Anticoagulation and Antiplatelet Regimen in Cardiac Transplant. Clinical Characteristics, Outcomes, and Blood Product Transfusion

BACKGROUND

We aimed to evaluate the characteristics, clinical outcomes, and blood product transfusion (BPT) rates of patients undergoing cardiac transplant (CT) while receiving uninterrupted anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy.

METHODS

A retrospective, single-center, and observational study of adult patients who underwent CT was performed. Patients were classified into four groups: (1) patients without anticoagulation or antiplatelet therapy (control), (2) patients on antiplatelet therapy (AP), (3) patients on vitamin K antagonists (AVKs), and (4) patients on dabigatran (dabigatran). The primary endpoints were reoperation due to bleeding and perioperative BPT rates (packed red blood cells (PRBC), fresh frozen plasma, platelets). Secondary outcomes assessed included morbidity and mortality-related events.

RESULTS

Of the 55 patients included, 6 (11%) received no therapy (control), 8 (15%) received antiplatelet therapy, 15 (27%) were on AVKs, and 26 (47%) were on dabigatran. There were no significant differences in the need for reoperation or other secondary morbidity-associated events. During surgery patients on dabigatran showed lower transfusion rates of PRBC (control 100%, AP 100%, AVKs 73%, dabigatran 50%, p = 0.011) and platelets (control 100%, AP 100%, AVKs 100%, dabigatran 69%, p = 0.019). The total intraoperative number of BPT was also the lowest in the dabigatran group (control 5.5 units, AP 5 units, AVKs 6 units, dabigatran 3 units; p = 0.038); receiving significantly less PRBC (control 2.5 units, AP 3 units, AVKs 2 units, dabigatran 0.5 units; p = 0.011). A Poisson multivariate analysis showed that only treatment on dabigatran reduces PRBC requirements during surgery, with an expected reduction of 64.5% (95% CI: 32.4%-81.4%).

CONCLUSIONS

In patients listed for CT requiring anticoagulation due to nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, the use of dabigatran and its reversal with idarucizumab significantly reduces intraoperative BPT demand.

Implementation of Patient Blood Management in Orthotopic Heart Transplants: A Single Centre Retrospective Observational Review

BACKGROUND

Blood transfusion in the perioperative cardiothoracic setting has accepted risks including deep sternal wound infection, increased intensive care unit length of stay, lung injury, and cost. It has an immunomodulatory effect which may cause allo-immunisation. This may influence long-term survival through immune-mediated factors. Targeting coagulation defects to reduce unnecessary or inappropriate transfusions may reduce these complications.

METHODS

In 2012, an institution-wide patient blood management evidence-based algorithmic bleeding management protocol was implemented at The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, Australia. The benefit of this has been previously reported in our lung transplant and cardiac surgery (excluding transplants) cohorts. This study aimed to investigate the effect of this on our orthotopic heart transplant recipients.

RESULTS

After the implementation of the protocol, despite no difference in preoperative haemoglobin levels and higher risk patients (EuroSCORE 20 vs 26; p=0.013), the use of packed red blood cells (13.0 U vs 4.4 U; p=0.046) was significantly lower postoperatively and fresh frozen plasma was significantly lower both intra- and postoperatively (7.4 U vs 0.6 U; p<0.001, and 3.3 U vs 0.6 U; p=0.011 respectively). Concurrently, the use of prothrombin complex concentrate (33% vs 78%; p<0.001) and desmopressin (5% vs 22%; p=0.0028) was significantly higher in the post-protocol group, while there was less use of recombinant factor VIIa (15% vs 4%; p=0.058). Intraoperative units of cryoprecipitate also rose from 0.9 to 2.0 (p=0.006).

CONCLUSIONS

We have demonstrated that a targeted patient blood management protocol with point-of-care testing for heart transplant recipients is correlated with fewer blood products used postoperatively, with some increase in haemostatic products and no evidence of increased adverse events.

Trends in the Use of Recombinant Activated Factor VII and Prothrombin Complex Concentrate in Heart Transplant Patients in Virginia

OBJECTIVES

To explore trends in intraoperative procoagulant factor concentrate use in patients undergoing heart transplantation (HTx) in Virginia. Secondarily, to evaluate their association with postoperative thrombosis.

DESIGN

Patients who underwent HTx were identified using a statewide database. Trends in off-label recombinant activated factor VII (rFVIIa) use and on-label and off-label prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC) use were tested using the Mantel-Haenszel test. Multivariate logistic regression was used to test for an association between procoagulant factor concentrate administration and thrombosis.

SETTING

Virginia hospitals performing HTx.

PARTICIPANTS

Adults undergoing HTx between 2012 and 2022.

INTERVENTIONS

None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

Among 899 patients who required HTx, 100 (11.1%) received off-label rFVIIa, 69 (7.7%) received on-label PCC, and 80 (8.9%) received off-label PCC. There was a downward trend in the use of rFVIIa over the 10-year period (p = 0.04). There was no trend in on-label PCC use (p = 0.12); however, there was an increase in off-label PCC use (p < 0.001). Patients who received rFVIIa were transfused more and had longer cardiopulmonary bypass time (p < 0.001). Receipt of rFVIIa was associated with increased thrombotic risk (odds ratio [OR] 1.92; 95% CI 1.12-3.29; p = 0.02), whereas on-label and off-label PCC use had no association with thrombosis (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.49-1.96, p = 0.96 for on-label use; and OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.29-1.30, p = 0.20 for off-label use).

CONCLUSIONS

Use of rFVIIa in HTx decreased over the past decade, whereas off-label PCC use increased. Receipt of rFVIIa was associated with thrombosis; however, patients who received rFVIIa were more severely ill, and risk adjustment may have been incomplete.

Perioperative Management of Heart Transplantation: A Clinical Review

In this clinical review, the authors summarize the perioperative management of heart transplant patients with a focus on hemodynamics, immunosuppressive strategies, hemostasis and hemorrage, and the prevention and treatment of infectious complications.

Off-label Use of Recombinant Activated Factor VII for Cardiac Surgical Bleeding

Recombinant activated factor VII has been widely used in an off-label manner for cardiac surgical bleeding. Recent reports have administered recombinant activated factor VII earlier in the course of bleeding and at lower doses than initially reported. This review will discuss the history, mechanism, current recommendations for use, and recent data on the use of recombinant activated factor VII in cardiac surgical bleeding.

Increased severe primary graft dysfunction in left ventricular assist device patients following united network for organ sharing allocation changes

INTRODUCTION

In 2018, the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) implemented a new heart allocation system which prioritized patients on temporary support devices and left-ventricular assist device (LVAD) patients with complications. These changes have the potential to impact outcomes for patients bridged to transplant with an LVAD.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective study of 168 adult heart transplant recipients at our center between 2016 and 2020 evaluating post-transplant outcomes before and after UNOS allocation changes. Donor and recipient data were retrieved from chart review and national databases. The primary outcome of this study was severe primary graft dysfunction (PGD) with secondary outcomes of 30-day readmission, 30-day mortality, and 1-year mortality.

RESULTS

Incidence of severe PGD was similar in the overall cohort before and after the changes (10% vs. 15%, respectively, p = .3) and increased in the LVAD-bridged cohort (12% vs. 40%, respectively, p < .01). Secondary outcomes of readmission and survival were similar between all groups. Blood transfusion was predictive of severe PGD in multivariable modeling (OR 1.3 [1.11-1.59], p < .01).

Levosimendan for Treatment of Primary Graft Dysfunction After Heart Transplantation: Optimal Timing of Application

OBJECTIVES

Primary graft dysfunction remains a serious problem after heart transplant. Pharmacological treatment with the calcium sensitizer levosimendan may be an additive treatment for primary graft dysfunction.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Patients undergoing heart transplant between 2010 and 2020 were retrospectively reviewed and divided depending on postoperative treatment with (n = 41) or without (n = 109) levosimendan. Recipients who received levosi mendan were further divided with regard to timing of levosimendan application (early group: started ≤48 hours posttransplant [n = 23]; late group: started >48 hours posttransplant [n = 18]).

RESULTS

Patients who received levosimendan treatment displayed a remarkable incidence (87.8%) of postoperative primary graft dysfunction with need for venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and therefore often presented with perioperative morbidity. Patient with early application of levosimendan showed significantly decreased duration of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support (5.1 ± 3.5 days vs 12.6 ± 9.3 days in those with late application; P < .01) and decreased mortality during venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support (0.0% vs 33.3% in early vs late group; P < .01). In addition, compared with patients with late levosimendan application, patients with early application needed fewer blood transfusions (P < .05), had shorter ventilation times (279 ± 235 vs 428 ± 293 h; P = .03), and showed a trend of reduced incidence of postoperative renal failure (69.6% vs 94.4%; P = .06). Moreover, survival analyses indicated an increased survival for patients with early start of levosimendan therapy within the first 48 hours after heart transplant (P = .09).

CONCLUSIONS

Pharmacotherapy with levosimendan may be a promising additive in the treatment of primary graft dysfunction after heart transplant. With administration of levosimendan within the first 48 hours posttransplant, rates of successful weaning from venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and outcomes after heart transplant were shown to increase.

Initial Postoperative Hemoglobin Values Are Independently Associated With One-Year Mortality in Patients Undergoing Double-Lung Transplantation Requiring Intraoperative Transfusion

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the association of postoperative hemoglobin values and mortality in patients undergoing double- lung transplantation with intraoperative transfusion.

DESIGN

Retrospective cohort study.

SETTING

University hospital.

PARTICIPANTS

Adult patients who underwent double-lung transplantation at the authors' institution, with intraoperative transfusion of packed red blood cells between 2009 and 2015.

INTERVENTIONS

None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

Intraoperative transfusion requirements and general characteristics of 554 patients were collected. A generalized additive model, controlling for postoperative hemoglobin levels, number of transfused units of packed red blood cells, perioperative change in hemoglobin levels, disease leading to lung transplantation, and postoperative extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, was created to predict one-year mortality. A postoperative hemoglobin level of 11.3 g/dL was calculated as an optimal cutoff point. The patients were stratified according to this level. The end -point was all-cause one-year mortality after double-lung transplantation, assessed using the Kaplan-Meier analysis with log-rank test. All-cause mortality of the 554 patients was 17%. Postoperatively, 171 patients (31%) were categorized as being below the cutoff point. Improved survival was observed in the group with higher postoperative hemoglobin values (p = 0.002).

CONCLUSION

Lower postoperative hemoglobin levels in double-lung transplantation recipients were associated with increased mortality during the first year after surgery. Confirmation of these findings in additional investigations could alter patient blood management for double-lung transplantation.

Long-term Impact of Perioperative Red Blood Cell Transfusion on Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery

BACKGROUND

There is a known association between need for transfusion and short-term outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. However long-term data are lacking in the contemporary literature.

METHODS

All patients who underwent open cardiac surgery from 2010 to 2018 were included, except those undergoing transplant, with a ventricular-assist device, and requiring circulatory arrest. Primary outcome included short- and long-term mortality. Secondary outcomes included postoperative complications and hospital readmissions.

RESULTS

The total patient population included 14,281 patients with a median follow-up of 4.03 years (range, 2.25-6.1). Outcomes were stratified into patients with (n = 6239) or without (n = 8042) packed red blood cell (PRBC) use. Patients with PRBC transfusions had significantly (P < .001) worse postoperative outcomes compared with those without PRBC use, including higher operative mortality (6.89% vs 0.98%), return to the operating room (17.8% vs 1.61%), pneumonia (7.84% vs 0.98%), stroke (3.22% vs 1.51%), sepsis (2.66% vs 0.20%), renal failure (8.42% vs 1.12%), and dialysis (5.74% vs 0.42%). On multivariate analysis PRBC transfusion was an independent predictor of mortality (hazard ratio [[HR], 2.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.08-2.64; P < .001) and hospital readmission (HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.09-1.21; P < .001). Total units of PRBCs were directly associated with mortality (HR, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.08-1.09; P < .001) and hospital readmissions (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01-1.03; P < .005).

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with perioperative PRBC transfusions have increased operative and long-term mortality and hospital readmissions. Total units of PRBCs transfused were directly associated with mortality and readmissions.

Effect of Blood Product Transfusion on Perioperative Outcomes After Heart Transplantation

OBJECTIVE(S)

The objective of this study was to identify transfusion-related in-hospital outcomes in orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) recipients.

DESIGN

Retrospective chart review.

SETTING

Tertiary care hospital.

PARTICIPANTS

Adult OHT recipients undergoing transplantation between January 2010 and December 2016.

INTERVENTIONS

None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS

The primary composite outcome was occurrence of any of the following events during admission for OHT: (1) graft dysfunction requiring mechanical circulatory support (MCS); (2) respiratory failure requiring tracheostomy; (3) renal failure requiring hemodialysis; (4) 30-day mortality; (5) complication requiring readmission to intensive care unit; (6) sepsis; and (7) stroke. The authors evaluated these outcomes in relation to all blood component transfusions received intraoperatively and in the first 24 hours postoperatively. The study included 197 patients and the primary composite outcome was present in 72 (36.6%). After adjusting for propensity score, red blood cell (RBC) transfusion was associated with composite outcomes (odds ratio [OR] 1.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05-1.31, p = 0.004), postoperative MCS use (OR 1.36, 95% CI 1.18-1.58, p < 0.001), acute renal failure requiring hemodialysis (OR 1.21, 5% CI 1.06-1.38, p = 0.004), and 30-day mortality (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.05-1.59, p = 0.02). Fresh frozen plasma was associated with composite outcome (OR 1.07, 95% CI [1.003-1.15], p = 0.042) and renal failure (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.08 [1.002-1.17], p = 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS

Intra- and postoperative transfusions (first 24 hours) of RBC and FFP were associated with adverse postoperative composite outcomes in patients undergoing OHT.