1
|
Ospel JM, Dmytriw AA, Regenhardt RW, Patel AB, Hirsch JA, Kurz M, Goyal M, Ganesh A. Recent developments in pre-hospital and in-hospital triage for endovascular stroke treatment. J Neurointerv Surg 2023; 15:1065-1071. [PMID: 36241225 DOI: 10.1136/jnis-2021-018547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Triage describes the assignment of resources based on where they can be best used, are most needed, or are most likely to achieve success. Triage is of particular importance in time-critical conditions such as acute ischemic stroke. In this setting, one of the goals of triage is to minimize the delay to endovascular thrombectomy (EVT), without delaying intravenous thrombolysis or other time-critical treatments including patients who cannot benefit from EVT. EVT triage is highly context-specific, and depends on availability of financial resources, staff resources, local infrastructure, and geography. Furthermore, the EVT triage landscape is constantly changing, as EVT indications evolve and new neuroimaging methods, EVT technologies, and adjunctive medical treatments are developed and refined. This review provides an overview of recent developments in EVT triage at both the pre-hospital and in-hospital stages. We discuss pre-hospital large vessel occlusion detection tools, transport paradigms, in-hospital workflows, acute stroke neuroimaging protocols, and angiography suite workflows. The most important factor in EVT triage, however, is teamwork. Irrespective of any new technology, EVT triage will only reach optimal performance if all team members, including paramedics, nurses, technologists, emergency physicians, neurologists, radiologists, neurosurgeons, and anesthesiologists, are involved and engaged. Thus, building sustainable relationships through continuous efforts and hands-on training forms an integral part in ensuring rapid and efficient EVT triage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Ospel
- Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Adam A Dmytriw
- Neuroendovascular Program, Massachusetts General Hospital & Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Neurointerventional Program, Departments of Medical Imaging & Clinical Neurological Sciences, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Aman B Patel
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Martin Kurz
- Neurology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Mayank Goyal
- Diagnostic Imaging, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aravind Ganesh
- Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
|
3
|
McDonough R, Ospel J, Goyal M. State of the Art Stroke Imaging: A Current Perspective. Can Assoc Radiol J 2021; 73:371-383. [PMID: 34569306 DOI: 10.1177/08465371211028823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute stroke is a widespread, debilitating disease. Fortunately, it also has one of the most effective therapeutic options available in medicine, endovascular treatment. Imaging plays a major role in the diagnosis of stroke and aids in appropriate therapy selection. Given the rapid accumulation of evidence for patient subgroups and concurrent broadening of therapeutic options and indications, it is important to recognize the benefits of certain imaging technologies for specific situations. An effective imaging protocol should: 1) be fast, 2) easily implementable, 3) produce reliable results, 4) have few contraindications, and 5) be safe, all with the goal of providing the patient the best chance of achieving a favorable outcome. In the following, we provide a review of the currently available imaging technologies, their advantages and disadvantages, as well as an overview of the future of stroke imaging. Finally, we offer a perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie McDonough
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Foothills Medical Center, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Johanna Ospel
- Division of Neuroradiology, Clinic of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mayank Goyal
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Foothills Medical Center, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fassbender K, Merzou F, Lesmeister M, Walter S, Grunwald IQ, Ragoschke-Schumm A, Bertsch T, Grotta J. Impact of mobile stroke units. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2021; 92:jnnp-2020-324005. [PMID: 34035130 PMCID: PMC8292607 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2020-324005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Since its first introduction in clinical practice in 2008, the concept of mobile stroke unit enabling prehospital stroke treatment has rapidly expanded worldwide. This review summarises current knowledge in this young field of stroke research, discussing topics such as benefits in reduction of delay before treatment, vascular imaging-based triage of patients with large-vessel occlusion in the field, differential blood pressure management or prehospital antagonisation of anticoagulants. However, before mobile stroke units can become routine, several questions remain to be answered. Current research, therefore, focuses on safety, long-term medical benefit, best setting and cost-efficiency as crucial determinants for the sustainability of this novel strategy of acute stroke management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Fassbender
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Fatma Merzou
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Martin Lesmeister
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Silke Walter
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Saarland, Germany
| | - Iris Quasar Grunwald
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical School, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, UK
- Division of Imaging Science and Technology, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | | | - Thomas Bertsch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Paracelsus Private Medical University-Nuremberg Campus, Nuremberg, Bayern, Germany
| | - James Grotta
- Department of Neurology, Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xu J, Chen J, Yu W, Zhang H, Wang F, Zhuang W, Yang J, Bai Z, Xu L, Sun J, Jin G, Nian Y, Qin M, Chen M. Noninvasive and portable stroke type discrimination and progress monitoring based on a multichannel microwave transmitting-receiving system. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21647. [PMID: 33303768 PMCID: PMC7728752 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78647-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The hemorrhagic and the ischemic types of stroke have similar symptoms in the early stage, but their treatments are completely different. The timely and effective discrimination of the two types of stroke can considerable improve the patients' prognosis. In this paper, a 16-channel and noncontact microwave-based stroke detection system was proposed and demonstrated for the potential differentiation of the hemorrhagic and the ischemic stroke. In animal experiments, 10 rabbits were divided into two groups. One group consisted of five cerebral hemorrhage models, and the other group consisted of five cerebral ischemia models. The two groups were monitored by the system to obtain the Euclidean distance transform value of microwave scattering parameters caused by pathological changes in the brain. The support vector machine was used to identify the type and the severity of the stroke. Based on the experiment, a discrimination accuracy of 96% between hemorrhage and ischemia stroke was achieved. Furthermore, the potential of monitoring the progress of intracerebral hemorrhage or ischemia was evaluated. The discrimination of different degrees of intracerebral hemorrhage achieved 86.7% accuracy, and the discrimination of different severities of ischemia achieved 94% accuracy. Compared with that with multiple channels, the discrimination accuracy of the stroke severity with a single channel was only 50% for the intracerebral hemorrhage and ischemia stroke. The study showed that the microwave-based stroke detection system can effectively distinguish between the cerebral hemorrhage and the cerebral ischemia models. This system is very promising for the prehospital identification of the stroke type due to its low cost, noninvasiveness, and ease of operation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xu
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingbo Chen
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yu
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Haisheng Zhang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Wang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhuang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zelin Bai
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Xu
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Sun
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Gui Jin
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjian Nian
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxin Qin
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mingsheng Chen
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Maas WJ, Lahr MMH, Buskens E, van der Zee DJ, Uyttenboogaart M. Pathway Design for Acute Stroke Care in the Era of Endovascular Thrombectomy: A Critical Overview of Optimization Efforts. Stroke 2020; 51:3452-3460. [PMID: 33070713 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.030392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of intravenous thrombolysis and endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) for acute ischemic stroke is highly time dependent. Optimal organization of acute stroke care is therefore important to reduce treatment delays but has become more complex after the introduction of EVT as regular treatment for large vessel occlusions. There is no singular optimal organizational model that can be generalized to different geographic regions worldwide. Current dominant organizational models for EVT include the drip-and-ship- and mothership model. Guidelines recommend routing of suspected patients with stroke to the nearest intravenous thrombolysis capable facility; however, the choice of routing to a certain model should depend on regional stroke service organization and individual patient characteristics. In general, design approaches for organizing stroke care are required, in which 2 key strategies could be considered. The first entails the identification of interventions within existing organizational models for optimizing timely delivery of intravenous thrombolysis and/or EVT. This includes adaptive patient routing toward a comprehensive stroke center, which focuses particularly on prehospital triage tools; bringing intravenous thrombolysis or EVT to the location of the patient; and expediting services and processes along the stroke pathway. The second strategy is to develop analytical or simulation model-based approaches enabling the design and evaluation of organizational models before their implementation. Organizational models for acute stroke care need to take regional and patient characteristics into account and can most efficiently be assessed and optimized through the application of model-based approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Willemijn J Maas
- Department of Neurology (W.J.M., M.U.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Health Technology Assessment unit (W.J.M., M.M.H.L., E.B.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten M H Lahr
- Department of Epidemiology, Health Technology Assessment unit (W.J.M., M.M.H.L., E.B.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Erik Buskens
- Department of Epidemiology, Health Technology Assessment unit (W.J.M., M.M.H.L., E.B.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Operations, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, the Netherlands (E.B., D.-J.v.d.Z.)
| | - Durk-Jouke van der Zee
- Department of Operations, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, the Netherlands (E.B., D.-J.v.d.Z.)
| | - Maarten Uyttenboogaart
- Department of Neurology (W.J.M., M.U.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center (M.U.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lopez-Rivera V, Abdelkhaleq R, Yamal JM, Singh N, Savitz SI, Czap AL, Alderazi Y, Chen PR, Grotta JC, Blackburn S, Spiegel G, Dannenbaum MJ, Wu TC, Yoo AJ, McCullough LD, Sheth SA. Impact of Initial Imaging Protocol on Likelihood of Endovascular Stroke Therapy. Stroke 2020; 51:3055-3063. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.030122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose:
Noncontrast head CT and CT perfusion (CTP) are both used to screen for endovascular stroke therapy (EST), but the impact of imaging strategy on likelihood of EST is undetermined. Here, we examine the influence of CTP utilization on likelihood of EST in patients with large vessel occlusion (LVO).
Methods:
We identified patients with acute ischemic stroke at 4 comprehensive stroke centers. All 4 hospitals had 24/7 CTP and EST capability and were covered by a single physician group (Neurology, NeuroIntervention, NeuroICU). All centers performed noncontrast head CT and CT angiography in the initial evaluation. One center also performed CTP routinely with high CTP utilization (CTP-H), and the others performed CTP optionally with lower utilization (CTP-L). Primary outcome was likelihood of EST. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine whether facility type (CTP-H versus CTP-L) was associated with EST adjusting for age, prestroke mRS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score, LVO location, time window, and intravenous tPA (tissue-type plasminogen activator).
Results:
Among 3107 patients with acute ischemic stroke, 715 had LVO, of which 403 (56%) presented to CTP-H and 312 (44%) presented to CTP-L. CTP utilization among LVO patients was greater at CTP-H centers (72% versus 18%, CTP-H versus CTP-L,
P
<0.01). In univariable analysis, EST rates for patients with LVO were similar between CTP-H versus CTP-L (46% versus 49%). In multivariable analysis, patients with LVO were less likely to undergo EST at CTP-H (odds ratio, 0.59 [0.41–0.85]). This finding was maintained in multiple patient subsets including late time window, anterior circulation LVO, and direct presentation patients. Ninety-day functional independence (odds ratio, 1.04 [0.70–1.54]) was not different, nor were rates of post-EST PH-2 hemorrhage (1% versus 1%).
Conclusions:
We identified an increased likelihood for undergoing EST in centers with lower CTP utilization, which was not associated with worse clinical outcomes or increased hemorrhage. These findings suggest under-treatment bias with routine CTP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Lopez-Rivera
- Department of Neurology (V.L.-R., R.A., S.I.S., A.L.C., Y.A., G.S., T.-C.W., L.D.M., S.A.S.)
| | - Rania Abdelkhaleq
- Department of Neurology (V.L.-R., R.A., S.I.S., A.L.C., Y.A., G.S., T.-C.W., L.D.M., S.A.S.)
| | - Jose-Miguel Yamal
- School of Public Health (J.-M.Y., N.S.), UTHealth, Houston, TX
- Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease (J.-M.Y., S.I.S., A.L.C., Y.A., P.R.C., J.C.G., S.B., S.A.S.), UTHealth, Houston, TX
| | - Noopur Singh
- School of Public Health (J.-M.Y., N.S.), UTHealth, Houston, TX
| | - Sean I. Savitz
- Department of Neurology (V.L.-R., R.A., S.I.S., A.L.C., Y.A., G.S., T.-C.W., L.D.M., S.A.S.)
- Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease (J.-M.Y., S.I.S., A.L.C., Y.A., P.R.C., J.C.G., S.B., S.A.S.), UTHealth, Houston, TX
| | - Alexandra L. Czap
- Department of Neurology (V.L.-R., R.A., S.I.S., A.L.C., Y.A., G.S., T.-C.W., L.D.M., S.A.S.)
- Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease (J.-M.Y., S.I.S., A.L.C., Y.A., P.R.C., J.C.G., S.B., S.A.S.), UTHealth, Houston, TX
| | - Yazan Alderazi
- Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease (J.-M.Y., S.I.S., A.L.C., Y.A., P.R.C., J.C.G., S.B., S.A.S.), UTHealth, Houston, TX
| | - Peng R. Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery of McGovern Medical School (P.R.C., S.B., M.J.D.), UTHealth, Houston, TX
- Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease (J.-M.Y., S.I.S., A.L.C., Y.A., P.R.C., J.C.G., S.B., S.A.S.), UTHealth, Houston, TX
| | - James C. Grotta
- Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease (J.-M.Y., S.I.S., A.L.C., Y.A., P.R.C., J.C.G., S.B., S.A.S.), UTHealth, Houston, TX
- Clinical Innovation and Research Institute, Memorial Hermann Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston (J.C.G.)
| | - Spiros Blackburn
- Department of Neurosurgery of McGovern Medical School (P.R.C., S.B., M.J.D.), UTHealth, Houston, TX
- Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease (J.-M.Y., S.I.S., A.L.C., Y.A., P.R.C., J.C.G., S.B., S.A.S.), UTHealth, Houston, TX
| | - Gary Spiegel
- Department of Neurology (V.L.-R., R.A., S.I.S., A.L.C., Y.A., G.S., T.-C.W., L.D.M., S.A.S.)
| | - Mark J. Dannenbaum
- Department of Neurosurgery of McGovern Medical School (P.R.C., S.B., M.J.D.), UTHealth, Houston, TX
| | - Tzu-Ching Wu
- Department of Neurology (V.L.-R., R.A., S.I.S., A.L.C., Y.A., G.S., T.-C.W., L.D.M., S.A.S.)
| | | | - Louise D. McCullough
- Department of Neurology (V.L.-R., R.A., S.I.S., A.L.C., Y.A., G.S., T.-C.W., L.D.M., S.A.S.)
| | - Sunil A. Sheth
- Department of Neurology (V.L.-R., R.A., S.I.S., A.L.C., Y.A., G.S., T.-C.W., L.D.M., S.A.S.)
- Institute for Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease (J.-M.Y., S.I.S., A.L.C., Y.A., P.R.C., J.C.G., S.B., S.A.S.), UTHealth, Houston, TX
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Turner AC, Schwamm LH, Etherton MR. Acute ischemic stroke: improving access to intravenous tissue plasminogen activator. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2020; 18:277-287. [PMID: 32323590 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2020.1759422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since approval by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 1996, alteplase utilization rates for acute ischemic stroke have increased. Despite its efficacy for improving stroke outcomes, however, the majority of ischemic stroke patients still do not receive alteplase. To address this issue, different methods for improving access to alteplase have been tested with varying degrees of success. AREAS COVERED This article gives an overview of the recent approaches pursued to improve access to alteplase for acute ischemic stroke patients. Utilization of stroke systems of care, quality metrics, and quality-improvement initiatives to improve alteplase treatment rates are discussed. The implementation of Telestroke networks to improve access and timely evaluation by a stroke specialist are also reviewed. Lastly, this review discusses the use of neuroimaging techniques to identify alteplase candidates in stroke of unknown symptom onset or beyond the 4.5-h treatment window. EXPERT COMMENTARY Expanding access to alteplase therapy for acute ischemic stroke is a multi-faceted approach. Specific considerations based on region, population, and health-care resources should be considered for each strategy. Neuroimaging approaches to identify alteplase-eligible patients beyond the 4.5-h treatment window are a recent development in acute stroke care that holds promise for increasing alteplase treatment rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashby C Turner
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lee H Schwamm
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark R Etherton
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Mobile stroke units (MSUs) have revolutionized emergency stroke care by delivering pre-hospital thrombolysis faster than conventional ambulance transport and in-hospital treatment. This review discusses the history of MSUs technological development, current operations and research, cost-effectiveness, and future directions. RECENT FINDINGS Multiple prospective and retrospective studies have shown that MSUs deliver acute ischemic stroke treatment with intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (IV r-tPA) approximately 30 min faster than conventional care. The 90-day modified Rankin Scores for patients who received IV r-tPA on the MSU compared to conventional care were not statistically different in the PHANTOM-S study. Two German studies suggest that the MSU model is cost-effective by reducing disability and improving adjusted quality-life years post-stroke. The ongoing BEST-MSU trial will be the first multicenter, randomized controlled study that will shed light on MSUs' impact on long-term neurologic outcomes and cost-effectiveness. MSUs are effective in reducing treatment times in acute ischemic stroke without increasing adverse events. MSUs could potentially improve treatment times in large vessel occlusion and intracranial hemorrhage. Further studies are needed to assess functional outcomes and cost-effectiveness. Clinical trials are ongoing internationally.
Collapse
|
10
|
Shuaib A, Jeerakathil T. The mobile stroke unit and management of acute stroke in rural settings. CMAJ 2019; 190:E855-E858. [PMID: 30012801 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.170999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ashfaq Shuaib
- Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.
| | - Thomas Jeerakathil
- Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Martinez-Gutierrez JC, Chandra RV, Hirsch JA, Leslie-Mazwi T. Technological innovation for prehospital stroke triage: ripe for disruption. J Neurointerv Surg 2019; 11:1085-1090. [DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2019-014902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundWith the benefit of mechanical thrombectomy firmly established, the focus has shifted to improved delivery of care. Reducing time from symptom onset to reperfusion is a primary goal. Technology promises tremendous opportunities in the prehospital space to achieve this goal.MethodsThis review explores existing, fledgling, and potential future technologies for application in the prehospital space.ResultsThe opportunity for technology to improve stroke care resides in the detection, evaluation, triage, and transport of patients to an appropriate healthcare facility. Most prehospital technology remains in the early stages of design and implementation.ConclusionThe major challenges to tackle for future improvement in prehospital stroke care are that of public awareness, emergency medical service detection, and triage, and improved systems of stroke care. Thoughtfully applied technology will transform all these areas.
Collapse
|
12
|
El-Ghanem M, Gomez FE, Koul P, Nuoman R, Santarelli JG, Amuluru K, Gandhi CD, Cohen ER, Meyers P, Al-Mufti F. Mandatory Neuroendovascular Evolution: Meeting the New Demands. INTERVENTIONAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 8:69-81. [PMID: 32231697 DOI: 10.1159/000495075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Traditionally, patients undergoing acute ischemic strokes were candidates for mechanical thrombectomy if they were within the 6-h window from onset of symptoms. This timeframe would exclude many patient populations, such as wake-up strokes. However, the most recent clinical trials, DAWN and DEFUSE3, have expanded the window of endovascular treatment for acute ischemic stroke patients to within 24 h from symptom onset. This expanded window increases the number of potential candidates for endovascular intervention for emergent large vessel occlusions and raises the question of how to efficiently screen and triage this increase of patients. Summary Abbreviated pre-hospital stroke scales can be used to guide EMS personnel in quickly deciding if a patient is undergoing a stroke. Telestroke networks connect remote hospitals to stroke specialists to improve the transportation time of the patient to a comprehensive stroke center for the appropriate level of care. Mobile stroke units, mobile interventional units, and helistroke reverse the traditional hub-and-spoke model by bringing imaging, tPA, and expertise to the patient. Smartphone applications and social media aid in educating patients and the public regarding acute and long-term stroke care. Key Messages The DAWN and DEFUSE3 trials have expanded the treatment window for certain acute ischemic stroke patients with mechanical thrombectomy and subsequently have increased the number of potential candidates for endovascular intervention. This expansion brings patient screening and triaging to greater importance, as reducing the time from symptom onset to decision-to-treat and groin puncture can better stroke patient outcomes. Several strategies have been employed to address this issue by reducing the time of symptom onset to decision-to-treat time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco E Gomez
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Prateeka Koul
- Department of Internal Medicine, Stamford Hospital, Stamford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rolla Nuoman
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Justin G Santarelli
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York Medical College, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Krishna Amuluru
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Hamot, Great Lakes Neurosurgery and Neurointervention, Erie, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chirag D Gandhi
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York Medical College, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Eric R Cohen
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Philip Meyers
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Fawaz Al-Mufti
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York Medical College, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kellner CP, Sauvageau E, Snyder KV, Fargen KM, Arthur AS, Turner RD, Alexandrov AV. The VITAL study and overall pooled analysis with the VIPS non-invasive stroke detection device. J Neurointerv Surg 2018; 10:1079-1084. [PMID: 29511114 PMCID: PMC6227797 DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2017-013690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Effective triage of patients with emergent large vessel occlusion (ELVO) to endovascular therapy capable centers may decrease time to treatment and improve outcome for these patients. Here we performed a derivation study to evaluate the accuracy of a portable, non-invasive, and easy to use severe stroke detector. METHODS The volumetric impedance phase shift spectroscopy (VIPS) device was used to assign a bioimpedance asymmetry score to 248 subjects across three cohorts, including 41 subjects presenting as acute stroke codes at a major comprehensive stroke center (CSC), 79 healthy volunteers, and 128 patients presenting to CSCs with a wide variety of brain pathology including additional stroke codes. Diagnostic parameters were calculated for the ability of the device to discern (1) severe stroke from minor stroke and (2) severe stroke from all other subjects. Patients with intracranial hardware were excluded from the analysis. RESULTS The VIPS device was able to differentiate severe stroke from minor strokes with a sensitivity of 93% (95% CI 83 to 98), specificity of 92% (95% CI 75 to 99), and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.93 (95% CI 0.85 to 0.97). The device was able to differentiate severe stroke from all other subjects with a sensitivity of 93% (95% CI 83 to 98), specificity of 87% (95% CI 81 to 92), and an AUC of 0.95 (95% CI 0.89 to 0.96). CONCLUSION The VIPS device is a portable, non-invasive, and easy to use tool that may aid in the detection of severe stroke, including ELVO, with a sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 92% in this derivation study. This device has the potential to improve the triage of patients suffering severe stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Sauvageau
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lyerly Neurosurgery, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Kenneth V Snyder
- University at Buffalo, Department of Neurosurgery, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Kyle M Fargen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Adam S Arthur
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center and Semmes-Murphey Clinic, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Raymond D Turner
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Mount Pleasant, South Carolina, USA
| | - Andrei V Alexandrov
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center and Semmes-Murphey Clinic, Memphis, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Aortic injury remains a major contributor to morbidity and mortality from acute thoracic trauma. While such injuries were once nearly uniformly fatal, the advent of cross-sectional imaging in recent years has facilitated rapid diagnosis and triage, greatly improving outcomes. In fact, cross-sectional imaging is now the diagnostic test of choice for traumatic aortic injury (TAI), specifically computed tomography angiography (CTA) in the acute setting and CTA or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) in follow-up. In this review, we present an up-to-date discussion of acute traumatic thoracic aortic injury with a focus on optimal and emerging CT/MR techniques, imaging findings of TAI, and potential pitfalls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lewis D Hahn
- 1 Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Anand M Prabhakar
- 2 Divisions of Cardiovascular and Emergency Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Evan J Zucker
- 1 Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cramer A, Hecla J, Wu D, Lai X, Boers T, Yang K, Moulton T, Kenyon S, Arzoumanian Z, Krull W, Gendreau K, Gupta R. Stationary Computed Tomography for Space and other Resource-constrained Environments. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14195. [PMID: 30242169 PMCID: PMC6155104 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32505-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) is used to diagnose many emergent medical conditions, including stroke and traumatic brain injuries. Unfortunately, the size, weight, and expense of CT systems make them largely inaccessible for patients outside of major hospitals. We have designed a module containing multiple miniature x-ray sources that could allow for CT systems to be significantly lighter, smaller, and cheaper, and to operate without any moving parts. We have developed a novel photocathode-based x-ray source, created by depositing a thin film of magnesium on an electron multiplier. When illuminated by a UV LED, this photocathode emits a beam of electrons, with a beam current of up to 1 mA. The produced electrons are accelerated through a high voltage to a tungsten target. These sources are individually addressable and can be pulsed rapidly, through electronic control of the LEDs. Seven of these sources are housed together in a 17.5 degree arc within a custom vacuum manifold. A full ring of these modules could be used for CT imaging. By pulsing the sources in series, we are able to demonstrate x-ray tomosynthesis without any moving parts. With a clinical flat-panel detector, we demonstrate 3D acquisition and reconstructions of a cadaver swine lung.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avilash Cramer
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, 20115, USA.
| | - Jake Hecla
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 02139, USA
| | - Dufan Wu
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, 20115, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, USA
| | - Xiaochun Lai
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, 20115, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, USA
| | - Tim Boers
- University of Twente, Enschede, 7522, NB, Netherlands
| | - Kai Yang
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, 20115, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, USA
| | - Tim Moulton
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, USA.,Consortia for Improving Medicine with Innovative Technology, Boston, 02114, USA
| | - Steven Kenyon
- NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, 02771, USA
| | | | - Wolfgang Krull
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, USA.,Consortia for Improving Medicine with Innovative Technology, Boston, 02114, USA
| | - Keith Gendreau
- NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, 02771, USA
| | - Rajiv Gupta
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, 20115, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, 02114, USA.,Consortia for Improving Medicine with Innovative Technology, Boston, 02114, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chartrain AG, Shoirah H, Jauch EC, Mocco J. A review of acute ischemic stroke triage protocol evidence: a context for discussion. J Neurointerv Surg 2018; 10:1047-1052. [PMID: 30002087 DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2018-013951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) is now the standard of care for eligible patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) secondary to emergent large vessel occlusion (ELVO). However, there remains uncertainty in how hospital systems can most efficiently route patients with suspected ELVO for EVT treatment. Given the relative geographic distribution of centers with and without endovascular capabilities, the value of prehospital triage directly to centers with the ability to provide EVT remains debated. While there are no randomized trial data available to date, there is substantial evidence in the literature that may offer guidance on the subject. In this review we examine the available data in the context of improving the existing AIS triage systems and discuss how prehospital triage directly to endovascular-capable centers may confer clinical benefits for patients with suspected ELVO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hazem Shoirah
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Edward C Jauch
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - J Mocco
- Department of Neurosurgery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
van Gaal S, Demchuk A. Clinical and Technological Approaches to the Prehospital Diagnosis of Large Vessel Occlusion. Stroke 2018. [PMID: 29540610 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.117.017947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen van Gaal
- From the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (S.v.G.); and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (A.D.).
| | - Andrew Demchuk
- From the Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (S.v.G.); and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada (A.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Schlemm L, Schlemm E. Clinical benefit of improved Prehospital stroke scales to detect stroke patients with large vessel occlusions: results from a conditional probabilistic model. BMC Neurol 2018; 18:16. [PMID: 29427993 PMCID: PMC5807751 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-018-1021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clinical scales to detect large vessel occlusion (LVO) may help to determine the optimal transport destination for patients with suspected acute ischemic stroke (AIS). The clinical benefit associated with improved diagnostic accuracy of these scales has not been quantified. Methods We used a previously reported conditional model to estimate the probability of good outcome (modified Rankin scale sore ≤2) for patients with AIS and unknown vessel status occurring in regions with greater proximity to a primary than to a comprehensive stroke center. Optimal rapid arterial occlusion evaluation (RACE) scale cutoff scores were calculated based on time-dependent effect-size estimates from recent randomized controlled trials. Probabilities of good outcome were compared between a triage strategy based on these cutoffs and a strategy based on a hypothetical perfect LVO detection tool with 100% diagnostic accuracy. Results In our model, the additional benefit of a perfect LVO detection tool as compared to optimal transport-time dependent RACE cutoff scores ranges from 0 to 5%. It is largest for patients with medium stroke symptom severity (RACE score 5) and in geographic environments with longer transfer time between the primary and comprehensive stroke center. Conclusion Based on a probabilistic conditional model, the results of our simulation indicate that more accurate prehospital clinical LVO detections scales may be associated with only modest improvements in the expected probability of good outcome for patients with suspected acute ischemic stroke and unknown vessel status. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12883-018-1021-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Schlemm
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany. .,Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany. .,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany. .,London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK.
| | - Eckhard Schlemm
- Universität Hamburg, Medizinische Fakultät, Hamburg, Germany.,Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Kopf- und Neurozentrum, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kettner M, Helwig SA, Ragoschke-Schumm A, Schwindling L, Roumia S, Keller I, Martens D, Kulikovski J, Manitz M, Lesmeister M, Walter S, Grunwald IQ, Schlechtriemen T, Reith W, Fassbender K. Prehospital Computed Tomography Angiography in Acute Stroke Management. Cerebrovasc Dis 2017; 44:338-343. [PMID: 29130951 DOI: 10.1159/000484097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An ambulance equipped with a computed tomography (CT) scanner, a point-of-care laboratory, and telemedicine capabilities (mobile stroke unit [MSU]) has been shown to enable the delivery of thrombolysis to stroke patients directly at the emergency site, thereby significantly decreasing time to treatment. However, work-up in an MSU that includes CT angiography (CTA) may also potentially facilitate triage of patients directly to the appropriate target hospital and specialized treatment, according to their individual vascular pathology. METHODS Our institution manages a program investigating the prehospital management of patients with suspicion of acute stroke. Here, we report a range of scenarios in which prehospital CTA could be relevant in triaging patients to the appropriate target hospital and to the individually required treatment. RESULTS Prehospital CTA by use of an MSU allowed to detect large vessel occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in one patient with ischemic stroke and occlusion of the basilar artery in another, thereby allowing rational triage to comprehensive stroke centers for immediate intra-arterial treatment. In complementary cases, prehospital imaging not only allowed diagnosis of parenchymal hemorrhage with a spot sign indicating ongoing bleeding in one patient and of subarachnoid hemorrhage in another but also clarified the underlying vascular pathology, which was relevant for subsequent triage decisions. CONCLUSION Defining the vascular pathology by CTA directly at the emergency site may be beneficial in triaging patients with various cerebrovascular diseases to the most appropriate target hospital and specialized treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Kettner
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany.,Department of Neuroradiology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Lenka Schwindling
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Safwan Roumia
- Department of Neuroradiology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Isabel Keller
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Martens
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Johann Kulikovski
- Department of Neuroradiology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Manitz
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Martin Lesmeister
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Silke Walter
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Iris Quasar Grunwald
- Department of Neuroscience, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Wolfgang Reith
- Department of Neuroradiology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Fassbender
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Purrucker JC, Härtig F, Richter H, Engelbrecht A, Hartmann J, Auer J, Hametner C, Popp E, Ringleb PA, Nagel S, Poli S. Design and validation of a clinical scale for prehospital stroke recognition, severity grading and prediction of large vessel occlusion: the shortened NIH Stroke Scale for emergency medical services. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e016893. [PMID: 28864702 PMCID: PMC5589005 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop an NIH Stroke Scale (NIHSS)-compatible, all-in-one scale for rapid and comprehensive prehospital stroke assessment including stroke recognition, severity grading and progression monitoring as well as prediction of large vessel occlusion (LVO). METHODS Emergency medical services (EMS) personnel and stroke physicians (n=326) rated each item of the NIHSS regarding suitability for prehospital use; best rated items were included. Stroke recognition was evaluated retrospectively in 689 consecutive patients with acute stroke or stroke mimics, prediction of LVO in 741 consecutive patients with ischaemic stroke with acute vessel imaging independent of admission NIHSS score. RESULTS Nine of the NIHSS items were rated as 'suitable for prehospital use.' After excluding two items in order to increase specificity, the final scale (termed shortened NIHSS for EMS, sNIHSS-EMS) consists of 'level of consciousness', 'facial palsy', 'motor arm/leg', 'sensory', 'language' and 'dysarthria'. Sensitivity for stroke recognition of the sNIHSS-EMS is 91% (95% CI 86 to 94), specificity 52% (95% CI 47 to 56). Receiver operating curve analysis revealed an optimal cut-off point for LVO prediction of ≥6 (sensitivity 70% (95% CI 65 to 76), specificity 81% (95% CI 76 to 84), positive predictive value 70 (95% CI 65 to 75), area under the curve 0.81 (95% CI 0.78 to 0.84)). Test characteristics were non-inferior to non-comprehensive scales. CONCLUSIONS The sNIHSS-EMS may overcome the sequential use of multiple emergency stroke scales by permitting parallel stroke recognition, severity grading and LVO prediction. Full NIHSS-item compatibility allows for evaluation of stroke progression starting at the prehospital phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Florian Härtig
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tuebingen University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hardy Richter
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tuebingen University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Engelbrecht
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Hartmann
- Department of Medical Informatics, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jonas Auer
- Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Hametner
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Erik Popp
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Simon Nagel
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven Poli
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tuebingen University Hospital, Tuebingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Advani R, Naess H, Kurz MW. The golden hour of acute ischemic stroke. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2017; 25:54. [PMID: 28532498 PMCID: PMC5440901 DOI: 10.1186/s13049-017-0398-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute Ischemic Stroke (AIS) treatment has been revolutionised in the last two decades with the increasing use of Intravenous Thrombolysis (IVT) and with the advent of Endovascular therapy (EVT). AIS treatment and outcome are time dependant and time saving measures are being implemented at every step of the treatment chain. These changes have resulted in lower treatment times in-hospital, but it is unclear if this translates into more patients being treated within 60 min of symptom onset – the Golden Hour. The clinical outcome of IVT therapy in this patient group was our secondary outcome. Methods From 2009 onwards, systematic changes were made to the AIS treatment chain leading to a dramatic decrease in Door-to-Needle (DTN) time. Analyses were performed on the number of these treatments year on year and their clinical outcomes within the Golden Hour at Stavanger University Hospital (SUS). Results Six-hundred and thirteen patients were included; seventy-three were treated within the Golden Hour. The percentage of total IVT treatments occurring in the Golden Hour rose from 2.2% in 2009 to 14.5% in 2015 (p = 0.006) with a high of 18.3% in 2012 (p < 0.001). All of these patients had a Median NIHSS of 0 at discharge, irrespective of age and pre-existing comorbidity. There was no incidence of any ICH and in-hospital mortality was only 2.7% in this group. Discussion The time from AIS symptom onset to treatment is filled with delays. Despite the inherence of some delays,significant efforts on the part of the pre- and in- hospital treatment chain have made IVT therapy within 60 min a possibility. The allocation and use of resources in the setting of rapid AIS treatment is warrantedand yields unprecedented results. Conclusions Our study shows that improved treatment routines led to an increase in the number of patients treated within the Golden Hour. Treatment in the Golden Hour leads to excellent outcomes in all patients, irrespective of age and pre-existing comorbidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Advani
- Department of Neurology, Stavanger University Hospital, Postboks 8100, Stavanger, 4068, Norway. .,Neuroscience Research Group, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway.
| | - Halvor Naess
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Martin W Kurz
- Department of Neurology, Stavanger University Hospital, Postboks 8100, Stavanger, 4068, Norway.,Neuroscience Research Group, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
El-Ghanem M, Al-Mufti F, Thulasi V, Singh IP, Gandhi C. Expanding the treatment window for ischemic stroke through the application of novel system-based technology. Neurosurg Focus 2017; 42:E7. [PMID: 28366056 DOI: 10.3171/2017.1.focus16515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recent randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the superiority of endovascular treatment (ET) over medical management in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke patients with anterior circulation emergent large vessel occlusions (ELVOs). Due to such accumulating evidence, expanding ET has become of paramount importance. Advancements in modern technology have enabled the use of mobile stroke units, telestroke networks, mobile neuroendovascular teams, and smartphone applications that shorten the time window to treatment and, thus, make patients more amenable to ET. Additionally, modifying stroke-screening tools to make them more accessible to first responders and the creation of stroke registries can provide further opportunities for ET.
Collapse
|
23
|
Alaraj A, Esfahani DR, Hussein AE, Darie I, Amin-Hanjani S, Slavin KV, Du X, Charbel FT. Neurosurgical Emergency Transfers: An Analysis of Deterioration and Mortality. Neurosurgery 2017; 81:240-250. [DOI: 10.1093/neuros/nyx012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
24
|
Southerland AM, Brandler ES. The cost-efficiency of mobile stroke units: Where the rubber meets the road. Neurology 2017; 88:1300-1301. [PMID: 28275085 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000003833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Southerland
- From the Departments of Neurology and Public Health Sciences (A.M.S.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; and Department of Emergency Medicine (E.S.B.), SUNY Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY.
| | - Ethan S Brandler
- From the Departments of Neurology and Public Health Sciences (A.M.S.), University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville; and Department of Emergency Medicine (E.S.B.), SUNY Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Although stroke declined from the third to fifth most common cause of death in the United States, the annual incidence and overall prevalence continue to increase. Since the available US Food and Drug Administration-approved treatment options are time dependent, improving early stroke care may have more of a public health impact than any other phase of care. Timely and efficient stroke treatment should be a priority for emergency department and prehospital providers. This article discusses currently available and emerging treatment options in acute ischemic stroke focusing on the preservation of salvageable brain tissue, minimizing complications, and secondary prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Siket
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 55 Claverick Street, 2nd Floor, Providence, RI 02903, USA.
| |
Collapse
|