new molecular mechanism on the regulation of pituitary GH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jie Song
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Qien Qi
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, 528231, China
| | - Chunli Wang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Qianyun Xi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Songcai Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Linlin Hao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, 5333 Xian Road, Changchun, 130062, China.
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Tsukada T, Isowa Y, Kito K, Yoshida S, Toneri S, Horiguchi K, Fujiwara K, Yashiro T, Kato T, Kato Y. Identification of TGFβ-induced proteins in non-endocrine mouse pituitary cell line TtT/GF by SILAC-assisted quantitative mass spectrometry. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 376:281-293. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-02989-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Vitale ML, Pelletier RM. The anterior pituitary gap junctions: potential targets for toxicants. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 79:72-78. [PMID: 29906538 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The anterior pituitary regulates endocrine organs and physiological activities in the body. Environmental pollutants and drugs deleterious to the endocrine system may affect anterior pituitary activity through direct action on anterior pituitary cells. Within the gland, endocrine and folliculostellate cells are organized into and function as individual tridimensional networks, each network regulating its activity by coordinating the connected cells' responses to physiological or pathological cues. The gap junctions connecting endocrine cells and/or folliculostellate cells allow transmission of information among cells that is necessary for adequate network function. Toxicants may affect gap junctions as well as the physiology of the anterior pituitary. However, whether toxicants effects on anterior pituitary hormone secretion involve gap junctions is unknown. The folliculostellate cell gap junctions are sensitive to hormones, cytokines and growth factors. These cells may be an interesting experimental model for evaluating whether toxicants target anterior pituitary gap junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Leiza Vitale
- Département de pathologie et biologie cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC Canada.
| | - R-Marc Pelletier
- Département de pathologie et biologie cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC Canada
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Pelletier RM, Akpovi CD, Chen L, Vitale ML. Cholesterol metabolism and Cx43, Cx46, and Cx50 gap junction protein expression and localization in normal and diabetic and obese ob/ob and db/db mouse testes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 314:E21-E38. [PMID: 28851737 PMCID: PMC5866387 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00215.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Decreased fertility and birth rates arise from metabolic disorders. This study assesses cholesterol metabolism and Cx46, Cx50, and Cx43 expression in interstitium- and seminiferous tubule-enriched fractions of leptin-deficient ( ob/ob) and leptin receptor-deficient ( db/db) mice, two type 2 diabetes and obesity models associated with infertility. Testosterone levels decreased and glucose and free and esterified cholesterol (FC and EC) levels increased in serum, whereas FC and EC levels decreased in the interstitium, in ob/ob and db/db mice. In tubules, a decrease in EC caused FC-to-EC ratios to increase in db/db mice. In tubules, only acyl coenzyme A:cholesterol acyl transferase type 1 and 2 protein levels significantly decreased in ob/ob, but not db/db, mice compared with wild-type mice, and imbalances in the cholesterol transporters Niemann-Pick C1 (NPC1), ATP-binding cassette A1 (ABCA1), scavenger receptor class B member I (SR-BI), and cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) were observed in ob/ob and db/db mice. In tubules, 14-kDa Cx46 prevailed during development, 48- to 49- and 68- to 71-kDa Cx46 prevailed during adulthood, and total Cx46 changed little. Compared with wild-type mice, 14-kDa Cx46 increased, whereas 48- to 49- and 68- to 71-kDa Cx46 decreased, in tubules, whereas the opposite occurred in the interstitium, in db/db and ob/ob mice. Total and 51-kDa Cx50 increased in db/db and ob/ob interstitium and tubules. Cx43 levels decreased in ob/ob interstitium and tubules, whereas Cx43 decreased in db/db interstitium but increased in db/db tubules. Apoptosis levels measured by ELISA and numbers of apostain-labeled apoptotic cells significantly increased in db/db, but not ob/ob, tubules. Testicular db/db capillaries were Cx50-positive but weakly Cx43-positive with a thickened lamina, suggesting altered permeability. Our findings indicate that the db mutation-induced impairment of meiosis may arise from imbalances in cholesterol metabolism and upregulated Cx43 expression and phosphorylation in tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- R-Marc Pelletier
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal , Montréal, Québec , Canada
| | - Casimir D Akpovi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal , Montréal, Québec , Canada
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal , Montréal, Québec , Canada
| | - María Leiza Vitale
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal , Montréal, Québec , Canada
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Tsukada T, Yoshida S, Kito K, Fujiwara K, Yako H, Horiguchi K, Isowa Y, Yashiro T, Kato T, Kato Y. TGFβ signaling reinforces pericyte properties of the non-endocrine mouse pituitary cell line TtT/GF. Cell Tissue Res 2017; 371:339-350. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2758-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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9
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Vitale ML, Garcia CJ, Akpovi CD, Pelletier RM. Distinctive actions of connexin 46 and connexin 50 in anterior pituitary folliculostellate cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182495. [PMID: 28759642 PMCID: PMC5536325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Folliculostellate cell gap junctions establish a network for the transmission of information within the anterior pituitary. Connexins make up gap junction channels. Changes in connexin (Cx) turnover modify gap junction-mediated intercellular communication. We have reported that cytokines and hormones influence Cx43 turnover and coupling in folliculostellate cells and in the folliculostellate cell line TtT/GF. In addition, the expression of different connexins alters intercellular communication and connexins may have functions besides cell coupling. Here we assessed the expression, turnover and subcellular localization of Cx46 and Cx50 in the anterior pituitary and TtT/GF cells. Then, we assessed the impact of various natural (lactation, annual reproductive cycle, bFGF) and pathological (autoimmune orchitis, diabetes/obesity) conditions associated with altered anterior pituitary hormone secretion on Cx46 and Cx50. Anterior pituitary Cx46 and Cx50 expression and subcellular distribution were cell-dependent. Cx46 was expressed by folliculostellate, TtT/GF and endocrine cells. In the cytoplasm, Cx46 was chiefly associated with lysosomes. Variously sized Cx46 molecules were recovered exclusively in the TtT/GF cell nuclear fraction. In the nucleus, Cx46 co-localized with Nopp-140, a nucleolar factor involved in rRNA processing. Neither cytoplasmic nor nuclear Cx46 and Cx43 co-localized. Cx50 localized to folliculostellate and TtT/GF cells, and to the walls of blood capillaries, not to endocrine cells. Cx50 was cytoplasmic and associated with the cell membrane, not nuclear. Cx50 did not co-localize with Cx46 but it co-localized in the cytoplasm and co-immunoprecipitated with Cx43. Cx46 and Cx50 responses to various physiological and pathological challenges were different, often opposite. Cx46 and Cx43 expression and phosphorylation profiles differed in the anterior pituitary, whereas Cx50 and Cx43 were similar. The data suggest that Cx46 participates to cellular growth and proliferation and that Cx50, together with Cx43, contributes to folliculostellate cell coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Leiza Vitale
- Département de pathologie et biologie cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Christopher J. Garcia
- Département de pathologie et biologie cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Casimir D. Akpovi
- Département de pathologie et biologie cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - R.-Marc Pelletier
- Département de pathologie et biologie cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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