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Hegazi MAAA, Pasqualini F, Taverna G, Bresalier RS, Chiriva-Internati M, Grizzi F. Investigating the Spatial Distribution of Proliferating Cells in Primary Ovarian Cancers. Discov Med 2024; 36:632-645. [PMID: 38531804 DOI: 10.24976/discov.med.202436182.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian cancer (OC) accounts for about 4% of female cancers globally. While Ki67-immunopositive (Ki67+) cell density is commonly used to assess proliferation in OC, the two-dimensional (2D) distribution pattern of these cells is poorly understood. This study explores the 2D distribution pattern of Ki67+ cells in primary OC tissues and models the proliferation process to improve our understanding of this hallmark of cancer. METHODS A total of 100 tissue cores, included in a tissue microarray (TMA) representing 5 clear cell carcinomas, 62 serous carcinomas, 10 mucinous adenocarcinomas, 3 endometrioid adenocarcinomas, 10 lymph node metastases from OC, and 10 samples of adjacent normal ovary tissue, were stained using a standardized immunohistochemical protocol. The computer-aided image analysis system assessed the 2D distribution pattern of Ki67+ proliferating cells, providing the cell number and density, patterns of randomness, and cell-to-cell closeness. Three computer models were created to simulate behavior and responses, aiming to gain insights into the variations in the proliferation process. RESULTS Significant differences in Ki67+ cell density were found between low- and high-grade serous carcinoma/mucinous adenocarcinomas (p = 0.003 and p = 0.01, respectively). The Nearest Neighbor Index of Ki67+ cells differed significantly between high-grade serous carcinomas and endometrioid adenocarcinomas (p = 0.01), indicating distinct 2D Ki67+ distribution patterns. Proxemics analysis revealed significant differences in Ki67+ cell-to-cell closeness between low- and high-grade serous carcinomas (p = 0.002). Computer models showed varied effects on the overall organization of Ki67+ cells and the ability to preserve the original 2D distribution pattern when altering the location and/or density of Ki67+ cells. CONCLUSIONS Cell proliferation is a hallmark of OCs. This study provides new evidence that investigating the Ki67+ cell density and 2D distribution pattern can assist in understanding the proliferation status of OCs. Moreover, our computer models suggest that changes in Ki67+ cell density and their location are critical for maintaining the 2D distribution pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A A A Hegazi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Pasqualini
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Taverna
- Department of Urology, Humanitas Mater Domini, 21100 Castellanza, Varese, Italy
| | - Robert S Bresalier
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Maurizio Chiriva-Internati
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Fabio Grizzi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
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Grizzi F, Hegazi MAAA, Zanoni M, Vota P, Toia G, Clementi MC, Mazzieri C, Chiriva-Internati M, Taverna G. Prostate Cancer Microvascular Routes: Exploration and Measurement Strategies. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2034. [PMID: 37895416 PMCID: PMC10608780 DOI: 10.3390/life13102034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis is acknowledged as a pivotal feature in the pathology of human cancer. Despite the absence of universally accepted markers for gauging the comprehensive angiogenic activity in prostate cancer (PCa) that could steer the formulation of focused anti-angiogenic treatments, the scrutiny of diverse facets of tumoral blood vessel development may furnish significant understanding of angiogenic processes. Malignant neoplasms, encompassing PCa, deploy a myriad of strategies to secure an adequate blood supply. These modalities range from sprouting angiogenesis and vasculogenesis to intussusceptive angiogenesis, vascular co-option, the formation of mosaic vessels, vasculogenic mimicry, the conversion of cancer stem-like cells into tumor endothelial cells, and vascular pruning. Here we provide a thorough review of these angiogenic mechanisms as they relate to PCa, discuss their prospective relevance for predictive and prognostic evaluations, and outline the prevailing obstacles in quantitatively evaluating neovascularization via histopathological examinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Grizzi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy;
| | - Mohamed A. A. A. Hegazi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy;
| | - Matteo Zanoni
- Department of Urology, Humanitas Mater Domini, Castellanza, 21053 Varese, Italy; (M.Z.); (P.V.); (G.T.); (M.C.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Paolo Vota
- Department of Urology, Humanitas Mater Domini, Castellanza, 21053 Varese, Italy; (M.Z.); (P.V.); (G.T.); (M.C.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Giovanni Toia
- Department of Urology, Humanitas Mater Domini, Castellanza, 21053 Varese, Italy; (M.Z.); (P.V.); (G.T.); (M.C.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Maria Chiara Clementi
- Department of Urology, Humanitas Mater Domini, Castellanza, 21053 Varese, Italy; (M.Z.); (P.V.); (G.T.); (M.C.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Cinzia Mazzieri
- Department of Urology, Humanitas Mater Domini, Castellanza, 21053 Varese, Italy; (M.Z.); (P.V.); (G.T.); (M.C.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Maurizio Chiriva-Internati
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Gianluigi Taverna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20072 Milan, Italy;
- Department of Urology, Humanitas Mater Domini, Castellanza, 21053 Varese, Italy; (M.Z.); (P.V.); (G.T.); (M.C.C.); (C.M.)
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Grizzi F, Spadaccini M, Chiriva-Internati M, Hegazi MAAA, Bresalier RS, Hassan C, Repici A, Carrara S. Fractal nature of human gastrointestinal system: Exploring a new era. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:4036-4052. [PMID: 37476585 PMCID: PMC10354580 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i25.4036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The morphological complexity of cells and tissues, whether normal or pathological, is characterized by two primary attributes: Irregularity and self-similarity across different scales. When an object exhibits self-similarity, its shape remains unchanged as the scales of measurement vary because any part of it resembles the whole. On the other hand, the size and geometric characteristics of an irregular object vary as the resolution increases, revealing more intricate details. Despite numerous attempts, a reliable and accurate method for quantifying the morphological features of gastrointestinal organs, tissues, cells, their dynamic changes, and pathological disorders has not yet been established. However, fractal geometry, which studies shapes and patterns that exhibit self-similarity, holds promise in providing a quantitative measure of the irregularly shaped morphologies and their underlying self-similar temporal behaviors. In this context, we explore the fractal nature of the gastrointestinal system and the potential of fractal geometry as a robust descriptor of its complex forms and functions. Additionally, we examine the practical applications of fractal geometry in clinical gastroenterology and hepatology practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Grizzi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano 20089, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele 20072, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Spadaccini
- Division of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Department of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano 20089, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Chiriva-Internati
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Mohamed A A A Hegazi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano 20089, Milan, Italy
| | - Robert S Bresalier
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Cesare Hassan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele 20072, Milan, Italy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Department of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano 20089, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Repici
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele 20072, Milan, Italy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Department of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano 20089, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Carrara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Department of Gastroenterology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano 20089, Milan, Italy
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Grizzi F, Chiriva-Internati M, Miranda E, Zaharie R, Hajjar NA, Zaharie F, Del Arco CD, Fernández-Aceñero MJ, Bresalier RS, Moiş E. Sperm protein antigen 17 and Sperm flagellar 1 cancer testis antigens are expressed in a rare case of ciliated foregut cyst of the common hepatic duct. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 247:154546. [PMID: 37224658 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ciliated foregut cysts (CFCs) are frequently described in liver, pancreas and gallbladder and generally considered benign although one case of squamous cell metaplasia and five cases of squamous cell carcinoma arising from a ciliated hepatic foregut cyst have been reported. Here we explore two cancer-testis antigens (CTAs), Sperm protein antigen 17 (SPA17) and Sperm flagellar 1 (SPEF1) expression in a rare case of CFC of the common hepatic duct MATERIALS AND METHODS: 3 µm-thick CFC sections were immunohistochemically treated with antibodies raised against human SPA17 or SPEF1. In silico Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network and differential protein expression were also investigated RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry revealed SPA17 and SPEF1 in the cytoplasm of ciliated epithelium. SPA17, but not SPEF1, was also detected in cilia. The PPI networks demonstrated that other CTAs are significantly predicted functional partners with SPA17 and SPEF1. The differential protein expression demonstrated that SPA17 was higher in breast cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, liver hepatocellular carcinoma, uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma, gastric adenocarcinoma, cervical squamous cell carcinoma, bladder urothelial carcinoma. SPEF1 expression was higher in breast cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma and kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that further characterization of SPA17 and SPEF1 in patients with CFCs might provide significant insights to understand the mechanisms underlying their potential to malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Grizzi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Chiriva-Internati
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Roxana Zaharie
- Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Nadim Al Hajjar
- Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Florin Zaharie
- Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | | | | | - Robert S Bresalier
- Departments of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Emil Moiş
- Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Regional Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Wang X, Chen Y, Gopisetty A, Mirandola L, Piccotti L, Nguyen Q, Chiriva-Internati M. Abstract 1534: Mesothelin isoform 2 is a novel target for allogenic CARγδT cell therapy in solid tumors. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-1534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Mesothelin (MSLN) is a tumor-associated antigen over-expressed on the cell surface of various malignant tumor cells, including majority of mesothelioma and ovarian cancer. MSLN-directed therapy has been intensively studied in preclinical and clinical settings. However, the clinical efficacy and safety of mesothelin-targeted therapy remains to be demonstrated. To identify a safe and effective target for CAR-T cell therapy in solid tumors, we used artificial intelligent platform developed with public and private RNA transcription database to identify cancer-associated antigens caused by alternative spicing. One of interesting targets is an alternative spicing isoform from MSLN. Human MSLN transcript has at least three isoforms. The isoform 1 is the predominant transcript detected in normal and tumor tissues and has been a promising target for cancer immunotherapy. The isoform 2 is the minor transcript using alternatively spliced exons producing 8 additional amino acids insertion compared to isoform 1. The isoform 3 produces a truncated and soluble MSLN. Our data demonstrated that MSLN isoform 2 is specifically expressed in ovarian cancers but not normal tissues, confirmed by Q-PCR studies. Furthermore, we generated mouse hybridoma antibodies specifically targeting MSLN isoform 2. The antibody specificity was screened and confirmed by ELISA-based reaction to MSLN isoform 2-specific peptide and flow cytometry-based binding to 293T cells overexpressing MSLN isoform 2 but not isoform 1 proteins. We further detected the endogenous MSLN isoform 2 expression in human mesothelioma cell line NCI H226 and further confirmed MSLN isoform 2 expression on human primary mesothelioma and ovarian cancer tissue but not normal tissues by immunohistochemistry staining. To study if targeting MSLN isoform 2 with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) can control the tumor growth, we made CAR retrovirus construct and showed that genetically modified allogenic gamma-delta T cells expressing CAR for MSLN isoform 2 can kill human mesothelioma cells in vitro and in vivo. In summary, we have demonstrated that MSLN isoform 2 is a tumor-specific antigen, which can be targeted for CAR-T cell therapy.
Citation Format: Xiaohong Wang, Yibin Chen, Anupama Gopisetty, Leonardo Mirandola, Lucia Piccotti, Quynh Nguyen, Maurizio Chiriva-Internati. Mesothelin isoform 2 is a novel target for allogenic CARγδT cell therapy in solid tumors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 1534.
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Barber A, Wang X, Gopisetty A, Mirandola L, Chiriva-Internati M. Abstract LB148: Gamma delta T cells engineered with a chimeric PD-1 receptor effectively control PD-L1 positive tumors in vitro and in vivo with minimal toxicities. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-lb148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction. Despite the overwhelming success of anti-CD19 CAR T cell therapies in recent years, it is still impossible to date to replicate comparable results in patients with solid tumors. Such obstacle is due to many factors, but the three most relevant ones are: a) the complex and immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment, b) the lack of optimal tumor targets that are not also expressed on normal cells and c) the use of autologous, patient-derived cells, which are frequently sub-optimal due to chemotherapy. Here we investigated a novel strategy to overcome these three barriers by using unconventional, MHC-independent gamma delta T cells and a chimeric PD-1 protein that was previously validated in murine conventional alpha-beta T cells. We tested the hypothesis that our strategy could specifically target cancer cells without a CAR for a specific tumor-associated antigen by turning PD-1 immune suppression into T-cell activation and using donor-derived, “off-the-shelf” effector cells. Experimental procedures. We built a chimeric PD-1 receptor consisting of the extracellular portion of PD-1 fused to the intracellular domains of DAP10 and CD3z. Gamma delta T cells from healthy donors were expanded ex vivo and stably transduced with a gamma-retrovirus-derived viral vector carrying the chimeric construct. Cells were tested for killing efficiency, cytokines secretion, and memory differentiation in vitro. We then evaluated the in vivo efficacy and tolerability in murine xenografts. Results. chPD1-gdT cells selectively killed PDL-1+ tumor cells, with minimal on-target/off-tumor toxicities and without off-target toxicities. Cells were well tolerated in mice, without damage to normal PD-L1+ cells. Upon contact with PD-L1+ cancers, chPD1-gdT cells, but not untransduced gdT cells, expressed markers of memory phenotype and secreted inflammatory cytokines. In vivo, chPD1-gdT cells, but not untransduced gdT cells, cleared PD-L1+ tumors without significant elevation of CRS-related cytokines nor off-tumor toxicities. Conclusions. chPD1-gdT cells are potent and safe in vitro and in vivo and will be assessed in a Phase I/II clinical trial.
Citation Format: Amorette Barber, Xiaohong Wang, Anupama Gopisetty, Leonardo Mirandola, Maurizio Chiriva-Internati. Gamma delta T cells engineered with a chimeric PD-1 receptor effectively control PD-L1 positive tumors in vitro and in vivo with minimal toxicities [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr LB148.
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Piccotti L, Mirandola L, Chiriva-Internati M. Abstract 247: Identification of an ovarian cancer selective splice variant of mesothelin utilizing the Kiromic proprietary search engine CancerDiff. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The advancement of cures for cancer needs the development of novel, more efficacious, and more specific immunotherapeutic approaches through the discovery of novel target candidates displaying differential expression between healthy and malignant tissues. CancerDiff is a proprietary software module for the identification of potential new immunotherapeutic cancer targets that originate from differentially expressed, alternatively spliced transcripts. When utilized to analyze Ovarian Cancer (OV) datasets, CancerDiff identified a selectively upregulated mesothelin (MSLN) splice variant translated into a protein isoform (IsoMSLN) bearing a distinct unique peptide absent in the canonical protein sequence. To validate this prediction and to confirm the upregulation of IsoMSLN in OV, datasets from publicly available proteomic repositories were searched for its unique signature peptide. In agreement with CancerDiff prediction, IsoMSLN peptide was detected in 71% of OV samples and 61% of adjacent normal tissues. Molecular modeling tools predicted this peptide to be part of the extracellular portion of the protein in an antibody accessible region. These results indicate IsoMSLN unique peptide as a suitable target for immunotherapy for OV cancer.
Citation Format: Lucia Piccotti, Leonardo Mirandola, Maurizio Chiriva-Internati. Identification of an ovarian cancer selective splice variant of mesothelin utilizing the Kiromic proprietary search engine CancerDiff [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 247.
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Park J, Wang X, Mirandola L, Chiriva-Internati M. Abstract 1154: Site-specific gene editing with ABBIE for T-cell therapy. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-1154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Therapeutic T-cell engineering using viral vectors has been extensively explored as the most promising therapeutic purpose. However, virus-mediated gene delivery carries many challenges and limitations, such as random insertion of transgene into chromosome, posing risk of oncogenic transformation of the host cells, and complexity in the manufacturing process.We are developing a gene-editing tool, ABBIE (A Binding-Based Integrase Enzyme) which combines the specificity of Cas9 with the non-destructive DNA integration conferred by HIV integrase. Unlike endonucleases, HIV integrase can efficiently insert LTR-flanked DNA without causing dsDNA breaks. In our system, by use of fusing protein of enzymatically dead Cas9 (Cas9DN) to integrase of HIV-1 or its mutants, we were able to perform the gene knock-out (KO) and knock-in (KI) in one step at the target genome loci. For proof of concept, we generated the ABBIE proteins and donor DNA containing fluorescent gene with LTR sequence and tested the ABBIE mediated knock-in with conversion of fluorescent proteins. The integration of fluorescent donor DNA into genome was observed in the 293 T-cells transfected with both WT and Mut ABBIE proteins. Higher integration rate was observed in the cells expressing Mut ABBIE protein. Further, we applied this strategy to deliver the donor fluorescent DNA or chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) via electroporation into the HPRT1 locus for specific insertion using primary human T cells. We observed an average of ~30% and ~16% knock-in efficiency as measured by flow cytometry of GFP+ and CD34+ expression, respectively. The site-specific transgene integration was tested by treating the cells with 6- thioguanine (6-TG). We will further optimize the electroporation condition to maximize editing efficiency. This novel therapeutic toolkit will provide a modular platform for inserting therapeutic genes safely and efficiently into the target genome, further accelerate the offshore immunotherapy development.
Citation Format: Jihyun Park, Xiaohong Wang, Leonardo Mirandola, Maurizio Chiriva-Internati. Site-specific gene editing with ABBIE for T-cell therapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 1154.
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Gopisetty A, Chen Y, Nguyen Q, Chiriva-Internati M. Abstract 1535: Allogenic CAR iNKT as a cell therapy platform targeting tumor antigen Isomesothelin. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-1535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Effective chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy targeting B-cell malignancies has paved the way for alternate strategies targeting cancer. Current active research is directed towards development of safe, allogeneic off the shelf cell (OTS) therapy products. This could be potentially a step forward in the targeted cancer immunotherapy field. Invariant NKT cells (iNKT) are deemed as one of the unconventional T-cell populations with semi invariantly re-arranged TCR. They recognize lipid antigens Via CD1d, an MHC Class 1 like molecule. Recognition of CD1d expressed on various hematopoietic cells is important for targeted tumor specific iNKT cytotoxicity in various leukemia, lymphoma malignancies. Through the recent years, CAR-iNKT adoptive cell therapy has drawn excitement and interest because of their intrinsic anti-tumor property. More specifically CAR-iNKTs have been shown to target solid tumors such as neuroblastoma in preclinical studies and proceeded to phase 1 clinical trials. The innate ability of iNKT cells to kill tumor cells and also cause very less GVHD provides an extremely attractive platform for developing OTS product. Allogeneic CAR iNKT cells have been less explored for cancer immunotherapy. Although the relative percentage of iNKTs are very low in peripheral blood (~0.01% of T-lymphocytes), we report an efficient method of enrichment and expanding a large and pure population of iNKTs and genetically modify them for targeting solid tumor antigens such as Isomesothelin (IsoMSLN), an alternative splice variant of mesothelin. Many pre-clinical studies have been assessed targeting mesothelin, a tumor associated antigen overexpressed in malignant cells. A safe allogenic CAR targeted therapy for IsoMSLN has yet to be demonstrated. iNKTs expanded and transduced with our novel protocol targeting IsoMSLN, are highly cytotoxic and suggests a central memory phenotype that could potentially persist longer in vivo.
Citation Format: Anupama Gopisetty, Yibin Chen, Quynh Nguyen, Maurizio Chiriva-Internati. Allogenic CAR iNKT as a cell therapy platform targeting tumor antigen Isomesothelin [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 1535.
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Taverna G, Di Francesco S, Borroni EM, Yiu D, Toniato E, Milanesi S, Chiriva-Internati M, Bresalier RS, Zanoni M, Vota P, Maffei D, Justich M, Grizzi F. The kidney, COVID-19, and the chemokine network: an intriguing trio. Int Urol Nephrol 2020; 53:97-104. [PMID: 32720031 PMCID: PMC7384276 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-020-02579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
On December 30th 2019, some patients with pneumonia of unknown etiology were reported in the Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases (ProMED), a program run by the International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID), hypothesized to be related to subjects who had had contact with the seafood market in Wuhan, China. Chinese authorities instituted an emergency agency aimed at identifying the source of infection and potential biological pathogens. It was subsequently named by the World Committee on Virus Classification as 2019-nCoV (2019-novel coronavirus) or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A number of studies have demonstrated that 2019-nCoV and the SARS-CoV shared the same cell entry receptor named angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). This is expressed in human tissues, not only in the respiratory epithelia, but also in the small intestines, heart, liver, and kidneys. Here, we examine the most recent findings on the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on kidney diseases, mainly acute kidney injury, and the potential role of the chemokine network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Taverna
- Urology Unit, Humanitas Mater Domini, Castellanza, Varese, Italy.,Urology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Di Francesco
- Department of Urological Biomedical and Translational Sciences, Federiciana University, Rome, Italy.,Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, G. D'Annunzio University, Chieti, Pescara, Italy
| | - Elena Monica Borroni
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniel Yiu
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Elena Toniato
- Department of Medical and Oral Sciences and Biotechnologies, G. D'Annunzio University, Chieti, Pescara, Italy
| | - Samantha Milanesi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Chiriva-Internati
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Kiromic Biopharma, Inc., Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert S Bresalier
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matteo Zanoni
- Urology Unit, Humanitas Mater Domini, Castellanza, Varese, Italy
| | - Paolo Vota
- Urology Unit, Humanitas Mater Domini, Castellanza, Varese, Italy
| | - Davide Maffei
- Urology Unit, Humanitas Mater Domini, Castellanza, Varese, Italy
| | - Matteo Justich
- Urology Unit, Humanitas Mater Domini, Castellanza, Varese, Italy
| | - Fabio Grizzi
- Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy. .,Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
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11
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Mirandola L, Chiriva-Internati M, Bresalier R, Piccotti L, Grizzi F, Marincola FM. A novel method for efficient generation of antigen-specific effector T-cells using dendritic cells transduced with recombinant adeno-associated virus and p38 kinase blockade. J Transl Med 2019; 17:424. [PMID: 31878933 PMCID: PMC6931250 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-02163-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The inefficacy of standard therapeutic strategies for ovarian cancer is reflected by the enduring poor prognosis of this malignancy. Due to the potential for exquisite specificity, sensitivity and long-term memory, immunotherapy offers an alternative modality for durable control of the disease, provided appropriate antigens can be identified and
presented in the right context. Methods We tested a novel dendritic cell vaccine formulation to reprogram autologous antigen-specific T-cells in vitro, in vivo in a murine model of ovarian cancer, and ex vivo using human cells from patients. Results We show that dendritic cells (DCs) treated with a p38 MAPK inhibitor and transduced with a recombinant adenovirus associated vector (AAV) expressing Sperm protein (Sp) 17 are highly effective in generating antigen-specific T-cell cytotoxic response against ovarian cancer cells. Additionally, these DCs enhanced the differentiation of effector T-cells while reducing the frequency of Foxp3+ T-reg cells in vitro. Conclusions This work provides a rationale for translation of pharmacologically reprogrammed DCs into clinical trials for prevention of tumor recurrence and progression in high-risk ovarian cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maurizio Chiriva-Internati
- Kiromic, Inc, 7707 Fannin St., Suite 140, Houston, TX, 77054, USA. .,Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Robert Bresalier
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lucia Piccotti
- Kiromic, Inc, 7707 Fannin St., Suite 140, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Fabio Grizzi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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12
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Grizzi F, Chiriva-Internati M, Yiu D. On the assessment of angiogenesis: it is time to change (go further) from an estimate to a measurement. Folia Morphol (Warsz) 2019; 79:188-189. [PMID: 31584182 DOI: 10.5603/fm.a2019.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Grizzi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
| | - M Chiriva-Internati
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer, Houston, TX, United States.,Kiromic Biopharma, Inc., Houston, TX, United States
| | - D Yiu
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
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13
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Borroni EM, Qehajaj D, Farina FM, Yiu D, Bresalier RS, Chiriva-Internati M, Mirandola L, Štifter S, Laghi L, Grizzi F. Fusobacterium nucleatum and the Immune System in Colorectal Cancer. Curr Colorectal Cancer Rep 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-019-00442-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Chiriva-Internati M, Mirandola L, Bresalier R, Dahlbeck S, Figueroa JA, Nguyen DDT. Combination therapy of dendritic cell vaccination plus chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer. J Clin Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.e15748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
e15748 Background: Pancreatic cancer is one of the world’s deadliest malignancies with an average 5-year survival rate of only 9%. Fortunately, immunotherapy is providing encouraging results for treatment of this historically resistant malignancy. Kiromic Biopharma is performing a phase I/II dendritic cell vaccine trial for progressive solid malignancies. We present here a notable response to metastatic pancreatic cancer. Methods: The patient is a 73-year-old male with the history of a locally advanced pancreatic cancer treated initially with gemcitabine, concurrent 5FU and radiation therapy, and consolidation 5FU, followed by surgical resection in 2009 . Although the patient did well exceeding typical survival curves, the patient’s cancer became metastatic, requiring multiple lines of chemotherapy including FOLFIRINOX, gemzar and abraxane, and most recently Onivyde and leucovorin/5FU in February - August, 2017 for progressive liver and lung metastases. The patient was then enrolled onto Kiromic Biopharma’s DC vaccination trial in March, 2018. Results: He subsequently received 6 ID autologous dendritic cell vaccinations over 12 weeks, demonstrating a tumor antigen specific immunogenic response by IFN-gamma immunoassay. Total tumor burden (TTB) prior to clinical trial enrollment at the sites of metastatic disease was 2,221mm2, and after completion of the DC vaccination protocol in May, 2018, the TTB increased to 4,466mm2 in June, 2018 (not considered to be pseudo-progression due to a corresponding increase in tumor biomarkers). The patient then received a repeat course of Onivyde and leucovorin/5FU on 8-3-18, completing that course of therapy on 9-14-18, with subsequent TTB decreasing to 2,986 mm2. Conclusions: The sequential combination of dendritic cell vaccine and chemotherapy resulted in a substantial response with a recession in metastatic tumor burden. A CT scan was obtained just 6 days after the 5 week course of Onivyde was completed, and given the optimal immunotherapy window after the DC vaccination, and the repeat of the same chemotherapy regimen, it is unlikely that chemotherapy alone led to such a rapid decrease in the TTB. Metastatic sites were likely populated by chemo resistant clones that survived the August 2017 administration of the Onivyde regimen. Thus, chemo alone would be unlikely to act so quickly. We hypothesize that there was synergistic activity between the DC immunotherapy and the Onivyde/5FU regimen, accounting for the decrease in TTB between May and September, 2018. Clinical trial information: NCT02705703.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Chiriva-Internati
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, and Department of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, Houston, TX
| | | | - Robert Bresalier
- Department of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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15
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Grizzi F, Fiorino S, Qehajaj D, Fornelli A, Russo C, de Biase D, Masetti M, Mastrangelo L, Zanello M, Lombardi R, Domanico A, Accogli E, Tura A, Mirandola L, Chiriva-Internati M, Bresalier RS, Jovine E, Leandri P, Di Tommaso L. Computer-aided assessment of the extra-cellular matrix during pancreatic carcinogenesis: a pilot study. J Transl Med 2019; 17:61. [PMID: 30819202 PMCID: PMC6393991 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1817-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A hallmark of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is the desmoplastic reaction, but its impact on the tumor behavior remains controversial. Our aim was to introduce a computer -aided method to precisely quantify the amount of pancreatic collagenic extra-cellular matrix, its spatial distribution pattern, and the degradation process. METHODS A series of normal, inflammatory and neoplastic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded Sirius red stained sections were automatically digitized and analyzed using a computer-aided method. RESULTS We found a progressive increase of pancreatic collagenic extra-cellular matrix from normal to the inflammatory and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. The two-dimensional fractal dimension showed a significant difference in the collagenic extra-cellular matrix spatial complexity between normal versus inflammatory and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. A significant difference when comparing the number of cycles necessary to degrade the pancreatic collagenic extra-cellular matrix in normal versus inflammatory and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma was also found. The difference between inflammatory and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma was also significant. Furthermore, the mean velocity of collagenic extra-cellular matrix degradation was found to be faster in inflammatory and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma than in normal. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that inflammatory and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas are characterized by an increased amount of pancreatic collagenic extra-cellular matrix and by changes in their spatial complexity and degradation. Our study defines new features about the pancreatic collagenic extra-cellular matrix, and represents a basis for further investigations into the clinical behavior of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Grizzi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center—IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Histology Core, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center—IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sirio Fiorino
- Internal Medicine Unit, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Dorina Qehajaj
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center—IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Adele Fornelli
- Anatomic Pathology Service, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Russo
- “Michele Rodriguez” Foundation-Institute for Quantitative Measures in Medicine, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario de Biase
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrea Domanico
- Ultrasound Center Internal Medicine A, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Esterita Accogli
- Ultrasound Center Internal Medicine A, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Maurizio Chiriva-Internati
- Kiromic Biopharma, Inc., Houston, TX USA
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer, Houston, TX USA
| | - Robert S. Bresalier
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer, Houston, TX USA
| | - Elio Jovine
- Surgery Unit, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Leandri
- Internal Medicine Unit, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Di Tommaso
- Humanitas University, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center—IRCCS, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
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16
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Grizzi F, Borroni EM, Qehajaj D, Stifter S, Chiriva-Internati M, Cananzi FCM. The Complex Nature of Soft Tissue Sarcomas, Including Retroperitoneal Sarcomas. Current Treatment of Retroperitoneal Sarcomas 2019:21-32. [DOI: 10.1007/978-88-470-3980-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
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17
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Brunette LL, Mhawech-Fauceglia PY, Ji L, Skeate JG, Brand HE, Lawrenson K, Walia S, Chiriva-Internati M, Groshen S, Roman LD, Kast WM, Da Silva DM. Validity and prognostic significance of sperm protein 17 as a tumor biomarker for epithelial ovarian cancer: a retrospective study. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:970. [PMID: 30309325 PMCID: PMC6182788 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4880-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prior small studies have shown increased expression of sperm protein 17 (Sp17) in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) tissue and suggest Sp17 as a potential biomarker for EOC. However, how Sp17 expression varies with histology, grade, and stage of EOC and its expression in other ovarian neoplasms has not been defined. It is unknown whether patients with EOC have elevated serum Sp17 levels or if Sp17 expression is associated with survival outcomes. Methods The study included 982 patients with benign, borderline, and malignant ovarian neoplasms and normal ovary. There were 878 patients with tissue only, 39 with serum only, and 65 with matching serum and tissue. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining with anti-Sp17 antibody was performed on tissue specimens and the intensity scored as weak, moderate, or strong. A sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to measure Sp17 sera concentrations. Results Sp17 expression was most commonly seen in serous cystadenomas (83%) and serous borderline tumors (100%). Of the 773 EOC specimens, 223 (30%) expressed Sp17. Grade and histology were significantly associated with Sp17 expression among EOC specimens (p < 0.001) on both univariate and multivariable analysis, with grade 1 serous adenocarcinomas showing the highest expression (51%). Sp17 expression was limited in other benign and non-epithelial malignant neoplasms. Neither Sp17 tissue expression nor serum concentration correlated with survival outcomes. Serum concentrations were higher in patients with Sp17 tissue expression, and the highest concentrations were noted among patients with serous and clear cell adenocarcinomas. Conclusions Sp17 is highly expressed in benign, borderline, and low grade malignant serous ovarian neoplasms and can be quantified in serum. Sp17 expression may have diagnostic significance in this subset of patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4880-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie L Brunette
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, California, Los Angeles, USA
| | | | - Lingyun Ji
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, California, Los Angeles, USA.,Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Joseph G Skeate
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Heike E Brand
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Kate Lawrenson
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Saloni Walia
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Maurizio Chiriva-Internati
- Department of Myeloma and Lymphoma, MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA.,Kiromic, Inc, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Susan Groshen
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, California, Los Angeles, USA.,Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Lynda D Roman
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - W Martin Kast
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, California, Los Angeles, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Diane M Da Silva
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA. .,Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, California, Los Angeles, USA.
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18
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Colombo M, Mirandola L, Chiriva-Internati M, Basile A, Locati M, Lesma E, Chiaramonte R, Platonova N. Cancer Cells Exploit Notch Signaling to Redefine a Supportive Cytokine Milieu. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1823. [PMID: 30154786 PMCID: PMC6102368 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling is a well-known key player in the communication between adjacent cells during organ development, when it controls several processes involved in cell differentiation. Notch-mediated communication may occur through the interaction of Notch receptors with ligands on adjacent cells or by a paracrine/endocrine fashion, through soluble molecules that can mediate the communication between cells at distant sites. Dysregulation of Notch pathway causes a number of disorders, including cancer. Notch hyperactivation may be caused by mutations of Notch-related genes, dysregulated upstream pathways, or microenvironment signals. Cancer cells may exploit this aberrant signaling to "educate" the surrounding microenvironment cells toward a pro-tumoral behavior. This may occur because of key cytokines secreted by tumor cells or it may involve the microenvironment through the activation of Notch signaling in stromal cells, an event mediated by a direct cell-to-cell contact and resulting in the increased secretion of several pro-tumorigenic cytokines. Up to now, review articles were mainly focused on Notch contribution in a specific tumor context or immune cell populations. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview on the outcomes of Notch-mediated pathological interactions in different tumor settings and on the molecular and cellular mediators involved in this process. We describe how Notch dysregulation in cancer may alter the cytokine network and its outcomes on tumor progression and antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Colombo
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Chiriva-Internati
- Kiromic Biopharma Inc., Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Andrea Basile
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Locati
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.,Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Elena Lesma
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Natalia Platonova
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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19
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Mirandola L, Timsah Z, Nguyen DDT, Bresalier R, Daver NG, Chiriva-Internati M. Phase I/II study of BSK01, an artificial intelligence-driven, peptide-pulsed, mature DC immunotherapy for solid and hematological malignancies. J Clin Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2018.36.15_suppl.tps3136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Robert Bresalier
- Department of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Naval Guastad Daver
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Leukemia Department, Houston, TX
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20
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Mattila JP, Mirandola L, Chiriva-Internati M. Development of a M cell-targeted microparticulate platform, BSK02™, for oral immunization against the ovarian cancer antigen, sperm protein 17. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2018; 107:29-36. [PMID: 29504239 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although it only accounts for approximately 5% of all female cancer cases, ovarian cancer (OC) ranks as the fifth leading cause of death due to cancer in women. We have evaluated the potential of an orally administered microparticulate vaccine incorporating an immunodominant epitope peptide derived from the cancer/testis antigen sperm protein 17 (SP17) aberrantly expressed in OC, to retard the progression of the disease. The peptide antigen and the immune-stimulatory toll-like receptor 9 ligand CpG oligonucleotide were incorporated into spray dried microparticles composed of enteric and sustained release polymers together with the Aleuria aurantia lectin targeting microfold cells present in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. These particles were administered via oral route to mice challenged week prior with SP17-expressing ID8 OC cells. Analysis of splenocytes harvested from vaccinated mice revealed strong activation of IFN-γ+/CD8+ lymphocytes in response to re-stimulation with the SP17 antigen. Moreover, vaccinated animals showed significant retardation of ascites/tumor volume in comparison to placebo-treated animals four weeks after the tumor challenge (p = 0.005). Taken together, our results suggest that vaccination against SP17 using orally administered microparticles could potentially be used as an effective consolidation strategy for OC patients with residual tumor or high probability for relapse following first-line treatments. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 107B: 29-36, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maurizio Chiriva-Internati
- Kiromic BioPharma, 7707 Fannin St., Suite 140, Houston, Texas, 77054.,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, and Department of Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, Texas, 77030
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21
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Mirandola L, Figueroa JA, Nguyen DDT, Dahlbeck S, Chiriva-Internati M. Phase I/II study of low-dose cyclophosphamide, tumor-associated peptide antigen-pulsed dendritic cell and low dose GM-CSF for solid and hematological tumors. J Clin Oncol 2018. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2018.36.5_suppl.tps216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TPS216 Background: Despite advances in understanding the biology of hematologic malignancies (HM) and solid malignancies (SM), and the availability of new treatment options, many patients with HM and SM remain incurable. Since the majority of cancer patients display a defective immune response to tumor antigens, the ex-vivo activation of dendritic cells (DC), through their exposure to tumor associated antigens, is an attractive and active area of investigation. We and others have explored the potential immunotherapeutic targets included our DC vaccine, i.e., SP17, Ropporin, AKAP4, PTTG1, SpanxB, NY-ESO-1, MAGE-1, HM1.24, Her2/Neu. Notably, SP17-pulsed DC have been reported to induce a safe and clinically significant response in patients with multiple myeloma and ovarian cancer. Methods: We hypothesize that treatment of patients with HM or metastatic SM using autologous DC will result in antigen-specific CD4+ T-cell and/or CD8+ CTL responses without significant toxicities. We also hypothesize that the responses generated against specific antigens may translate into clinical anti-tumor activity. Primary Objective: Phase I (6 subjects). To determine safety of intradermal/subcutaneous DC vaccine therapy, low-dose cyclophosphamide and GM-CSF, in patients with metastatic SM or HM who demonstrate a response, or whose disease remains stable, after conventional first-line systemic therapy, or who have failed conventional systemic therapy. Secondary Objective: Phase II (up to 17 subjects). To determine immune responses associated with intradermal/subcutaneous DC vaccine therapy, low-dose cyclophosphamide and GM-CSF, in patients with metastatic SM or HM who demonstrate a response, or whose disease remains stable, after conventional first-line systemic therapy, or who have failed conventional systemic therapy. The study population is currently drawn from patients at various clinical institutions following contractual agreements. Clinical trial information: NCT02709993; NCT02705703; NCT02224599; NCT02223312.
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22
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Grizzi F, Basso G, Borroni EM, Cavalleri T, Bianchi P, Stifter S, Chiriva-Internati M, Malesci A, Laghi L. Evolving notions on immune response in colorectal cancer and their implications for biomarker development. Inflamm Res 2018; 67:375-389. [PMID: 29322204 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-017-1128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Colorectal cancer (CRC) still represents the third most commonly diagnosed type of cancer in men and women worldwide. CRC is acknowledged as a heterogeneous disease that develops through a multi-step sequence of events driven by clonal selections; this observation is sustained by the fact that histologically similar tumors may have completely different outcomes, including a varied response to therapy. METHODS In "early" and "intermediate" stage of CRC (stages II and III, respectively) there is a compelling need for new biomarkers fit to assess the metastatic potential of their disease, selecting patients with aggressive disease that might benefit from adjuvant and targeted therapies. Therefore, we review the actual notions on immune response in colorectal cancer and their implications for biomarker development. RESULTS The recognition of the key role of immune cells in human cancer progression has recently drawn attention on the tumor immune microenvironment, as a source of new indicators of tumor outcome and response to therapy. Thus, beside consolidated histopathological biomarkers, immune endpoints are now emerging as potential biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS The introduction of immune signatures and cellular and molecular components of the immune system as biomarkers is particularly important considering the increasing use of immune-based cancer therapies as therapeutic strategies for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Grizzi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Basso
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Monica Borroni
- Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Tommaso Cavalleri
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Bianchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Sanja Stifter
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Alberto Malesci
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Laghi
- Laboratory of Molecular Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Gastroenterology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Hereditary Cancer Genetics Clinic, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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23
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Schutt CA, Mirandola L, Figueroa JA, Nguyen DD, Cordero J, Bumm K, Judson BL, Chiriva-Internati M. The cancer-testis antigen, sperm protein 17, a new biomarker and immunological target in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:100280-100287. [PMID: 29245977 PMCID: PMC5725019 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma is a deadly and locally aggressive malignancy that frequently portends a poor prognosis. Since current treatment modalities including surgery, chemotherapy and radiation are heavily debilitating and often result in recurrence intense efforts have been put into the development of novel less toxic and more lasting treatment strategies. Recently, immunotherapy has been proposed as a promising alternative that could potentially meet these requirements. SP17 is a validated cancer-testis antigen in multiple myeloma, ovarian cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. We aim at studying SP17 expression in HNSCC and its immunogenicity as a possible future target for HNSCC therapeutic vaccines. SP17 expression was evaluated in tissue specimens of HNSCC patients and controls. Moreover, SP17 immunogenicity was studied by generating autologous dendritic cells in vitro from the peripheral blood mononucleated cells of HNSCC patients and testing their ability to induce SP17 specific cytotoxic lymphocytes capable of killing autologous tumor cells in vitro. SP17specific immune responses were also evaluated in HNSCC patients as circulating anti-SP17 autoantibodies. SP17 was expressed in HNSCC tissues of HNSCC patients. Autologous dendritic cells pulsed with SP17 antigen induced powerful SP17 MHC class-I restricted, perforin-dependent, cytotoxic T-cells capable of efficiently killing autologous tumor cells in vitro. SP17-specific autoantibodies were detectable in the serum of HNSCC patients irrespective of tumor site or TNM stage. In conclusion, SP17 is an ideal immunotherapeutic target for HNSCC and a potential serological biomarker of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Schutt
- Division Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Klauss Bumm
- CaritasKlinikum Saarbrücken, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Benjamin L Judson
- Division Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Maurizio Chiriva-Internati
- Kiromic, Inc., Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Multiple Myeloma & Lymphoma, University of Texas, MDACC, Houston, TX, USA
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Mirandola L, Pedretti E, Figueroa JA, Chiaramonte R, Colombo M, Chapman C, Grizzi F, Patrinicola F, Kast WM, Nguyen DD, Rahman RL, Daver N, Ruvolo P, Post SM, Bresalier RS, Chiriva-Internati M. Cancer testis antigen Sperm Protein 17 as a new target for triple negative breast cancer immunotherapy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:74378-74390. [PMID: 29088794 PMCID: PMC5650349 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast carcinoma is a major health issue for millions of women. Current therapies have serious side effects, and are only partially effective in patients with metastatic tumors. Thus, the need for novel and less toxic therapies is urgent. Moreover, hormonal and antibody therapies effective in other subtypes are not effective in Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC). Immunotherapeutic strategies directed against specific tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and mediated by specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) have been largely underexplored in this disease. Cancer-testis antigens (CTA) are a group of TAAs displaying the ideal characteristics of promising vaccine targets, i.e. strong immunogenicity and cancer specificity. The CTA, Sperm Protein 17 (SP17), has been found to be aberrantly expressed in different neoplasms, including ovarian and esophageal cancers, nervous system tumors and multiple myeloma, and has been suggested as a candidate target for immunotherapy. Here, we evaluated SP17 expression levels in breast cancer cell lines, invasive ductal breast carcinoma, including patients with TNBC, and adjacent non-neoplastic breast tissue, and determined whether SP17 was capable of generating SP17-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro. We showed that SP17 is expressed in breast cancer cell lines and primary breast tumors and importantly in TNBC subtype, but not in adjacent non-tumoral breast tissue or unaffected tissues, except in male germinal cells. Furthermore, we detected specific anti-SP17 antibodies in patients’ sera and we generated SP17-specific, HLA class I-restricted, cytotoxic T lymphocytes capable of efficiently killing breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Michela Colombo
- Department of Health Sciences, Universita' degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Caroline Chapman
- Bowel Cancer Screening Programme, Eastern Hub Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
| | - Fabio Grizzi
- Department of Immunology & Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical & Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Patrinicola
- Department of Immunology & Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical & Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - W Martin Kast
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Naval Daver
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter Ruvolo
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sean M Post
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert S Bresalier
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maurizio Chiriva-Internati
- Kiromic Inc., Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Parzanese I, Qehajaj D, Patrinicola F, Aralica M, Chiriva-Internati M, Stifter S, Elli L, Grizzi F. Celiac disease: From pathophysiology to treatment. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2017; 8:27-38. [PMID: 28573065 PMCID: PMC5437500 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v8.i2.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease, also known as "celiac sprue", is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the small intestine, produced by the ingestion of dietary gluten products in susceptible people. It is a multifactorial disease, including genetic and environmental factors. Environmental trigger is represented by gluten while the genetic predisposition has been identified in the major histocompatibility complex region. Celiac disease is not a rare disorder like previously thought, with a global prevalence around 1%. The reason of its under-recognition is mainly referable to the fact that about half of affected people do not have the classic gastrointestinal symptoms, but they present nonspecific manifestations of nutritional deficiency or have no symptoms at all. Here we review the most recent data concerning epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, available diagnostic tests and therapeutic management of celiac disease.
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Hirsh V, Pignata S, Bersanelli M, Gnetti L, Azzoni C, Bottarelli L, Gasparro D, Leonardi F, Silini EM, Buti S, Wennerberg E, Mediero A, Cronstein B, Formenti S, Demaria S, Vanpouille-Box C, Pilones K, Rudqvist N, Diamond J, Formenti S, Demaria S, Morris ZS, Guy EI, Francis DM, Gressett MM, Armstrong EA, Huang S, Gilles SD, Korman AJ, Hank JA, Hoefges A, Rakhmilevich AL, Harari PM, Sondel PM, Hailemichael Y, Overwijk WW, Straten PT, Lugli A, Dawson H, Blank A, Zlobec I, Fattore L, Costantini S, Acunzo M, Romano G, Nigita G, Laganà A, Malpicci D, Ruggiero CF, Pisanu ME, Noto A, De Vitis C, Croce CM, Ascierto PA, Mancini R, Ciliberto G, Postow M, Luke J, Stroncek D, Castiello L, Chen W, Jin P, Ren J, Sabatino M, Ferrone S, Duong CPM, Vetizou M, Zitvogel L, Pisanu ME, Noto A, Fattore L, Malpicci D, Ciliberto G, Mancini R, Occelli M, Cauchi C, Sciancalepore G, Lo Nigro C, Rovera M, Varamo C, Vivenza D, Seia Z, Palazzini S, Errico F, Basso D, Quaranta L, Forte G, Lavagna F, Violante S, Bosio P, Lattanzio L, Merlano MC, Moogk D, Zhong S, Yu Z, Liadi I, Rittase W, Fang V, Dougherty J, Perez-Garcia A, Osman I, Zhu C, Varadarajan N, Restifo NP, Frey A, Krogsgaard M, Balatoni T, Moho A, Sebestyén T, Varga A, Oláh J, Lengyel Z, Emri G, Liszkay G, Ladányi A, Polini B, Fogli S, Carpi S, Pardini B, Naccarati A, Dubbini N, Breschi MC, Romanini A, Nieri P, Morgese F, Soldato D, Pagliaretta S, Giampieri R, Brancorsini D, Rinaldi S, Torniai M, Campanati A, Ganzetti G, Offidani A, Giacchetti A, Ricotti G, Savini A, Onofri A, Bianchi F, Berardi R, Galdo G, Orlandino G, Serio S, Massariello D, Fabrizio T, Montagnani V, Benelli M, Apollo A, Pescucci C, Licastro D, Urso C, Gerlini G, Borgognoni L, Luzzatto L, Stecca B, Gambale E, Tinari C, Quinzii A, Cortellini A, Carella C, De Tursi M, De Francesco AE, De Fina M, Zito MC, Bisceglia MD, Esposito S, Fersini G, Morello S, Sorrentino C, Pinto A, Di Sarno A, Bianco A, D’Aniello C, Andreozzi F, Festina L, Vanella V, Ascierto PA, Montesarchio V, Kotlan B, Godeny M, Emil F, Toth L, Horvath S, Eles K, Balatoni T, Savolt A, Szollar A, Kasler M, Liszkay G, Yiu D, Grizzi F, Patrinicola F, Chiriva-Internati M, Motta S, Monti M, Benini L, Ugel S, Cingarlini S, Fiore A, Grego E, Tortora G, Bronte V, Tondulli L, Di Monta G, Caracò C, Marone U, Festino L, Ascierto PA, Mozzillo N. Immunotherapy Bridge 2016 and Melanoma Bridge 2016: meeting abstracts. Lab Invest 2017. [PMCID: PMC5267294 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-1095-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Grizzi F, Chiriva-Internati M, Franceschini B, Bumm K, Colombo P, Ciccarelli M, Donetti E, Gagliano N, Hermonat PL, Bright RK, Gioia M, Dioguardi N, Kast WM. Sperm Protein 17 Is Expressed in Human Somatic Ciliated Epithelia. J Histochem Cytochem 2016; 52:549-54. [PMID: 15034007 DOI: 10.1177/002215540405200414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It was once believed that sperm protein 17 (Sp17) was expressed exclusively in the testis and that its sole function was to bind to the oocyte during fertilization. However, immunohistochemistry of the human respiratory airways and reproductive systems show that it is abundant in ciliated cells but not in human cells with stereocilia and microvilli. The high degree of sequence conservation throughout its N-terminal half, and the presence of an A-kinase anchoring protein (AKAP)-binding motif within this region, suggest that Sp17 plays a regulatory role in a PKA-independent AKAP complex in both male germinal and ciliated somatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Grizzi
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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Colombo M, Mirandola L, Reidy A, Suvorava N, Konala V, Chiaramonte R, Grizzi F, Rahman RL, Jenkins MR, Nugyen DD, Dalhbeck S, Cobos E, Figueroa JA, Chiriva-Internati M. Targeting Tumor Initiating Cells through Inhibition of Cancer Testis Antigens and Notch Signaling: A Hypothesis. Int Rev Immunol 2016; 34:188-99. [PMID: 25901861 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1027629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tumor initiating cells (TICs) differ from normal stem cells (SCs) in their ability to initiate tumorigenesis, invasive growth, metastasis and the acquisition of chemo and/or radio-resistance. Over the past years, several studies have indicated the potential role of the Notch system as a key regulator of cellular stemness and tumor development. Furthermore, the expression of cancer testis antigens (CTA) in TICs, and their role in SC differentiation and biology, has become an important area of investigation. Here, we propose a model in which CTA expression and Notch signaling interacts to maintain the sustainability of self-replicating tumor populations, ultimately leading to the development of metastasis, drug resistance and cancer progression. We hypothesize that Notch-CTA interactions in TICs offer a novel opportunity for meaningful therapeutic interventions in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Colombo
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
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29
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Mirandola L, Wade R, Verma R, Pena C, Hosiriluck N, Figueroa JA, Cobos E, Jenkins MR, Chiriva-Internati M. Sex-driven differences in immunological responses: challenges and opportunities for the immunotherapies of the third millennium. Int Rev Immunol 2016; 34:134-42. [PMID: 25901858 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1018417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Male-based studies, both at the biochemical and at the pre-clinical/clinical trial levels, still predominate in the scientific community. Many studies are based on the wrong assumption that both sexes are fundamentally identical in their response to treatments. As a result, findings obtained mainly in males are applied to females, resulting in negative consequences female patients. In cancer immunotherapy, there is still a scarce focus on this topic. Here we review the main differences in immune modulation and immune system biology between males and females with a particular focus on how these differences affect cancer immunotherapy and cancer vaccines. METHODS We reviewed articles published on PubMed from 1999 to 2014, using the keywords: sex hormones, immune response, estrogen, immunotherapy, testosterone, cancer vaccines, sex-based medicine. We also present new data wherein the expression of the cancer testis antigen, Ropporin-1, was determined in patients with multiple myeloma, showing that the expression of Ropporin-1 was influenced by sex. RESULTS Male and female immune systems display radical differences mainly due to the immune regulatory effects of sex hormones. These differences might have a dramatic impact on the immunological treatment of cancer. Moreover, the expression of tumor antigens that can be targeted by anti-cancer vaccines is associated with sex. CONCLUSION Future clinical trials focusing on cancer immunotherapy will need to take into account the differences in the immune response and in the frequency of target antigen expression between male and females, in order to optimize these anti-cancer immunotherapies of the third millennium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Mirandola
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center , Lubbock, TX , USA
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30
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Di Caro G, Castino GF, Bergomas F, Cortese N, Chiriva-Internati M, Grizzi F, Mantovani A, Marchesi F. Tertiary lymphoid tissue in the tumor microenvironment: from its occurrence to immunotherapeutic implications. Int Rev Immunol 2016; 34:123-33. [PMID: 25901857 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1018416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recruitment of immune and inflammatory cells in the microenvironment of solid tumors is highly heterogeneous and follows patterns, varying according to the organ of origin and stage of disease, with critical roles in the process of cancer onset and progression. While adaptive cells are endowed with anti-tumor activities, inflammatory components of the immune infiltrate orchestrate an immunosuppressive microenvironment that reveals ambivalent functions of the immune contexture in the tumor milieu. The balance between opposing pro-tumoral and anti-tumoral immune pathways, which occur concomitantly in the tumor microenvironment, and the regulatory networks of these phenomena have been the target of several immunotherapeutic strategies. While the scarcity of adaptive immune effectors in tumors correlates with dismal prognosis, the pathways of activation of tumor-specific lymphocytes are yet to be fully elucidated. Recently, the occurrence of tertiary lymphoid tissue was revealed to be critical in mediating the dynamics of T cell recruitment and local activation of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Thus, tertiary lymphoid tissue assessment and targeting emerge as a promising approach for the design of novel prognostic immune signatures and immunotherapeutic strategies. The immunological behavior of tertiary lymphoid tissue, its occurrence in the tumor immune microenvironment and its clinical relevance are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Caro
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center , Rozzano, Milan , Italy
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31
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Mirandola L, Figueroa JA, Phan TT, Grizzi F, Kim M, Rahman RL, Jenkins MR, Cobos E, Jumper C, Alalawi R, Chiriva-Internati M. Novel antigens in non-small cell lung cancer: SP17, AKAP4, and PTTG1 are potential immunotherapeutic targets. Oncotarget 2015; 6:2812-26. [PMID: 25739119 PMCID: PMC4413619 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in both genders worldwide, with an incidence only second to prostate cancer in men and breast cancer in women. The lethality of the disease highlights the urgent need for innovative therapeutic options. Immunotherapy can afford efficient and specific targeting of tumor cells, improving efficacy and reducing the side effects of current therapies. We have previously reported the aberrant expression of cancer/testis antigens (CTAs) in tumors of unrelated histological origin. In this study we investigated the expression and immunogenicity of the CTAs, Sperm Protein 17 (SP17), A-kinase anchor protein 4 (AKAP4) and Pituitary Tumor Transforming Gene 1 (PTTG1) in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines and primary tumors. We found that SP17, AKAP4 and PTTG1 are aberrantly expressed in cancer samples, compared to normal lung cell lines and tissues. We established the immunogenicity of these CTAs by measuring CTA-specific autoantibodies in patients' sera and generating CTA-specific autologous cytotoxic lymphocytes from patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Our results provide proof of principle that the CTAs SP17/AKAP4/PTTG1 are expressed in both human NSCLC cell lines and primary tumors and can elicit an immunogenic response in lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Mirandola
- Division of Hematology & Oncology and Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Jose A Figueroa
- Division of Hematology & Oncology and Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Kiromic, LLC. Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Tam T Phan
- Division of Hematology & Oncology and Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Fabio Grizzi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milano, Italy
| | - Minji Kim
- Division of Hematology & Oncology and Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | - Marjorie R Jenkins
- Division of Hematology & Oncology and Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Everardo Cobos
- Division of Hematology & Oncology and Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA.,Kiromic, LLC. Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Cynthia Jumper
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Raed Alalawi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Maurizio Chiriva-Internati
- Division of Hematology & Oncology and Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA.,Kiromic, LLC. Lubbock, TX, USA
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Dahlbeck S, Hansen CC, deRiese W, Kagan AR, Torres C, Chiriva-Internati M, Cobos E, Figueroa JA, Nguyen D, Tijani L, Evans JD. Abstract 3440: High-dose-rate brachytherapy as monotherapy for favorable-risk adenocarcinoma of the prostate delivered in a single 19 Gy fraction: Preliminary results of a prospective pilot study. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-3440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: We evaluated the acute genitourinary (GU) and gastrointestinal (GI) toxicities, health-related quality of life (HRQOL) factors, biochemical control rates, and technical feasibility of high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy as monotherapy for favorable-risk prostate cancer delivered in a single 19 Gy fraction.
METHODS: A single-institution, prospective pilot study was performed by evaluating 6 patients with low- and intermediate-risk prostate cancer treated with high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy as monotherapy. Patients received a single 19 Gy fraction as HDR monotherapy without the use of a transperineal hyaluronic acid injection. Patients were assessed according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0 and Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) questionnaires. Additionally, prostate specific antigen levels have been followed for evidence of biochemical failure.
RESULTS: All 6 patients tolerated the implant well and were all discharged home the same day. Median follow-up was 15 months with all subjects followed for at least 12 months. No grade 3, 4, or 5 toxicities were observed. Two of the 6 patients experienced grade 2 GU toxicity. One patient experienced grade 2 GI toxicity. HRQOL bowel and urinary assessments revealed peak complaints at 3 months which returned to baseline at 6 months. There have been no biochemical relapses.
CONCLUSION: This is the first study using HDR brachytherapy as monotherapy for favorable-risk prostate cancer using one implant delivered in a single 19 Gy dose in the United States. All patients demonstrated acceptable acute toxicities and were pleased with their cost-effective treatment choice.
Citation Format: Scott Dahlbeck, Chase C. Hansen, Werner deRiese, A. Robert Kagan, Carlos Torres, Maurizio Chiriva-Internati, Everardo Cobos, Jose A. Figueroa, Diane Nguyen, Lukman Tijani, Jaden D. Evans. High-dose-rate brachytherapy as monotherapy for favorable-risk adenocarcinoma of the prostate delivered in a single 19 Gy fraction: Preliminary results of a prospective pilot study. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 3440. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-3440
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - A. Robert Kagan
- 2Southern California Permanente Medical Group, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Carlos Torres
- 1Texas Tech University School of Medicine, Lubbock, TX
| | | | | | | | - Diane Nguyen
- 1Texas Tech University School of Medicine, Lubbock, TX
| | - Lukman Tijani
- 1Texas Tech University School of Medicine, Lubbock, TX
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Colombo M, Thümmler K, Mirandola L, Garavelli S, Todoerti K, Apicella L, Lazzari E, Lancellotti M, Platonova N, Akbar M, Chiriva-Internati M, Soutar R, Neri A, Goodyear CS, Chiaramonte R. Notch signaling drives multiple myeloma induced osteoclastogenesis. Oncotarget 2015; 5:10393-406. [PMID: 25257302 PMCID: PMC4279381 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is closely associated with bone destruction. Once migrated to the bone marrow, MM cells unbalance bone formation and resorption via the recruitment and maturation of osteoclast precursors. The Notch pathway plays a key role in different types of cancer and drives several biological processes relevant in MM, including cell localization within the bone marrow, proliferation, survival and pharmacological resistance. Here we present evidences that MM can efficiently drive osteoclastogenesis by contemporaneously activating Notch signaling on tumor cells and osteoclasts through the aberrant expression of Notch ligands belonging to the Jagged family. Active Notch signaling in MM cells induces the secretion of the key osteoclastogenic factor, RANKL, which can be boosted in the presence of stromal cells. In turn, MM cells-derived RANKL causes the upregulation of its receptor, RANK, and Notch2 in pre-osteoclasts. Notch2 stimulates osteoclast differentiation by promoting autocrine RANKL signaling. Finally, MM cells through Jagged ligands expression can also activate Notch signaling in pre-osteoclast by direct contact. Such synergism between tumor cells and pre-osteoclasts in MM-induced osteoclastogenesis can be disrupted by silencing tumor-derived Jagged1 and 2. These results make the Jagged ligands new promising therapeutic targets in MM to contrast bone disease and the associated co-morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Colombo
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Katja Thümmler
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Leonardo Mirandola
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Garavelli
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Katia Todoerti
- Laboratory of Pre-Clinical and Translational Research, IRCCS-CROB, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Luana Apicella
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Lazzari
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Natalia Platonova
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Moeed Akbar
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Maurizio Chiriva-Internati
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Richard Soutar
- Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Haemato-oncology Service, Gartnavel Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Antonino Neri
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano; Hematology, Fondazione Cà Granda IRCCS Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Carl S Goodyear
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Cao M, Theus SA, Straub KD, Figueroa JA, Mirandola L, Chiriva-Internati M, Hermonat PL. AAV2/8-humanFOXP3 gene therapy shows robust anti-atherosclerosis efficacy in LDLR-KO mice on high cholesterol diet. J Transl Med 2015; 13:235. [PMID: 26187646 PMCID: PMC4506442 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0597-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a key etiologic component in atherogenesis. Previously we demonstrated that adeno-associated virus (AAV) 2/8 gene delivery of Netrin1 inhibited atherosclerosis in the low density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice on high-cholesterol diet (LDLR-KO/HCD). One important finding from this study was that FOXP3 was strongly up-regulated in these Netrin1-treated animals, as FOXP3 is an anti-inflammatory gene, being the master transcription factor of regulatory T cells. These results suggested that the FOXP3 gene might potentially be used, itself, as an agent to limit atherosclerosis. To test this hypothesis AAV2/8 (AAV)/hFOXP3 or AAV/Neo (control) gene therapy virus were tail vein injected into the LDLR-KO/HCD animal model. It was found that hFOXP3 gene delivery was associated with significantly lower HCD-induced atherogenesis, as measured by larger aortic lumen cross sectional area, thinner aortic wall thickness, and lower aortic systolic blood velocity compared with Neo gene-HCD-treated controls. Moreover these measurements taken from the hFOXP3/HCD-treated animals very closely matched those measurements taken from the normal diet (ND) control animals. These data strongly suggest that AAV/hFOXP3 delivery gave a robust anti-atherosclerosis therapeutic effect and further suggest that FOXP3 be examined more stringently as a therapeutic gene for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cao
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, 111J, 4300 West 7th Street, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - S A Theus
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, 111J, 4300 West 7th Street, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | - K D Straub
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, 111J, 4300 West 7th Street, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
| | | | - L Mirandola
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, Lubbock, TX, 79415, USA.
| | - M Chiriva-Internati
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, Lubbock, TX, 79415, USA. .,Kiromic LLC, Lubbock, TX, USA.
| | - P L Hermonat
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, 111J, 4300 West 7th Street, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
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Chiriva-Internati M, Mirandola L, Cobos E, Dahlbeck S, Nguyen D, Figueroa J, Layeequr Rahman R. SP17 as new immunotherapy target and biomarker for triple-negative breast cancer (VAC5P.1121). The Journal of Immunology 2015. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.73.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is a main health concern for women worldwide. Immunotherapies directed against specific tumor-associated antigens enhancing cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated antitumor responses, have not been equally effective against all BCs: targeted, specific anti-hormonal therapies are now available against the estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR)-positive BC, as well as HER-2/neu receptor. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) displays a negative immunohistologic pattern for ER, PR, and HER-2/neu. As neither of the hormone receptors nor the HER-2 are expressed in TNBC, the hormonal and molecular therapies used in other subtypes are not effective. Current efforts are focused on identifying molecular targets for TNBC. The CTA, SP17, is aberrantly expressed in an array of neoplasms. In this study, we investigated SP17 expression and immunogenicity in triple-negative breast cancer cell lines and tissues, and we tested the efficacy SP17 to stimulate a specific CTL-mediated antitumor response. We showed, for the first time, that SP17 was expressed in TNBC cell lines and primary breast tumor samples. Furthermore, we identified specific anti-SP17 antibodies in TNBC patients’ sera and we were able to generate SP17-specific, HLA class I-restricted, cytotoxic T lymphocytes capable of efficiently killing TNBC cells in vitro. Hence, SP17 may function as a novel biomarker, as well as vaccine target in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Chiriva-Internati
- 1Kiromic, LLC, Lubbock, TX
- 2Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Lubbock, TX
| | - Leonardo Mirandola
- 2Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Lubbock, TX
- 1Kiromic, LLC, Lubbock, TX
| | - Everardo Cobos
- 1Kiromic, LLC, Lubbock, TX
- 2Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Lubbock, TX
| | - Scott Dahlbeck
- 1Kiromic, LLC, Lubbock, TX
- 2Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Lubbock, TX
| | - Diane Nguyen
- 1Kiromic, LLC, Lubbock, TX
- 2Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Lubbock, TX
| | - Jose Figueroa
- 1Kiromic, LLC, Lubbock, TX
- 2Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Lubbock, TX
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Grizzi F, Mirandola L, Qehajaj D, Cobos E, Figueroa JA, Chiriva-Internati M. Cancer-Testis Antigens and Immunotherapy in the Light of Cancer Complexity. Int Rev Immunol 2015; 34:143-53. [PMID: 25901859 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1018418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Chiriva-Internati M, Bot A. A New Era in Cancer Immunotherapy: Discovering Novel Targets and Reprogramming the Immune System. Int Rev Immunol 2015; 34:101-3. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1015888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Figueroa JA, Reidy A, Mirandola L, Trotter K, Suvorava N, Figueroa A, Konala V, Aulakh A, Littlefield L, Grizzi F, Rahman RL, R. Jenkins M, Musgrove B, Radhi S, D'Cunha N, D'Cunha LN, Hermonat PL, Cobos E, Chiriva-Internati M. Chimeric Antigen Receptor Engineering: A Right Step in the Evolution of Adoptive Cellular Immunotherapy. Int Rev Immunol 2015; 34:154-87. [PMID: 25901860 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1018419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Grizzi F, Franceschini B, Di Biccari S, Musardo S, Pedretti E, Chiriva-Internati M, Osipov V, Fernández-Aceñero MJ. Sperm protein 17 and AKAP-associated sperm protein cancer/testis antigens are expressed in ciliated hepatic foregut cysts. Histopathology 2015; 67:398-403. [PMID: 25600306 DOI: 10.1111/his.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Ciliated hepatic foregut cysts (CHFCs) are retained benign lesions of the liver. However, a case of squamous cell metaplasia and five cases of squamous cell carcinoma arising from a CHFC have been described. The potential of malignant transformation makes the identification of new biomarkers necessary. As the cancer/testis antigen sperm protein 17 (Sp17) has been detected in oral and oesophageal squamous cell carcinomas, the aim of this study was to investigate the expression of Sp17 and AKAP-associated sperm protein (ASP), which has a shared N-terminal sequence with Sp17, in four surgically resected CHFCs. METHODS AND RESULTS CHFC specimens were taken from two patients who attended the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA and two patients who attended the Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain. CHFCs were found to be immunopositive for Sp17 and ASP. Both proteins were localized to the cytoplasm of ciliated cells lining the cysts, and their cilia. Confocal microscopy demonstrated that Sp17 and ASP overlapped in the same region of the cell. CONCLUSION Sp17 and ASP cancer/testis antigens were found in ciliated cells of four CHFCs. Further characterization of Sp17 and ASP in patients with CHFCs may provide significant clues for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying their predisposition to develop squamous cell carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Grizzi
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Barbara Franceschini
- Laboratory of Quantitative Medicine, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Sonia Di Biccari
- Laboratory of Quantitative Medicine, Humanitas Clinical and Research Centre, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Stefano Musardo
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Pedretti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Maurizio Chiriva-Internati
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Vladimir Osipov
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Lu C, Figueroa JA, Liu Z, Konala V, Aulakh A, Verma R, Cobos E, Chiriva-Internati M, Gao W. Nuclear Export as a Novel Therapeutic Target: The CRM1 Connection. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2015; 15:575-92. [PMID: 26324128 DOI: 10.2174/156800961507150828223554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The integrity of eukaryotic cellular function depends on molecular and biochemical compartmentalization. The transport of macromolecules between compartments requires specific and energydriven mechanisms. It occurs through a class of transport proteins known as karyopherins, which are divided in three different groups (exportins, importins, and transportins). The ubiquitous exportin Chromosome Region Maintenance 1 (CRM1) is involved in the transport of many proteins and RNA molecules from nucleus to cytoplasm. We have reviewed the available evidence supporting the relevance of CRM1 in the biology of several human neoplasms, its potential role in drug resistance, and its promise as a therapeutic target. Here we discuss different cancer related proteins (tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes, and enzymatic therapeutic targets), their function, and their association with CRM1, as well as agents that specifically inhibit CRM1, their mechanism of action, and their clinical relevance in certain human neoplasms. The directionality of nuclear transport and the specific molecular cargo in question are of paramount importance when examining the effects that CRM1 inhibition may have on cellular pathophysiology. The available data point out the potential role of CRM1-dependent nuclear export of regulatory proteins in the biology of certain human malignancies. Further studies should expand and clarify the importance of this mechanism in the pathobiology of human neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Weimin Gao
- Center for Blood Disorders and Cancer Therapeutics, Grace Health System, 2412 50th street, Lubbock, TX 79412, USA.
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Grizzi F, Borroni EM, Vacchini A, Qehajaj D, Liguori M, Stifter S, Chiriva-Internati M, Di Ieva A. Pituitary Adenoma and the Chemokine Network: A Systemic View. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:141. [PMID: 26441831 PMCID: PMC4566033 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Grizzi
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Fabio Grizzi,
| | - Elena Monica Borroni
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vacchini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Dorina Qehajaj
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Liguori
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Sanja Stifter
- Department of Pathology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Antonio Di Ieva
- Department of Neurosurgery, Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Ebrahim AH, Alalawi Z, Mirandola L, Rakhshanda R, Dahlbeck S, Nguyen D, Jenkins M, Grizzi F, Cobos E, Figueroa JA, Chiriva-Internati M. Galectins in cancer: carcinogenesis, diagnosis and therapy. Ann Transl Med 2014; 2:88. [PMID: 25405163 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2014.09.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A major breakthrough in the field of medical oncology has been the discovery of galectins and their role in cancer development, progression and metastasis. In this review article we have condensed the results of a number of studies published over the past decade in an effort to shed some light on the unique role played by the galectin family of proteins in neoplasia, and how this knowledge may alter the approach to cancer diagnosis as well as therapy in the future. In this review we have also emphasized the potential use of galectin inhibitors or modulators in the treatment of cancer and how this novel treatment modality may affect patient outcomes in the future. Based on current pre-clinical models we believe the use of galectin inhibitors/modulators will play a significant role in cancer treatment in the future. Early clinical studies are underway to evaluate the utility of these promising agents in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hasan Ebrahim
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Internal Medicine Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Kingdom of Bahrain ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 4 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Kiromic, LLC, TX, USA ; 7 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Zainab Alalawi
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Internal Medicine Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Kingdom of Bahrain ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 4 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Kiromic, LLC, TX, USA ; 7 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Leonardo Mirandola
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Internal Medicine Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Kingdom of Bahrain ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 4 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Kiromic, LLC, TX, USA ; 7 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Rahman Rakhshanda
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Internal Medicine Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Kingdom of Bahrain ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 4 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Kiromic, LLC, TX, USA ; 7 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Scott Dahlbeck
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Internal Medicine Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Kingdom of Bahrain ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 4 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Kiromic, LLC, TX, USA ; 7 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Diane Nguyen
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Internal Medicine Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Kingdom of Bahrain ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 4 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Kiromic, LLC, TX, USA ; 7 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Marjorie Jenkins
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Internal Medicine Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Kingdom of Bahrain ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 4 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Kiromic, LLC, TX, USA ; 7 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Grizzi
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Internal Medicine Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Kingdom of Bahrain ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 4 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Kiromic, LLC, TX, USA ; 7 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Everardo Cobos
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Internal Medicine Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Kingdom of Bahrain ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 4 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Kiromic, LLC, TX, USA ; 7 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Jose A Figueroa
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Internal Medicine Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Kingdom of Bahrain ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 4 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Kiromic, LLC, TX, USA ; 7 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Chiriva-Internati
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Internal Medicine Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Kingdom of Bahrain ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 4 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Kiromic, LLC, TX, USA ; 7 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
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Pena C, Mirandola L, Figueroa JA, Hosiriluck N, Suvorava N, Trotter K, Reidy A, Rakhshanda R, Payne D, Jenkins M, Grizzi F, Littlefield L, Chiriva-Internati M, Cobos E. Galectins as therapeutic targets for hematological malignancies: a hopeful sweetness. Ann Transl Med 2014; 2:87. [PMID: 25405162 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2014.09.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Galectins are family of galactose-binding proteins known to play critical roles in inflammation and neoplastic progression. Galectins facilitate the growth and survival of neoplastic cells by regulating their cross-talk with the extracellular microenvironment and hampering anti-neoplastic immunity. Here, we review the role of galectins in the biology of hematological malignancies and their promise as potential therapeutic agents in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Pena
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 2 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 3 Kiromic LLC, TX, USA ; 4 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Leonardo Mirandola
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 2 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 3 Kiromic LLC, TX, USA ; 4 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Jose A Figueroa
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 2 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 3 Kiromic LLC, TX, USA ; 4 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Nattamol Hosiriluck
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 2 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 3 Kiromic LLC, TX, USA ; 4 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Natallia Suvorava
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 2 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 3 Kiromic LLC, TX, USA ; 4 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Kayley Trotter
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 2 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 3 Kiromic LLC, TX, USA ; 4 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Adair Reidy
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 2 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 3 Kiromic LLC, TX, USA ; 4 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Rahman Rakhshanda
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 2 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 3 Kiromic LLC, TX, USA ; 4 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Drew Payne
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 2 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 3 Kiromic LLC, TX, USA ; 4 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Marjorie Jenkins
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 2 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 3 Kiromic LLC, TX, USA ; 4 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Grizzi
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 2 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 3 Kiromic LLC, TX, USA ; 4 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Lauren Littlefield
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 2 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 3 Kiromic LLC, TX, USA ; 4 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Chiriva-Internati
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 2 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 3 Kiromic LLC, TX, USA ; 4 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Everardo Cobos
- 1 Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 2 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 3 Kiromic LLC, TX, USA ; 4 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
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Mirandola L, Yu Y, Cannon MJ, Jenkins MR, Rahman RL, Nguyen DD, Grizzi F, Cobos E, Figueroa JA, Chiriva-Internati M. Galectin-3 inhibition suppresses drug resistance, motility, invasion and angiogenic potential in ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2014; 135:573-9. [PMID: 25284038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ovarian cancer is the most deadly gynecologic malignancy worldwide. Since the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer is incompletely understood, and there are no available screening techniques for early detection, most patients are diagnosed with advanced, incurable disease. In an effort to develop innovative and effective therapies for ovarian cancer, we tested the effectiveness of Galecti-3C in vitro. This is a truncated, dominant negative form of Galectin-3, which is thought to act by blocking endogenous Galectin-3. METHODS We produced a truncated, dominant-negative form of Galectin-3, namely Galetic-3C. Ovarian cancer cell lines and primary cells from ovarian cancer patients were treated with Galectin-3C, and growth, drug sensitivity, and angiogenesis were tested. RESULT We show, for the first time, that Galectin-3C significantly reduces the growth, motility, invasion, and angiogenic potential of cultured OC cell lines and primary cells established from OC patients. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that Galectin-3C is a promising new compound for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Mirandola
- Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology & Oncology, The Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Laura W Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Yuefei Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology & Oncology, The Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Martin J Cannon
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Marjorie R Jenkins
- Laura W Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Rakhshanda L Rahman
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Diane D Nguyen
- Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology & Oncology, The Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Kiromic, Inc., Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Fabio Grizzi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milano, Italy
| | - Everardo Cobos
- Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology & Oncology, The Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Laura W Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA; Kiromic, Inc., Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jose A Figueroa
- Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology & Oncology, The Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Kiromic, Inc., Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Maurizio Chiriva-Internati
- Department of Internal Medicine at the Division of Hematology & Oncology & Oncology, The Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Laura W Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA; Kiromic, Inc., Lubbock, TX, USA
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45
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Zhu H, Cao M, Figueroa JA, Cobos E, Uretsky BF, Chiriva-Internati M, Hermonat PL. AAV2/8-hSMAD3 gene delivery attenuates aortic atherogenesis, enhances Th2 response without fibrosis, in LDLR-KO mice on high cholesterol diet. J Transl Med 2014; 12:252. [PMID: 25236373 PMCID: PMC4189750 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0252-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation is a key etiologic component in atherogenesis and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) is a well known anti-inflammatory cytokine which potentially might be used to limit it. Yet TGFβ1 is pleiomorphic, causing fibrosis, cell taxis, and under certain circumstances, can even worsen inflammation. SMAD3 is an important member of TGFβ1′s signal transduction pathway, but is a fully intracellular protein. Objectives With the hope of attenuating TGFβ1′s adverse systemic effects (eg. fibrosis) and accentuating its anti-inflammatory activity, we proposed the use of human (h)SMAD3 as an intracellular substitute for TGFβ1. Study design To test this hypothesis adeno-associated virus type 2/8 (AAV)/hSMAD3 or AAV/Neo (control) was tail vein injected into the low density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLR-KO) mice, then placed on a high-cholesterol diet (HCD). Results The hSMAD3 delivery was associated with significantly lower atherogenesis as measured by larger aortic cross sectional area, thinner aortic wall thickness, and lower aortic systolic blood velocity compared with Neo gene-treated controls. HSMAD3 delivery also resulted in fewer aortic macrophages by immunohistochemistry for CD68 and ITGAM, and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis of EMR and ITGAM. Overall, aortic cytokine expression showed an enhancement of Th2 response (higher IL-4 and IL-10); while Th1 response (IL-12) was lower with hSMAD3 delivery. While TGFβ1 is often associated with increased fibrosis, AAV/hSMAD3 delivery exhibited no increase of collagen 1A2 or significantly lower 2A1 expression in the aorta compared with Neo-delivery. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a mediator of TGFβ1/SMAD3-induced fibrosis, was unchanged in hSMAD3-delivered aortas. In the liver, all three of these genes were down-regulated by hSMAD3 gene delivery. Conclusion These data strongly suggest that AAV/hSMAD3 delivery gave anti-atherosclerosis therapeutic effect without the expected undesirable effect of TGFβ1-associated fibrosis.
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Di Caro G, Castino GF, Bergomas F, Cortese N, Chiriva-Internati M, Grizzi F, Marchesi F. Immune-based therapies in pancreatic and colorectal cancers and biomarkers of responsiveness. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 14:1219-28. [PMID: 25222571 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2014.947277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immune-based strategies are the most promising treatments to improve cancer disease control. Early clinical trials are ongoing to test the safety and feasibility of immune-based therapies for gastrointestinal cancers. However, to date, immunotherapy has been only an experimental option for these diseases and a better understanding of their molecular, cellular, structural and clinical dissimilarities is crucial in the generation of tailored immunotherapeutic treatments. In this review, we will summarize the key mechanisms that regulate the action of immune system in cancer and the different immune-based approaches aimed at improving disease control in patients with advanced disease. We will then move on to discussing the current immunotherapeutic approaches in two types of gastrointestinal (colo-rectal and pancreatic) cancers, whose immune microenvironment has been lately object of intense analyses and has emerged as an important determinant of clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Di Caro
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano 20089, Italy
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47
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Ebrahim AH, Alalawi Z, Mirandola L, Rakhshanda R, Dahlbeck S, Nguyen D, Jenkins M, Grizzi F, Cobos E, Figueroa JA, Chiriva-Internati M. Galectins in cancer: carcinogenesis, diagnosis and therapy. Ann Transl Med 2014. [PMID: 25405163 DOI: 10.3978/2fj.issn.2305-5839.2014.09.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A major breakthrough in the field of medical oncology has been the discovery of galectins and their role in cancer development, progression and metastasis. In this review article we have condensed the results of a number of studies published over the past decade in an effort to shed some light on the unique role played by the galectin family of proteins in neoplasia, and how this knowledge may alter the approach to cancer diagnosis as well as therapy in the future. In this review we have also emphasized the potential use of galectin inhibitors or modulators in the treatment of cancer and how this novel treatment modality may affect patient outcomes in the future. Based on current pre-clinical models we believe the use of galectin inhibitors/modulators will play a significant role in cancer treatment in the future. Early clinical studies are underway to evaluate the utility of these promising agents in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hasan Ebrahim
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Internal Medicine Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Kingdom of Bahrain ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 4 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Kiromic, LLC, TX, USA ; 7 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Zainab Alalawi
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Internal Medicine Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Kingdom of Bahrain ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 4 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Kiromic, LLC, TX, USA ; 7 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Leonardo Mirandola
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Internal Medicine Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Kingdom of Bahrain ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 4 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Kiromic, LLC, TX, USA ; 7 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Rahman Rakhshanda
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Internal Medicine Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Kingdom of Bahrain ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 4 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Kiromic, LLC, TX, USA ; 7 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Scott Dahlbeck
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Internal Medicine Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Kingdom of Bahrain ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 4 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Kiromic, LLC, TX, USA ; 7 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Diane Nguyen
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Internal Medicine Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Kingdom of Bahrain ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 4 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Kiromic, LLC, TX, USA ; 7 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Marjorie Jenkins
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Internal Medicine Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Kingdom of Bahrain ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 4 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Kiromic, LLC, TX, USA ; 7 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Grizzi
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Internal Medicine Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Kingdom of Bahrain ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 4 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Kiromic, LLC, TX, USA ; 7 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Everardo Cobos
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Internal Medicine Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Kingdom of Bahrain ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 4 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Kiromic, LLC, TX, USA ; 7 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Jose A Figueroa
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Internal Medicine Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Kingdom of Bahrain ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 4 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Kiromic, LLC, TX, USA ; 7 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Chiriva-Internati
- 1 Department of Surgery, 2 Internal Medicine Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Kingdom of Bahrain ; 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA ; 4 Laura W. Bush Institute for Women's Health and Center for Women's Health and Gender-Based Medicine, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 5 Division of Surgical Oncology, Texas Tech University Medical Center, Amarillo, TX, USA ; 6 Kiromic, LLC, TX, USA ; 7 Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
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Verma R, Riaz J, Mirandola L, Figueroa JA, Radhi S, Konala V, Aulakh A, Yu Y, Nguyen DDT, Hardwick F, Tijani LA, D'Cunha NC, Trotter K, Cannon M, Jenkins M, Grizzi F, Cobos E, Dahlbeck S, Chiriva-Internati M. Effect of galectin-3 inhibition on drug resistance, motility, invasion, and angiogenic potential in ovarian cancer. J Clin Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.32.15_suppl.e22005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Verma
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - Jehanzeb Riaz
- Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, TX
| | | | - Jose A. Figueroa
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and the Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - Saba Radhi
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - Venu Konala
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and the Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - Amardeep Aulakh
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and the Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - Yuefei Yu
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | | | - Fred Hardwick
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and the Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Lubbock, TX
| | | | | | | | - Martin Cannon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | | | - Fabio Grizzi
- Humanitas Research Hospital, IRCCS Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Everardo Cobos
- Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, TX
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Riaz J, Verma R, Mirandola L, Figueroa JA, Cobos E, Nguyen DDT, Aulakh AS, Konala V, Jenkins M, Yu Y, Radhi S, Trotter K, Tijani LA, Hardwick F, D'Cunha NC, Colombo M, Dahlbeck S, Grizzi F, Chiriva-Internati M. Effect of the novel galectin-3 blocker, Gal3M, on the efficacy and reduction of toxicity of proteasome inhibitors for the treatment of multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.32.15_suppl.e19581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jehanzeb Riaz
- Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - Rashmi Verma
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | | | - Jose A. Figueroa
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and the Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - Everardo Cobos
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | | | | | - Venu Konala
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and the Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Lubbock, TX
| | | | - Yuefei Yu
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - Saba Radhi
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | | | | | - Fred Hardwick
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and the Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Lubbock, TX
| | | | | | | | - Fabio Grizzi
- Humanitas Research Hospital, IRCCS Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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Mirandola L, Riaz J, Verma R, Radhi S, Pham T, Aulakh A, Konala V, Yu Y, Hardwick F, Tijani LA, D'Cunha NC, Trotter K, Jenkins M, Figueroa JA, Nguyen DDT, Cobos E, Chiriva-Internati M, Grizzi F. Cancer testis antigens: Potential new targets for lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.32.15_suppl.e19151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jehanzeb Riaz
- Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - Rashmi Verma
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - Saba Radhi
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - Teresia Pham
- Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - Amardeep Aulakh
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and the Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - Venu Konala
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and the Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - Yuefei Yu
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | - Fred Hardwick
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and the Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Lubbock, TX
| | | | | | | | | | - Jose A. Figueroa
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center and the Southwest Cancer Treatment and Research Center, Lubbock, TX
| | | | - Everardo Cobos
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX
| | | | - Fabio Grizzi
- Humanitas Research Hospital, IRCCS Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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