Spatial architecture of biliary tree in mammals: Fractal and Euclidean geometric features

Congenital Intrahepatic Disease

The spectrum of congenital intrahepatic diseases described in canine and feline patients is broad, and the etiopathogenesis is complex. Developmental dysregulation of the intrahepatic biliary tree and vasculature leads to malformations of the ductal plate and aberrant vascular connections. Occasionally, intrahepatic congenital disorders occur as a constellation of biliary and vascular anomalies. Diagnosis requires clinical data, advanced diagnostic imaging, and, in the case of hepatic fibropolycystic disease, liver histopathology. Clinical prognosis is variable.

In Utero Extrahepatic Bile Duct Damage and Repair: Implications for Biliary Atresia

Biliary atresia (BA) is a cholangiopathy affecting the extrahepatic bile duct (EHBD) of newborns. The etiology and pathophysiology of BA are not fully understood; however, multiple causes of damage and obstruction of the neonatal EHBD have been identified. Initial damage to the EHBD likely occurs before birth. We discuss how different developmental stages in utero and birth itself could influence the susceptibility of the fetal EHBD to damage and a damaging wound-healing response. We propose that a damage-repair response of the fetal and neonatal EHBD involving redox stress and a program of fetal wound healing could-regardless of the cause of the initial damage-lead to either obstruction and BA or repair of the duct and recovery. This overarching concept should guide future research targeted toward identification of factors that contribute to recovery as opposed to progression of injury and fibrosis. Viewing BA through the lens of an in utero damage-repair response could open up new avenues for research and suggests exciting new therapeutic targets.

Fractal nature of human gastrointestinal system: Exploring a new era

The morphological complexity of cells and tissues, whether normal or pathological, is characterized by two primary attributes: Irregularity and self-similarity across different scales. When an object exhibits self-similarity, its shape remains unchanged as the scales of measurement vary because any part of it resembles the whole. On the other hand, the size and geometric characteristics of an irregular object vary as the resolution increases, revealing more intricate details. Despite numerous attempts, a reliable and accurate method for quantifying the morphological features of gastrointestinal organs, tissues, cells, their dynamic changes, and pathological disorders has not yet been established. However, fractal geometry, which studies shapes and patterns that exhibit self-similarity, holds promise in providing a quantitative measure of the irregularly shaped morphologies and their underlying self-similar temporal behaviors. In this context, we explore the fractal nature of the gastrointestinal system and the potential of fractal geometry as a robust descriptor of its complex forms and functions. Additionally, we examine the practical applications of fractal geometry in clinical gastroenterology and hepatology practice.

Features of Ductular Reaction in Rats with Extrahepatic Cholestasis

Ductular reaction develops during liver regeneration, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. However, the types, stages of formation, and topography of ductular profiles in various pathologies remain insufficiently studied. Using the model of common bile duct occlusion, we showed that the number and topography of ductular profiles are closely related to the duration of biliary obstruction. The ductular profiles can be located inside the portal tract, along the existing bile ducts, and/or intramurally, around the portal vein, periportally, inside the lobules, in the portocaval fibrous connections, in the adventitia of the hepatic veins, in the septs connecting the portal tracts, and also in the "portal plate" of the liver. The ductular profiles can be formed as a result of expansion of existing bile ducts, cholangiocyte proliferation, as well as transdifferentiation of hepatocytes and activation of mesenchymal stem cells.