1
|
Noten K, van Amstel R. From Muscle-Bone Concept to the ArthroMyoFascial Complex: A Pragmatic Anatomical Concept for Physiotherapy and Manual Therapy. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:799. [PMID: 39063554 PMCID: PMC11278034 DOI: 10.3390/life14070799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In physiotherapy, the classic muscle-bone concept is used to translate basic and clinical anatomy. By defining the anatomical structures from superficial to deeper layers which frame the ArthroMyoFascial complex, our aim is to offer clinicians a comprehensive concept of within the muscle-bone concept. METHOD This study is a narrative review and ultrasound observation. RESULTS Based on the literature and ultrasound skeletonization, the ArthroMyoFascial complex is defined. This model clarifies fascial continuity at the joint level, describing anatomical structures from skin to deeper layers, including superficial fascia, deep fascia, myofascia including skeletal muscle fibers, and arthrofascia all connected via connective tissue linkages. This model enhances the understanding of the muscle-bone concept within the larger ArthroMyoFascial complex. CONCLUSION The ArthroMyoFascial complex consists of multiple anatomical structures from superficial to deeper layers, namely the skin, superficial fascia, deep fascia, myofascia including muscle fibers, and arthrofascia, all linked within a connective tissue matrix. This model indicates that it is a force-transmitting system between the skin and the bone. This information is crucial for manual therapists, including physiotherapists, osteopaths, chiropractors, and massage therapists, as they all work with fascial tissues within the musculoskeletal domain. Understanding fascia within the muscle-bone concept enhances clinical practice, aiding in therapeutic testing, treatment, reporting, and multidisciplinary communication, which is vital for musculoskeletal and orthopedic rehabilitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Noten
- Fysio Science Department, Fysio Physics Group, 3401 IJsselstein, The Netherlands;
| | - Robbert van Amstel
- Fysio Science Department, Fysio Physics Group, 3401 IJsselstein, The Netherlands;
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rothschild B. Entheseal surface (Sharpey's fiber insertion) alterations identify past trauma; bone base robusticity, level of routine activity. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 38838074 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Sharpey's fiber alterations, referred to as entheseal reaction or enthesopathy, have long been considered an indicator of daily activities. Such semantic transformation seems to conflate processes which alter the characteristics of tendonous and ligamentous attachments to bone with the rugosity and extent of their base/footprint. Rather than reflecting normal activities, it is suggested that surface reactions are actually the response to the application of sudden or unconditioned repetitive stresses-analogous to stress fractures. Thus, they are distinct from enlargement of the base/footprint, the bone remodeling process responsible for the robusticity of the area to which the enthesis attaches, which is actually a measure of actual muscle activity. Surface reactions in attachment areas represent injury, be it mechanical stress fracture-equivalents or inflammation-derived. Bone base/footprint is the reaction of the enthesis to stresses of routine physical activities. The character of underlying bone supporting Sharpey's fibers may be augmented by applied stress, but there is neither a physiologic mechanism nor is there evidence for significant addition of Sharpey's fibers beyond ontogeny. Behavior is responsible for the physiologic response of robusticity; spiculation, pathology.
Collapse
|
3
|
Pereyra ME, Bona P, Siroski P, Chinsamy A. Ontogenetic and interelemental study of appendicular bones of Caiman latirostris Daudin, 1802 sheds light on osteohistological variability in crocodylians. J Morphol 2024; 285:e21687. [PMID: 38558429 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The osteohistology of vertebrates provides a reliable source to deduce biological information, particularly regarding growth and development. Although osteohistological studies in Neosuchia (Crocodyliformes, Mesoeucrocodylia) are relatively numerous, the number of species studied within the group is still small. Extant crocodilians are known to exhibit intraspecific variability linked to environmental conditions, habitat, feeding, and other intrapopulation factors. Here, we analyzed the osteohistology of the living South American Caiman latirostris throughout posthatching ontogeny. The histology of several appendicular bones of 13 different-sized captive and wild individuals were examined. Although some thin sections revealed the classic lamellar, parallel-fibered, or woven bone matrices, others showed a variation and a mix between the organization of the bone tissue. These histological differences are likely related to variability in the growth dynamics of caimans. In some bones of the juveniles studied, remnants of embryonic bone were observed. Osteohistological variation related to prevailing environmental conditions is documented. Furthermore, our results show ontogenetic variation in the type of bone tissues deposited throughout the development of C. latirostris. This study offers a broad framework for life history interpretations for C. latirostris and provides insight into the evolutionary history and ontogenetic growth of extinct crocodylian lineages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Pereyra
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- División Paleontología Vertebrados, Anexo Laboratorios,Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, CONICET, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Bona
- División Paleontología Vertebrados, Anexo Laboratorios,Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, CONICET, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Siroski
- Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral-CONICET, Esperanza, Argentina
| | - Anusuya Chinsamy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cerda IA, Novas FE, Carballido JL, Salgado L. Osteohistology of the hyperelongate hemispinous processes of Amargasaurus cazaui (Dinosauria: Sauropoda): Implications for soft tissue reconstruction and functional significance. J Anat 2022; 240:1005-1019. [PMID: 35332552 PMCID: PMC9119615 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dicraeosaurid sauropods are iconically characterized by the presence of elongate hemispinous processes in presacral vertebrae. These hemispinous processes can show an extreme degree of elongation, such as in the Argentinean forms Amargasaurus cazaui, Pilmatueia faundezi and Bajadasaurus pronuspinax. These hyperelongated hemispinous processes have been variably interpreted as a support structure for a padded crest/sail as a display, a bison-like hump or as the internal osseous cores of cervical horns. With the purpose to test these hypotheses, here we analyze, for the first time, the external morphology, internal microanatomy and bone microstructure of the hemispinous processes from the holotype of Amargasaurus, in addition to a second dicraeosaurid indet. (also from the La Amarga Formatin; Lower Cretaceous, Argentina). Transverse thin-sections sampled from the proximal, mid and distal portions of both cervical and dorsal hemispinous processes reveal that the cortical bone is formed by highly vascularized fibrolamellar bone interrupted with cyclical growth marks. Obliquely oriented Sharpey's fibres are mostly located in the medial and lateral portions of the cortex. Secondary remodelling is evidenced by the presence of abundant secondary osteons irregularly distributed within the cortex. Both anatomical and histological evidence does not support the presence of a keratinized sheath (i.e. horn) covering the hyperelongated hemispinous processes of Amargasaurus, and either, using a parsimonious criterium, in other dicraeosaurids with similar vertebral morphology. The spatial distribution and relative orientation of the Sharpey's fibres suggest the presence of an important system of interspinous ligaments that possibly connect successive hemispinous processes in Amargasaurus. These ligaments were distributed along the entirety of the hemispinous processes. The differential distribution of secondary osteons indicates that the cervical hemispinous processes of Amargasaurus were subjected to mechanical forces that generated higher compression strain on the anterior side of the elements. Current data support the hypothesis for the presence of a 'cervical sail' in Amargasaurus and other dicraeosaurids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio A. Cerda
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)Argentina
- Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y GeologíaUniversidad Nacional de Río NegroArgentina
- Museo Carlos AmeghinoCipollettiRío NegroArgentina
| | - Fernando E. Novas
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)Argentina
- Laboratorio de Anatomía Comparada y Evolución de los VertebradosMuseo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’Buenos AiresArgentina
| | - José Luis Carballido
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)Argentina
- Museo Paleontológico Egidio FeruglioTrelewArgentina
| | - Leonardo Salgado
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)Argentina
- Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y GeologíaUniversidad Nacional de Río NegroArgentina
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rothschild B, Biehler-Gomez L. Osteophytes: The product of convergent evolution. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:2113-2118. [PMID: 34837330 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The very reasonable suggestion, that diarthrodial joint and juxta-discal (vertebral centra-marginal) bony overgrowths (referred to as osteophytes) have different etiologies, has eluded previous confirmation. The prevailing perspective is that diarthrodial osteophytes represent the product of compressive forces and that those on the margins of vertebral centra result from traction and therefore are enthesial in derivation. If diarthrodial joint osteophytes result from intrinsic pressures, any surface responses would require transcortical nutritional support, easily recognized by en face microscopic examination. This contrasts with enthesially derived growth, the surface of which is characterized by Sharpey's fiber insertions. These are recognized as inverted cones with a central protrusion on examination of related bone surfaces. We hypothesize that diarthrodial and disc-adjacent osteophytes have a different pathophysiology, distinguishable on the basis of microscopic surface appearance. We pursued microscopic examination of the surfaces of osteophytes present on diarthrodial joints (hip, knee, elbow, costovertebral) and vertebrae (cervical, thoracic, and lumbar) from the CAL Milano Cemetery Skeletal Collection for presence of transcortical channels and the inverted cones of Sharpey's fiber insertions. Examination of 22 diarthrodial joint osteophytes reveals the presence solely of transcortical channels, while examination of 35 vertebral centra marginal osteophytes reveals the presence only of inverted cones. Findings are independent of age, gender, joint affected, position in the spinal column and osteophyte "severity." It is now evidenced that all osteophytes are not created equal. Diarthrodial joint osteophytes are endochondrally derived; vertebral centra osteophytes, enthesial in derivation. Different pathophysiology at least partially explain the clinical character of these processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucie Biehler-Gomez
- Laboratory of Forensic Anthropology and Odontology (LABANOF), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pitta Kruize C, Panahkhahi S, Putra NE, Diaz-Payno P, van Osch G, Zadpoor AA, Mirzaali MJ. Biomimetic Approaches for the Design and Fabrication of Bone-to-Soft Tissue Interfaces. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021. [PMID: 34784181 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bone-to-soft tissue interfaces are responsible for transferring loads between tissues with significantly dissimilar material properties. The examples of connective soft tissues are ligaments, tendons, and cartilages. Such natural tissue interfaces have unique microstructural properties and characteristics which avoid the abrupt transitions between two tissues and prevent formation of stress concentration at their connections. Here, we review some of the important characteristics of these natural interfaces. The native bone-to-soft tissue interfaces consist of several hierarchical levels which are formed in a highly specialized anisotropic fashion and are composed of different types of heterogeneously distributed cells. The characteristics of a natural interface can rely on two main design principles, namely by changing the local microarchitectural features (e.g., complex cell arrangements, and introducing interlocking mechanisms at the interfaces through various geometrical designs) and changing the local chemical compositions (e.g., a smooth and gradual transition in the level of mineralization). Implementing such design principles appears to be a promising approach that can be used in the design, reconstruction, and regeneration of engineered biomimetic tissue interfaces. Furthermore, prominent fabrication techniques such as additive manufacturing (AM) including 3D printing and electrospinning can be used to ease these implementation processes. Biomimetic interfaces have several biological applications, for example, to create synthetic scaffolds for osteochondral tissue repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Pitta Kruize
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Sara Panahkhahi
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Niko Eka Putra
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Pedro Diaz-Payno
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Gerjo van Osch
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Amir A Zadpoor
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad J Mirzaali
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Whitebone SA, Bari ASMH, Gavrilova ML, Anderson JS. A multimethod approach to the differentiation of enthesis bone microstructure based on soft tissue type. J Morphol 2021; 282:1362-1373. [PMID: 34181767 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Whereas there is a wealth of research studying the nature of various soft tissues that attach to bone, comparatively little research focuses on the bone's microscopic properties in the area where these tissues attach. Using scanning electron microscopy to generate a dataset of 1600 images of soft tissue attachment sites, an image classification program with novel convolutional neural network architecture can categorize images of attachment areas by soft tissue type based on observed patterns in microstructure morphology. Using stained histological thin section and liquid crystal cross-polarized microscopy, it is determined that soft tissue type can be quantitatively determined from the microstructure. The primary diagnostic characters are the orientation of collagen fibers and heterogeneity of collagen density throughout the attachment area thickness. These determinations are made across broad taxonomic sampling and multiple skeletal elements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Amber Whitebone
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - A S M Hossain Bari
- Departments of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Marina L Gavrilova
- Departments of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jason S Anderson
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lennie KI, Manske SL, Mansky CF, Anderson JS. Locomotory behaviour of early tetrapods from Blue Beach, Nova Scotia, revealed by novel microanatomical analysis. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:210281. [PMID: 34084552 PMCID: PMC8150034 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Evidence for terrestriality in early tetrapods is fundamentally contradictory. Fossil trackways attributed to early terrestrial tetrapods long predate the first body fossils from the Late Devonian. However, the Devonian body fossils demonstrate an obligatorily aquatic lifestyle. Complicating our understanding of the transition from water to land is a pronounced gap in the fossil record between the aquatic Devonian taxa and presumably terrestrial tetrapods from the later Early Carboniferous. Recent work suggests that an obligatorily aquatic habit persists much higher in the tetrapod tree than previously recognized. Here, we present independent microanatomical data of locomotor capability from the earliest Carboniferous of Blue Beach, Nova Scotia. The site preserves limb bones from taxa representative of Late Devonian to mid-Carboniferous faunas as well as a rich trackway record. Given that bone remodels in response to functional stresses including gravity and ground reaction forces, we analysed both the midshaft compactness profiles and trabecular anisotropy, the latter using a new whole bone approach. Our findings suggest that early tetrapods retained an aquatic lifestyle despite varied limb morphologies, prior to their emergence onto land. These results suggest that trackways attributed to early tetrapods be closely scrutinized for additional information regarding their creation conditions, and demand an expansion of sampling to better identify the first terrestrial tetrapods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kendra I. Lennie
- Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 507 Campus Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| | - Sarah L. Manske
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
- Radiology, Foothills Medical Centre, University of Calgary, 1403-29th Street NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 2T9
| | - Chris F. Mansky
- Blue Beach Fossil Museum, 127 Blue Beach Road, Hantsport, Nova Scotia, Canada B0P 1P0
| | - Jason S. Anderson
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
- Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Foothills Campus, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hoehmann CL, Beatty BL. Surface metrology of bone surface attachments of knee ligaments. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 305:52-65. [PMID: 34021967 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Textural differences between entheses reflect biomechanical activities of the musculoskeletal system. Methods used to measure these surfaces have limitations. Here, the surface metrology of roughness of articular and entheseal surfaces of the knee are investigated with an optical profiler. METHODS Osteological specimens of six femora and seven tibiae were prepared from cadavers. Measurements were obtained to surrogate body mass. Specimens were molded with polyvinylsiloxane and casts prepared with resin, which were scanned using a white light optical profiler. Scans were processed by a computer program. Each scan produced 32 variables, categorized into 6 groups for each location. RESULTS The distribution of data was mostly normal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) identified Ssk significant (p-value .002); post hoc Tukey testing indicated significance between femoral PCL and tibial ACL entheses groups (p-value .007), and between tibial ACL and tibial entheses groups (p-value .002) suggesting the ability to differentiate anterior and posterior cruciate ligament entheses. Sku was found significant with a t test between articular and entheseal surfaces. Correlation coefficients were significant between surface metrology parameters and measurements related to body mass. CONCLUSIONS This study distinguished differences between entheses of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, with the Ssk parameter most useful. Differences in articular and entheseal surfaces were found with the Sku parameter most useful. Correlations indicated a relationship between body mass and surface metrology parameters. Finally, these findings suggest this method can be used for further investigation of spondyloarthropathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Hoehmann
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nassau University Medical Center, East Meadow, New York, USA.,New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, USA
| | - Brian Lee Beatty
- New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, USA.,United States National Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fabbri M, Navalón G, Mongiardino Koch N, Hanson M, Petermann H, Bhullar BA. A shift in ontogenetic timing produced the unique sauropod skull. Evolution 2021; 75:819-831. [PMID: 33578446 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sauropod dinosaurs include the largest terrestrial vertebrates that have ever lived. Virtually every part of the sauropod body is heavily modified in association with gigantic size and associated physiological alterations. Sauropod skulls are no exception: they feature elongated, telescoped facial regions connected to tilted neurocrania and reoriented jaw adductor muscles. Several of these cranial features have been suggested to be adaptations for feeding on the one hand and the result of paedomorphic transformation near the base of Sauropoda on the other. However, the scarcity of sauropodomorph ontogenetic series has impeded further investigation of these hypotheses. We re-evaluated the cranial material attributed to the early sauropodomorph Anchisaurus, which our phylogenetic analyses confirm to be closely related to sauropods. Digital assembly of μCT-scanned skulls of the two known specimens, a juvenile and an adult, permitted us to examine the detailed ontogeny of cranial elements. The skull anatomy of Anchisaurus is distinguished by a mosaic of ancestral saurischian and sauropod-like characters. Sauropod-like characters of the braincase and adductor chamber appear late in ontogeny, suggesting that these features first evolved by the developmental mechanism of terminal addition. Shape analyses and investigation of allometric evolution demonstrate that cranial characters that appear late in the ontogeny of sauropodomorphs closely related to sauropods are already present in the embryos and juveniles of sauropods, suggesting a predisplacement-type shift in developmental timing from the ancestral anchisaurian condition. We propose that this developmental shift relaxed prior constraints on skull morphology, allowing sauropods to explore a novel range of phenotypes and enabling specializations of the feeding apparatus. The shift in timing occurred in concert with the evolution of gigantism and physiological and locomotory innovations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Fabbri
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511.,Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511
| | - Guillermo Navalón
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3AN, United Kingdom.,Unidad de Paleontología, Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Nicolás Mongiardino Koch
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511.,Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511
| | - Michael Hanson
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511.,Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511
| | - Holger Petermann
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511.,Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511.,Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Denver, Colorado, 80205
| | - Bhart-Anjan Bhullar
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511.,Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Griffin CT, Stocker MR, Colleary C, Stefanic CM, Lessner EJ, Riegler M, Formoso K, Koeller K, Nesbitt SJ. Assessing ontogenetic maturity in extinct saurian reptiles. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 96:470-525. [PMID: 33289322 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Morphology forms the most fundamental level of data in vertebrate palaeontology because it is through interpretations of morphology that taxa are identified, creating the basis for broad evolutionary and palaeobiological hypotheses. Assessing maturity is one of the most basic aspects of morphological interpretation and provides the means to study the evolution of ontogenetic changes, population structure and palaeoecology, life-history strategies, and heterochrony along evolutionary lineages that would otherwise be lost to time. Saurian reptiles (the least-inclusive clade containing Lepidosauria and Archosauria) have remained an incredibly diverse, numerous, and disparate clade through their ~260-million-year history. Because of the great disparity in this group, assessing maturity of saurian reptiles is difficult, fraught with methodological and terminological ambiguity. We compiled a novel database of literature, assembling >900 individual instances of saurian maturity assessment, to examine critically how saurian maturity has been diagnosed. We review the often inexact and inconsistent terminology used in saurian maturity assessment (e.g. 'juvenile', 'mature') and provide routes for better clarity and cross-study coherence. We describe the various methods that have been used to assess maturity in every major saurian group, integrating data from both extant and extinct taxa to give a full account of the current state of the field and providing method-specific pitfalls, best practices, and fruitful directions for future research. We recommend that a new standard subsection, 'Ontogenetic Assessment', be added to the Systematic Palaeontology portions of descriptive studies to provide explicit ontogenetic diagnoses with clear criteria. Because the utility of different ontogenetic criteria is highly subclade dependent among saurians, even for widely used methods (e.g. neurocentral suture fusion), we recommend that phylogenetic context, preferably in the form of a phylogenetic bracket, be used to justify the use of a maturity assessment method. Different methods should be used in conjunction as independent lines of evidence when assessing maturity, instead of an ontogenetic diagnosis resting entirely on a single criterion, which is common in the literature. Critically, there is a need for data from extant taxa with well-represented growth series to be integrated with the fossil record to ground maturity assessments of extinct taxa in well-constrained, empirically tested methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Griffin
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, U.S.A
| | - Michelle R Stocker
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, U.S.A
| | - Caitlin Colleary
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, U.S.A
- Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, 1 Wade Oval Drive, Cleveland, OH, 44106, U.S.A
| | - Candice M Stefanic
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, U.S.A
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, U.S.A
| | - Emily J Lessner
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, U.S.A
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65212, U.S.A
| | - Mitchell Riegler
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, U.S.A
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, 241 Williamson Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, U.S.A
| | - Kiersten Formoso
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, U.S.A
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, 3651 Trousdale Pkwy, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, U.S.A
- Dinosaur Institute, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 W Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, U.S.A
| | - Krista Koeller
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, U.S.A
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, 220 Bartram Hall, Gainesville, FL, 32611, U.S.A
| | - Sterling J Nesbitt
- Department of Geosciences, Virginia Tech, 926 West Campus Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Aranciaga Rolando M, Garcia Marsà J, Novas F. Histology and pneumaticity of Aoniraptor libertatem (Dinosauria, Theropoda), an enigmatic mid-sized megaraptoran from Patagonia. J Anat 2020; 237:741-756. [PMID: 32470191 PMCID: PMC7495275 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aoniraptor libertatem is a mid-sized megaraptoran that comes from the Late Cretaceous (Turonian) Huincul Formation at Río Negro province, Patagonia, Argentina. In this study, we conducted a detailed analysis of pneumaticity of the sacrum and tail of Aoniraptor. This shows a complex structure within these vertebrae, being composed by small diverticulae surrounding large pneumatic canals and a central chamber that opens outside through pleurocoels or pneumatic canals. Further, we carried out a histologic analysis which confirms the pneumatic nature of these anatomical features. Both analyses found that chevrons in Aoniraptor were invaded by pneumaticity, a feature that appears to be unique to this taxon. In addition, a comparative analysis between Aoniraptor and other theropods (e.g. Gualicho and other megaraptorans) was carried out. This resulted in the modification of previous schemes about the evolution of pneumaticity through Theropoda, the finding of some evolutionary pneumatic traits through Megaraptora, and the usefulness of pneumatic traits as a taxonomic tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Aranciaga Rolando
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas – CONICETBuenos AiresArgentina
- Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales “Carlos Ameghino”MercedesArgentina
| | - Jordi Garcia Marsà
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas – CONICETBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Fernando Novas
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales ‘Bernardino Rivadavia’Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas – CONICETBuenos AiresArgentina
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bailleul AM, O’Connor J, Schweitzer MH. Dinosaur paleohistology: review, trends and new avenues of investigation. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7764. [PMID: 31579624 PMCID: PMC6768056 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mid-19th century, the discovery that bone microstructure in fossils could be preserved with fidelity provided a new avenue for understanding the evolution, function, and physiology of long extinct organisms. This resulted in the establishment of paleohistology as a subdiscipline of vertebrate paleontology, which has contributed greatly to our current understanding of dinosaurs as living organisms. Dinosaurs are part of a larger group of reptiles, the Archosauria, of which there are only two surviving lineages, crocodilians and birds. The goal of this review is to document progress in the field of archosaur paleohistology, focusing in particular on the Dinosauria. We briefly review the "growth age" of dinosaur histology, which has encompassed new and varied directions since its emergence in the 1950s, resulting in a shift in the scientific perception of non-avian dinosaurs from "sluggish" reptiles to fast-growing animals with relatively high metabolic rates. However, fundamental changes in growth occurred within the sister clade Aves, and we discuss this major evolutionary transition as elucidated by histology. We then review recent innovations in the field, demonstrating how paleohistology has changed and expanded to address a diversity of non-growth related questions. For example, dinosaur skull histology has elucidated the formation of curious cranial tissues (e.g., "metaplastic" tissues), and helped to clarify the evolution and function of oral adaptations, such as the dental batteries of duck-billed dinosaurs. Lastly, we discuss the development of novel techniques with which to investigate not only the skeletal tissues of dinosaurs, but also less-studied soft-tissues, through molecular paleontology and paleohistochemistry-recently developed branches of paleohistology-and the future potential of these methods to further explore fossilized tissues. We suggest that the combination of histological and molecular methods holds great potential for examining the preserved tissues of dinosaurs, basal birds, and their extant relatives. This review demonstrates the importance of traditional bone paleohistology, but also highlights the need for innovation and new analytical directions to improve and broaden the utility of paleohistology, in the pursuit of more diverse, highly specific, and sensitive methods with which to further investigate important paleontological questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alida M. Bailleul
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, China
| | - Jingmai O’Connor
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, China
| | - Mary H. Schweitzer
- Department of Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Science, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Geology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Museum of the Rockies, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pereyra ME, Bona P, Cerda IA, Desántolo B. Osteohistological correlates of muscular attachment in terrestrial and freshwater Testudines. J Anat 2019; 234:875-898. [PMID: 30901084 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Sharpey's fibers are considered the anatomical structures integrated to the muscles. Since these fibers leave marks at the microscopic level, their presence and distribution are used as evidence of muscle attachment in extinct and extant forms. In recent years, studies have been focusing on muscle-bone and tendon-bone interaction mostly on mammals. The main objective of this work is to contribute to the morphological and histological knowledge of muscle attachment in other amniotes, such as reptiles, and their variation related to different locomotor habits. In this way, a study was performed on terrestrial and aquatic turtles. The musculature related to the movement of the humerus, and pectoral girdle in Chelonoidis chilensis, Phrynops hilarii and Hydromedusa tectifera was analyzed. Dissections were performed mapping the origins and insertions of each muscle and undecalcified thin sections were performed in specific muscular attachment sites. We found some differences which were not previously reported, related to the insertion of the m. pectoralis, the m. coracobrachialis magnus and the origin of the m. tractor radii. The osteohistology revealed the presence of Sharpey's fibers in the cortex of all the bone elements analyzed. Patterns were established in relation to the orientation and density of Sharpey's fibers, which were used for the categorization of each muscle attachment site. The comparative micro-anatomical study of these areas did not reveal any important differences between terrestrial and freshwater turtles in muscles involved with the rotation, abduction and adduction of the humerus. In this way, the preliminary results suggest an absence of correlation between the distribution and density of Sharpey's fibers between different habitat forms, at least in the bones and species analyzed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Pereyra
- División Paleontología Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata (Unidad de Investigación Anexo), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Bona
- División Paleontología Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata (Unidad de Investigación Anexo), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Alejandro Cerda
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Paleobiología y Geología, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro y Museo Carlos Ameghino, CONICET, Cipolletti, Argentina
| | - Bárbara Desántolo
- Cátedra de Citología, Histología y Embriología A, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gee BM, Bevitt JJ, Garbe U, Reisz RR. New material of the 'microsaur' Llistrofus from the cave deposits of Richards Spur, Oklahoma and the paleoecology of the Hapsidopareiidae. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6327. [PMID: 30701139 PMCID: PMC6348957 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hapsidopareiidae is a group of “microsaurs” characterized by a substantial reduction of several elements in the cheek region that results in a prominent, enlarged temporal emargination. The clade comprises two markedly similar taxa from the early Permian of Oklahoma, Hapsidopareion lepton and Llistrofus pricei, which have been suggested to be synonymous by past workers. Llistrofus was previously known solely from the holotype found near Richards Spur, which consists of a dorsoventrally compressed skull in which the internal structures are difficult to characterize. Here, we present data from two new specimens of Llistrofus. This includes data collected through the use of neutron tomography, which revealed important new details of the palate and the neurocranium. Important questions within “Microsauria” related to the evolutionary transformations that likely occurred as part of the acquisition of the highly modified recumbirostran morphology for a fossorial ecology justify detailed reexamination of less well-studied taxa, such as Llistrofus. Although this study eliminates all but one of the previous features that differentiated Llistrofus and Hapsidopareion, the new data and redescription identify new features that justify the maintained separation of the two hapsidopareiids. Llistrofus possesses some of the adaptations for a fossorial lifestyle that have been identified in recumbirostrans but with a lesser degree of modification (e.g., reduced neurocranial ossification and mandibular modification). Incorporating the new data for Llistrofus into an existing phylogenetic matrix maintains the Hapsidopareiidae’s (Llistrofus + Hapsidopareion) position as the sister group to Recumbirostra. Given its phylogenetic position, we contextualize Llistrofus within the broader “microsaur” framework. Specifically, we propose that Llistrofus may have been fossorial but was probably incapable of active burrowing in the fashion of recumbirostrans, which had more consolidated and reinforced skulls. Llistrofus may represent an earlier stage in the step-wise acquisition of the derived recumbirostran morphology and paleoecology, furthering our understanding of the evolutionary history of “microsaurs.”
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan M Gee
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Joseph J Bevitt
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Ulf Garbe
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert R Reisz
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada.,International Centre of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lambertz M, Bertozzo F, Sander PM. Bone histological correlates for air sacs and their implications for understanding the origin of the dinosaurian respiratory system. Biol Lett 2018; 14:rsbl.2017.0514. [PMID: 29298825 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2017.0514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Air sacs are an important component of the avian respiratory system, and corresponding structures also were crucial for the evolution of sauropod dinosaur gigantism. Inferring the presence of air sacs in fossils so far is restricted to bones preserving internal pneumatic cavities and foramina as osteological correlates. We here present bone histological correlates for air sacs as a new potential identification tool for these elements of the respiratory system. The analysis of several avian and non-avian dinosaur samples revealed delicate fibres in secondary trabecular and secondary endosteal bone that in the former case (birds) is known or in the latter (non-avian dinosaurs) assumed to have been in contact with air sacs, respectively. The bone histology of this 'pneumosteal tissue' is markedly different from those regions where muscles attached presenting classical Sharpey's fibres. The pneumatized bones of several non-dinosaurian taxa do not exhibit the characteristics of this 'pneumosteum'. Our new histology-based approach thus can be instrumental in reconstructing the origin of air sacs among dinosaurs and hence for our understanding of this remarkable evolutionary novelty of the respiratory system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lambertz
- Institut für Zoologie, Mineralogie und Paläontologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany .,Sektion Herpetologie, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Filippo Bertozzo
- Steinmann-Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Paläontologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany.,AMGC-Earth System Science, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Martin Sander
- Steinmann-Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Paläontologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Petermann H, Gauthier JA. Fingerprinting snakes: paleontological and paleoecological implications of zygantral growth rings in Serpentes. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4819. [PMID: 29844972 PMCID: PMC5971835 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We introduce a new non-destructive source of skeletochronological data with applications to species identification, associating disarticulated remains, assessing minimum number of individuals (MNI), and collection management of fossil snakes, but with potential implications for all bony vertebrates, extinct or extant. Study of a diverse sample of Recent henophidian snakes confirms that annual growth cycles (AGCs) visible on the surface of the vertebral zygantrum correspond to lines of arrested growth in osteohistological thin sections and accordingly reflect chronological age. None of the specimens considered here showed signs of remodelling of the zygantrum, suggesting that a complete, unaltered age record is preserved. We tested potential influences on AGCs with a single experimental organism, a male Bogertophis subocularis, that was raised at a controlled temperature and with constant access to mice and water. The conditions in which this individual was maintained, including that it had yet to live through a full reproductive cycle, enabled us to determine that its AGCs reflect only the annual solar cycle, and neither temperature, nor resource availability, nor energy diversion to gametogenesis could explain that it still exhibited lines of arrested growth. Moreover, growth lines in this specimen are deposited toward the end of the growth season in the fall, and not in the winter, during which this individual continued to feed and grow, even though this mid-latitude species would normally be hibernating and not growing. This suggests that growth lines are not caused by hibernation, but reflect the onset of a physiological cycle preparing Bogertophis subocularis for winter rest. That being said, hibernation and reproductive cycle could still influence the amount of time represented by an individual growth line. Growth-line number and AGC spacing-pattern, plus centrum length, are used to estimate MNI of the Early Eocene fossil snake Boavus occidentalis collected from the Willwood Formation over two field seasons during the late 19th century. We identified eight or nine individuals among specimens previously parcelled among two specimen lots collected during those expeditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holger Petermann
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Jacques A Gauthier
- Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America.,Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Common occurrence of Sharpey's fibres in amphibian phalanges. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2018; 137:329-336. [PMID: 29780202 PMCID: PMC5958162 DOI: 10.1007/s00435-018-0400-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Sharpey’s fibres are known mainly as providing anchorage between tooth and the periodontal ligament but they occur also in other types of bones. In the postcranial skeleton these fibres are usually present at the muscle or tendon attachment sites. They were reported in all major groups of extant vertebrates, as well as in putative lissamphibian ancestors—temnospondyls and lepospondyls. However, it was recently stated that their presence was very rarely described in extant amphibians. In limbs, they were reported predominantly from proximal bones. They have not yet been reported from phalanges, which are the most commonly sectioned amphibian bones. Here, we describe phalangeal histology of nine species representing most major clades of lissamphibians. These results show that Sharpey’s fibres occur commonly in lissamphibian phalanges. In shaft, they are radially oriented and occur in the periosteal bone, at sites of tendon attachment. They can also occur in the metaphysis and contact the cartilage. This may provide a basis for foot muscle reconstructions in fossil amphibians.
Collapse
|
19
|
Cerda IA, Chinsamy A, Pol D, Apaldetti C, Otero A, Powell JE, Martínez RN. Novel insight into the origin of the growth dynamics of sauropod dinosaurs. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179707. [PMID: 28654696 PMCID: PMC5487048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sauropod dinosaurs include the largest terrestrial animals and are considered to have uninterrupted rapid rates of growth, which differs from their more basal relatives, which have a slower cyclical growth. Here we examine the bone microstructure of several sauropodomorph dinosaurs, including basal taxa, as well as the more derived sauropods. Although our results agree that the plesiomorphic condition for Sauropodomorpha is cyclical growth dynamics, we found that the hypothesized dichotomy between the growth patterns of basal and more derived sauropodomorphs is not supported. Here, we show that sauropod-like growth dynamics of uninterrupted rapid growth also occurred in some basal sauropodomorphs, and that some basal sauropods retained the plesiomorphic cyclical growth patterns. Among the sauropodomorpha it appears that the basal taxa exploited different growth strategies, but the more derived Eusauropoda successfully utilized rapid, uninterrupted growth strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Alejandro Cerda
- CONICET-Instituto de Investigaciónen Paleobiología y Geología, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro, Museo Carlos Ameghino, Cipolletti, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Anusuya Chinsamy
- University of Cape Town, Department of Biological Sciences, South Africa
| | - Diego Pol
- CONICET- Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio, Trelew, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Apaldetti
- CONICET- Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio, Trelew, Chubut, Argentina
- IMCN-Instituto y Museo de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, San Juan, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Otero
- CONICET-División Paleontología de Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Jaime Eduardo Powell
- CONICET-Facultad de Ciencias Naturales Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Nestor Martínez
- IMCN-Instituto y Museo de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, San Juan, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bo Z, Hedrick BP, Chunling G, Tumarkin-Deratzian AR, Fengjiao Z, Caizhi S, Dodson P. Histologic Examination of an Assemblage ofPsittacosaurus(Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) Juveniles From the Yixian Formation (Liaoning, China). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 299:601-12. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Bo
- Dalian Museum of Natural History; Dalian China
| | - Brandon P. Hedrick
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science; School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania
- Department of Biology; University of Massachusetts; Amherst Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | - Shen Caizhi
- Dalian Museum of Natural History; Dalian China
| | - Peter Dodson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science; School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania
- School of Veterinary Medicine; Department of Animal Biology; University of Pennsylvania; Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lyson TR, Schachner ER, Botha-Brink J, Scheyer TM, Lambertz M, Bever GS, Rubidge BS, de Queiroz K. Origin of the unique ventilatory apparatus of turtles. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5211. [PMID: 25376734 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The turtle body plan differs markedly from that of other vertebrates and serves as a model system for studying structural and developmental evolution. Incorporation of the ribs into the turtle shell negates the costal movements that effect lung ventilation in other air-breathing amniotes. Instead, turtles have a unique abdominal-muscle-based ventilatory apparatus whose evolutionary origins have remained mysterious. Here we show through broadly comparative anatomical and histological analyses that an early member of the turtle stem lineage has several turtle-specific ventilation characters: rigid ribcage, inferred loss of intercostal muscles and osteological correlates of the primary expiratory muscle. Our results suggest that the ventilation mechanism of turtles evolved through a division of labour between the ribs and muscles of the trunk in which the abdominal muscles took on the primary ventilatory function, whereas the broadened ribs became the primary means of stabilizing the trunk. These changes occurred approximately 50 million years before the evolution of the fully ossified shell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R Lyson
- 1] Department of Earth Sciences, Denver Museum of Nature and Science, Denver, Colorado 80205, USA [2] Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC 20560, USA [3] Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Emma R Schachner
- 1] Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA [2] Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Jennifer Botha-Brink
- 1] Karoo Palaeontology, National Museum, Box 266, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa [2] Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Torsten M Scheyer
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Universität Zürich, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Lambertz
- Institut für Zoologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Poppelsdorfer Schloss, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - G S Bever
- 1] Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa [2] New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York 11568, USA [3] Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA
| | - Bruce S Rubidge
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kevin de Queiroz
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC 20560, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Stein KWH, Werner J. Preliminary analysis of osteocyte lacunar density in long bones of tetrapods: all measures are bigger in sauropod dinosaurs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77109. [PMID: 24204748 PMCID: PMC3812986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteocytes harbour much potential for paleobiological studies. Synchrotron radiation and spectroscopic analyses are providing fascinating data on osteocyte density, size and orientation in fossil taxa. However, such studies may be costly and time consuming. Here we describe an uncomplicated and inexpensive method to measure osteocyte lacunar densities in bone thin sections. We report on cell lacunar densities in the long bones of various extant and extinct tetrapods, with a focus on sauropodomorph dinosaurs, and how lacunar densities can help us understand bone formation rates in the iconic sauropod dinosaurs. Ordinary least square and phylogenetic generalized least square regressions suggest that sauropodomorphs have lacunar densities higher than scaled up or comparably sized mammals. We also found normal mammalian-like osteocyte densities for the extinct bovid Myotragus, questioning its crocodilian-like physiology. When accounting for body mass effects and phylogeny, growth rates are a main factor determining the density of the lacunocanalicular network. However, functional aspects most likely play an important role as well. Observed differences in cell strategies between mammals and dinosaurs likely illustrate the convergent nature of fast growing bone tissues in these groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koen W. H. Stein
- Steinmann Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Paläontologie, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Werner
- Institut für Zoologie, Abteilung Ökologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bonnan MF, Wilhite DR, Masters SL, Yates AM, Gardner CK, Aguiar A. What lies beneath: sub-articular long bone shape scaling in eutherian mammals and saurischian dinosaurs suggests different locomotor adaptations for gigantism. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75216. [PMID: 24130690 PMCID: PMC3793987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Eutherian mammals and saurischian dinosaurs both evolved lineages of huge terrestrial herbivores. Although significantly more saurischian dinosaurs were giants than eutherians, the long bones of both taxa scale similarly and suggest that locomotion was dynamically similar. However, articular cartilage is thin in eutherian mammals but thick in saurischian dinosaurs, differences that could have contributed to, or limited, how frequently gigantism evolved. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that sub-articular bone, which supports the articular cartilage, changes shape in different ways between terrestrial mammals and dinosaurs with increasing size. Our sample consisted of giant mammal and reptile taxa (i.e., elephants, rhinos, sauropods) plus erect and non-erect outgroups with thin and thick articular cartilage. Our results show that eutherian mammal sub-articular shape becomes narrow with well-defined surface features as size increases. In contrast, this region in saurischian dinosaurs expands and remains gently convex with increasing size. Similar trends were observed in non-erect outgroup taxa (monotremes, alligators), showing that the trends we report are posture-independent. These differences support our hypothesis that sub-articular shape scales differently between eutherian mammals and saurischian dinosaurs. Our results show that articular cartilage thickness and sub-articular shape are correlated. In mammals, joints become ever more congruent and thinner with increasing size, whereas archosaur joints remained both congruent and thick, especially in sauropods. We suggest that gigantism occurs less frequently in mammals, in part, because joints composed of thin articular cartilage can only become so congruent before stress cannot be effectively alleviated. In contrast, frequent gigantism in saurischian dinosaurs may be explained, in part, by joints with thick articular cartilage that can deform across large areas with increasing load.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F. Bonnan
- Biology Program, The Richard Stockton College of New Jersey, Galloway, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - D. Ray Wilhite
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Simon L. Masters
- Beaumont School, Cleveland Heights, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Adam M. Yates
- Museum of Central Australia, Araluen Cultural Precinct, Alice Springs, Australia
| | - Christine K. Gardner
- Dept. Biological Sciences, Western Illinois University, Macomb, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Adam Aguiar
- Biology Program, The Richard Stockton College of New Jersey, Galloway, New Jersey, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|