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Pan Z, Wu Y, Li Y, Hu X, Zhao Y, Liu Y. Retrospective study of pathogens involved in vaginitis among Chinese women. BMC Womens Health 2023; 23:364. [PMID: 37422650 PMCID: PMC10329346 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-023-02510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explore the pathogen distribution in Chinese females with vaginitis. METHODS This retrospective study included Chinese females with vaginitis admitted at the outpatient department of the Gynecology Clinic of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University between January 2013 and June 2013. Data on the vaginal pathogens and inflammation were analyzed. RESULTS The vaginal secretions from 15,601 gynecologic outpatients were abnormal, including 8547 (54.78%) with vaginal infection and 7054 (45.22%) without. In patients with vaginal infections, a single infection was observed in 69.72% (5959/8547) of them, and mixed infection was observed in 30.28% (2588/8547). The differences in age and inflammation grade between the infection and no-infection groups were statistically significant (all P < 0.001). In addition, multiple types of vaginitis could be diagnosed in patients with mixed infections. CONCLUSIONS About half of the Chinese women with abnormal vaginal secretions are positive for pathogens in the study period. Patients' age and inflammation grade are associated with co-infection. From the public health perspective, this study suggests that the importance of vaginal hygiene should be enforced in Chinese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengmei Pan
- Department of Reproduction, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 374 Dianmian Avenue, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650000, Yunnan, China
| | - Yanzhi Wu
- Department of Reproduction, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 374 Dianmian Avenue, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650000, Yunnan, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Reproduction, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 374 Dianmian Avenue, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650000, Yunnan, China
| | - Xi Hu
- Department of Reproduction, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 374 Dianmian Avenue, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650000, Yunnan, China
| | - Yiyue Zhao
- Department of Reproduction, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 374 Dianmian Avenue, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650000, Yunnan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Reproduction, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 374 Dianmian Avenue, Wuhua District, Kunming, 650000, Yunnan, China.
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Mulinganya G, De Vulder A, Bisimwa G, Boelens J, Claeys G, De Keyser K, De Vos D, Hendwa E, Kampara F, Kujirakwinja Y, Mongane J, Mubalama I, Vaneechoutte M, Callens S, Cools P. Prevalence, risk factors and adverse pregnancy outcomes of second trimester bacterial vaginosis among pregnant women in Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257939. [PMID: 34695126 PMCID: PMC8544863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common gynecological condition in women of reproductive age and associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), neonatal mortality rate is as high as 2.8 percent with preterm birth (PTB) and low birth weight (LBW) as leading causes. Because no studies have addressed BV in DRC, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of BV, the risk factors and the association between BV and adverse pregnancy outcomes in a population of pregnant women from Bukavu, DRC. METHODS A total of 533 pregnant women in the second trimester of pregnancy were recruited in the Provincial Reference Hospital of Bukavu, DRC, between January and October 2017, and followed until delivery. Clinical and sociodemographic data of mother and newborn, and data on (vaginal) hygiene practices, sexual behavior and reproductive history were collected. BV was diagnosed by Nugent scoring of Gram-stained vaginal smears. Two multivariate regression models were built to identify risk factors for BV and to investigate BV as a risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes. RESULTS The prevalence of BV was 26.3% and approximately half of the women with BV were asymptomatic. Independent risk factors for BV were the use of alternatives to water for intravaginal washing, concurrent partners, unemployed status, the presence of vaginal Candida and clay consumption. BV was independently associated with both LBW and PTB of an infant with LBW. CONCLUSION The prevalence of BV in Bukavu is high but in line with the global average. BV was associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes in our study population. Hence, research on modifiable risk factor-based interventions to reduce the prevalence of BV, and on screening/treatment of BV during antenatal care should be explored to reduce neonatal mortality and morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Mulinganya
- Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of The Congo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of The Congo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annelies De Vulder
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ghislain Bisimwa
- Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of The Congo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of The Congo
| | - Jerina Boelens
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Claeys
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karen De Keyser
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Daniel De Vos
- Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Technology, Burn Wound Center, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Erick Hendwa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of The Congo
| | - Freddy Kampara
- Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of The Congo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of The Congo
| | - Yvette Kujirakwinja
- Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of The Congo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of The Congo
| | - Jules Mongane
- Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of The Congo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of The Congo
| | - Innocent Mubalama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hôpital Provincial Général de Référence de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of The Congo
| | - Mario Vaneechoutte
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven Callens
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Piet Cools
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Antoni Vives J, Cancelo MJ, Losada MÁ, Doménech A. Dequalinium chloride use in adult Spanish women with bacterial vaginosis: an observational study. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2021; 42:103-109. [PMID: 33629634 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2020.1867966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) represents the most frequent vaginal infection in women of childbearing age. The aim of this study was to characterise episodes of BV among adult Spanish women and their management with dequalinium chloride (DQC). Data from 573 DQC-treated BV adult women was obtained on medical records and questionnaires. The study shows that 20.6% had presented vaginal infections previously. Comorbid candidosis was significantly associated to other symptoms, such as pruritus or leucorrhoea. Most patients (64.3%) indicated a moderate-strong impact of the BV episode on their sexual life. After treatment, 84.8% of patients reported no BV symptoms. Patients were given instructions to prevent relapses. Most patients (83.1%) rated DQC as 'satisfactory' or 'very/extremely satisfactory' regarding symptom relief, prevention or treatment of the episode of BV. In conclusion, this study provides a better understanding of BV episodes and the impact of the treatment with DQC in real clinical practice in Spanish patients.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most commonly reported vaginal infection among women of childbearing age. Despite the availability of antibiotic medications for the treatment of BV, management of this condition remains challenging. In fact, recurrence of BV has been reported for up to 50% of cases. However, antiseptic agents are considered an effective option for BV treatment.What the results of this study add? The study provides a better understanding of the prevalent symptomatology and the impact on quality of life of women with BV. Moreover, it has been observed that antiseptic dequalinium chloride (DQC) efficiently reduces symptoms and improves quality of life of the patients during episodes of BV.What the implications are of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? In the context of the World Health Organisation recommendations on the rational use of antibiotics, we believe that the use of DQC may be a good alternative to antibiotics as a therapy for BV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Antoni Vives
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hospital CIMA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Jesús Cancelo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Universitario de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Spain
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Abd El Aziz MA, Sharifipour F, Abedi P, Jahanfar S, Judge HM. Secnidazole for treatment of bacterial vaginosis: a systematic review. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2019; 19:121. [PMID: 31638955 PMCID: PMC6802328 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-019-0822-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is one of the common vaginal infections among childbearing women. The usual treatment for BV is metronidazole; hence 30% of women have recurrence within 60 to 90 days after treatment. There are some studies which assessed the effect of secnidazole on BV. The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the effectiveness of secnidazole for treatment of BV. Methods The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE (PubMed), Scopus, and Web of Science (all databases from inception till October 28, 2018) were searched. Primary outcomes were clinical cure rate and microbiologic cure rate and the secondary outcomes were adverse events. Data was extracted from eligible studies by two review authors individually and analyzed by RevMan 5.3. Results Our search found six trials involving 1528 participants. Treatment with 2 g secnidazole could significantly reduce the risk of BV in patients with three or less episodes of BV in the last year by OR: 7.54 (95% CI, 3.89–14.60, p < 0.00001) and in patients with four or more episodes of BV in the last year (OR: 4.74, 95% CI: 1.51–14.84, p = 0.0.008). Secnidazole (2 g) could significantly increase the microbiologic cure rate in women with 3 or less episodes of BV in the last year (OR: 7.63, 95% CI: 2.30–25.33, p = 0.0009) but not in the women with 4 or more episodes of BV in the last year (OR: 20.17, 95% CI: 1.06–382.45, p = 0.05). The clinical cure rate, microbiological effect and the therapeutic cure rate of 2 g secnidazole was significantly more than that of 1 g secnidazole. The results showed that the clinical cure rate of 2 g secnidazole was not different from the following medications: metronidazole (500 mg bid for 5 days), secnidazole plus vaginal metronidazole, 2 g single dose of oral metronidazole and 2 g secnidazole plus vaginal ornidazole. Conclusion This review showed that 2 g and 1 g secnidazole were better than placebo, however, 2 g secnidazole was more effective than 1 g. Secnidazole 2 g was not different from metronidazole (500 mg bid for 5 days), or from secnidazole plus vaginal metronidazole, or 2 g single dose of oral metronidazole or from 2 g secnidazole plus vaginal ornidazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Abd El Aziz
- Department of obstetrics and gynecology, Benha University Hospital, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Foruzan Sharifipour
- Midwifery Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Parvin Abedi
- Midwifery Department, Menopause Andropause Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Shayesteh Jahanfar
- School of Health Sciences, Health Professions 2239, Central Michigan University, Michigan, USA
| | - Helen Marie Judge
- School of Medicine, Atlantic University, Saint Lucia, West Indies, USA
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Li M, Li L, Wang R, Yan SM, Ma XY, Jiang S, Gao TY, Yao Y, Li B. Prevalence and risk factors for bacterial vaginosis and cervicitis among 511 female workers attending gynecological examination in Changchun, China. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2019; 58:385-389. [PMID: 31122530 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2018.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to identify the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis (BV) and cervicitis among 511 female workers attending gynecological examination and determine the risk factors for bacterial vaginosis and cervicitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study enrolled 511 female workers attending gynecological examination in Changchun Obstetrics-Gynaecology Hospital in Changchun city from January 1,2015 to December 31, 2015. A structured questionnaire was designed to survey the general demographic characteristics, living habits and health status of the participants. Gynecological examinations were performed to assess the presence of bacterial vaginosis and cervicitis. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to identify risk factors associated with bacterial vaginosis and cervicitis. RESULTS Of 511 female workers (median age, 40 years) were enrolled in our study, the prevalence of BV was 5.3%, and the prevalence of cervicitis was 22.1%. In multivariable analysis, women of specific ethnic groups had a higher odds ratio of BV (OR = 3.332, 95%CI 1.014-10.955) and premenopausal women had a reduced odds ratio of BV(OR = 0.162, 95%CI 0.061-0.425). Higher levels of education were associated with a reduced odds ratio of cervicitis (OR = 0.248, 95%CI 0.080-0.772). CONCLUSIONS BV and cervicitis were both common among female workers. Improving women's educational level should be concerned so as to reduce the prevalence of cervicitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ling Li
- Changchun Obstetrics-Gynecology Hospital, Changchun, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shou-Meng Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tian-Yu Gao
- Changchun Health Supervision Institute, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Yao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Kamga YM, Ngunde JP, Akoachere JFKT. Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and associated risk factors in pregnant women receiving antenatal care at the Kumba Health District (KHD), Cameroon. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2019; 19:166. [PMID: 31077161 PMCID: PMC6511194 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-019-2312-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common reproductive tract disorder in women of child bearing age, accounting for one third of vaginal infections. It is characterized by an increase in vaginal pH, decreased Lactobacilli, and overgrowth of facultative and anaerobic bacteria. Studies have consistently shown BV to be a risk factor for adverse obstetric and gynecological outcomes. BV is believed to play a critical role in the transmission of sexually transmitted infections. Its aetiology and risk factors are poorly understood. This study determined the prevalence and risk factors for BV among pregnant women in Kumba Health District (KHD) Cameroon to generate findings that could guide the design of interventions for prevention of infection and associated poor pregnancy outcomes. Methods A structured questionnaire was administered to 309 women seeking antenatal care (ANC) in three health facilities in KHD between May to July 2016, to capture data on demographic, gynecological and obstetric characteristics, and hygiene behavior. High vaginal swabs (HVS) collected from these women were gram stained, examined under a microscope and BV evaluated by Nugent scoring. Chi square (χ2) test was used to determine the relationship between BV and factors investigated. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results The prevalence of BV was 26.2%. Nine point 1 % of participants had a mixed infection with Candida. BV was higher (29.5%) in participants from the rural area (χ2 = 8.609. P = 0.014), those who did not use antibiotics (31.9%) prior to the study (χ2 = 12.893, P = 0.002) and women with no history of a genital tract infection (χ2 = 18.154, P = 0.001). There was a significant difference in prevalence with respect to gestation age (χ2 = 13.959, P = 0.007) with the highest occurring in women in the second trimester (31.7%). Women who practiced douching (χ2 = 23.935, P = 0.000) and those who did not wash pants with disinfectant (χ2 = 7.253, P = 0.027) had a high prevalence. Conclusion BV could be a health concern among pregnant women in study area. BV prevalence was affected by some hygiene behaviors, socio-demographic and clinical factors. Screening and treatment of positive cases during antenatal visits to prevent adverse outcomes, as well as education of women on vaginal hygiene is highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiewou Marguerithe Kamga
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
| | - John Palle Ngunde
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
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Aduloju OP, Akintayo AA, Aduloju T. Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy in a tertiary health institution, south western Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J 2019; 33:9. [PMID: 31303954 PMCID: PMC6607451 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2019.33.9.17926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common cause of vaginal discharge in women of child bearing age. Bacterial vaginosis has emerged as a global health issue due to the adverse outcome in pregnancy and in the puerperium. The study determined the prevalence of BV and outcome of delivery among pregnant women. Methods Socio-demographic data and vaginal swab samples were obtained from 362 consecutive pregnant women with abnormal vaginal discharge attending antenatal clinic in Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado-Ekiti. Data were analysed using SPSS statistical software 21 and association between variables was compared using Chi square. Results The prevalence of BV among pregnant women with abnormal vaginal discharge in this study was 16.6%. Age group 25-34yrs, multiparity and higher education were significantly associated with BV, p < 0.05. Symptoms such as vulvar itching, dyspareunia, lower abdominal pains and characteristic of vaginal discharge such as colour and consistency were significantly associated with BV, p < 0.05. Women with bacterial vaginosis significantly had prelabour rupture of fetal membrane and their babies were born prematurely with low birth weight and Apgar score of less than 5 at one minute, p < 0.05. However, there was no difference statistically in rate of admission into special care baby unit among the women, p > 0.05. Conclusion The findings of this study suggest that there should be screening for BV in pregnant women presenting with abnormal vaginal discharge so that they could be treated accordingly. This will mitigate the complications arising from bacterial vaginosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusola Peter Aduloju
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | | | - Tolulope Aduloju
- Medical Social Services Department, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
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Accuracy of the BD MAX™ vaginal panel in the diagnosis of infectious vaginitis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 38:877-882. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-019-03480-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Geller RJ, Brotman RM, O'Brien KM, Fine DM, Zota AR. Phthalate exposure and odds of bacterial vaginosis among U.S. reproductive-aged women, NHANES 2001-2004. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 82:1-9. [PMID: 30208335 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals, such as phthalates, are an unexamined potential risk factor for bacterial vaginosis (BV) and warrant investigation because hormones affect BV. We examined the association between phthalate exposure and BV in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001-2004. BV outcomes were defined as intermediate (Nugent score of 4-6) and positive (7-10). Phthalate metabolites, including monoethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites, were measured in urine. Among 854 women with complete data, multinomial logistic regression revealed that concentrations of MnBP (Q4 vs. Q1 OR = 3.01, 95% CI 1.76-5.15, p-trend <0.001) and ΣDEHP metabolites (Q4 OR = 2.55, 95% CI 1.45-4.47, p-trend = 0.03) were associated with Nugent-score BV, although only MnBP was significant after adjustment for confounders. Associations were null after adjustment for urinary creatinine (MnBP Q4 OR = 1.11, 95% CI 0.63-1.96; ΣDEHP Q4 OR = 0.72, 95% CI 0.37-1.39). Future work should further examine these relationships using direct measurements of intravaginal phthalates exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth J Geller
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rebecca M Brotman
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Katie M O'Brien
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Derek M Fine
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ami R Zota
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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Yu F, Tang YT, Hu ZQ, Lin XN. Analysis of the Vaginal Microecological Status and Genital Tract Infection Characteristics of 751 Pregnant Women. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:5338-5345. [PMID: 30065240 PMCID: PMC6085980 DOI: 10.12659/msm.909051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to analyze the differences in vaginal microecological factors and genital tract infections among pregnant women of different ages. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study included 751 pregnant women from West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, China, from January 2015 to April 2017. After gram staining, the vaginal microecological factors of these cases were observed, including vaginal cleanliness, lactobacillus number, bacterial density, flora diversity, dominant bacteria, pH, clue cells, Candida species, and Trichomonas vaginalis. RESULTS There was no significant difference in bacterial density, flora diversity, vaginal cleanliness, or lactobacillus number among pregnant women of different age groups. Of the 32.62% of pregnant women who had genital tract infections, the incidence of bacterial vaginosis, Candida albicans infection, non-albicans Candida infection, and T. vaginalis infection were 20.91%, 14.91%, 4.26%, and 1.73%, respectively. The amalgamative incidence of bacterial vaginosis was 9.19%. The incidence of non-albicans Candida infection in the optimum reproductive age group was higher than in the older age group (P=0.0433). The incidence of T. vaginalis infection in the younger age group was higher than in the optimum reproductive age group and higher than in the older age group (P=0.0010 and P=0.0041). CONCLUSIONS The microecological status of pregnant women was basically the same as that of normal women. The most frequent genital tract infection was bacterial vaginosis. While bacterial vaginosis is amalgamative with vulvovaginal candidiasis and T. vaginalis infection, there was no significant difference in vaginal microecological observations among pregnant women in different age groups except that the non-albicans Candida infection incidence in the optimum reproductive age group and the T. vaginalis infection incidence in the younger age group was higher than in the other groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Yuan-Ting Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Zheng-Qiang Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Xiao-Neng Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
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