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Butler T, Schubert J, Karakatsanis NA, Hugh Wang X, Xi K, Kang Y, Chen K, Zhou L, Fung EK, Patchell A, Jaywant A, Li Y, Chiang G, Glodzik L, Rusinek H, de Leon M, Turkheimer F, Shah SA. Brain Fluid Clearance After Traumatic Brain Injury Measured Using Dynamic Positron Emission Tomography. Neurotrauma Rep 2024; 5:359-366. [PMID: 38655117 PMCID: PMC11035850 DOI: 10.1089/neur.2024.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain fluid clearance by pathways including the recently described paravascular glymphatic system is a critical homeostatic mechanism by which metabolic products, toxins, and other wastes are removed from the brain. Brain fluid clearance may be especially important after traumatic brain injury (TBI), when blood, neuronal debris, inflammatory cells, and other substances can be released and/or deposited. Using a non-invasive dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) method that models the rate at which an intravenously injected radiolabeled molecule (in this case 11C-flumazenil) is cleared from ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), we estimated the overall efficiency of brain fluid clearance in humans who had experienced complicated-mild or moderate TBI 3-6 months before neuroimaging (n = 7) as compared to healthy controls (n = 9). While there was no significant difference in ventricular clearance between TBI subjects and controls, there was a significant group difference in dependence of ventricular clearance upon tracer delivery/blood flow to the ventricles. Specifically, in controls, ventricular clearance was highly, linearly dependent upon blood flow to the ventricle, but this relation was disrupted in TBI subjects. When accounting for blood flow and group-specific alterations in blood flow, ventricular clearance was slightly (non-significantly) increased in TBI subjects as compared to controls. Current results contrast with past studies showing reduced glymphatic function after TBI and are consistent with possible differential effects of TBI on glymphatic versus non-glymphatic clearance mechanisms. Further study using multi-modal methods capable of assessing and disentangling blood flow and different aspects of fluid clearance is needed to clarify clearance alterations after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Butler
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Julia Schubert
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Xiuyuan Hugh Wang
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ke Xi
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yeona Kang
- Department of Mathematics, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kewei Chen
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Liangdong Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Edward K. Fung
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Abigail Patchell
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Abhishek Jaywant
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gloria Chiang
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lidia Glodzik
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Henry Rusinek
- Department of Radiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mony de Leon
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Federico Turkheimer
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sudhin A. Shah
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Brown GC, Camacho M, Williams‐Gray CH. The Endotoxin Hypothesis of Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2023; 38:1143-1155. [PMID: 37157885 PMCID: PMC10947365 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The endotoxin hypothesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the idea that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxins contribute to the pathogenesis of this disorder. LPS endotoxins are found in, and released from, the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, for example in the gut. It is proposed that gut dysfunction in early PD leads to elevated LPS levels in the gut wall and blood, which promotes both α-synuclein aggregation in the enteric neurons and a peripheral inflammatory response. Communication to the brain via circulating LPS and cytokines in the blood and/or the gut-brain axis leads to neuroinflammation and spreading of α-synuclein pathology, exacerbating neurodegeneration in brainstem nuclei and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, and manifesting in the clinical symptoms of PD. The evidence supporting this hypothesis includes: (1) gut dysfunction, permeability, and bacterial changes occur early in PD, (2) serum levels of LPS are increased in a proportion of PD patients, (3) LPS induces α-synuclein expression, aggregation, and neurotoxicity, (4) LPS causes activation of peripheral monocytes leading to inflammatory cytokine production, and (5) blood LPS causes brain inflammation and specific loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, mediated by microglia. If the hypothesis is correct, then treatment options might include: (1) changing the gut microbiome, (2) reducing gut permeability, (3) reducing circulating LPS levels, or (4) blocking the response of immune cells and microglia to LPS. However, the hypothesis has a number of limitations and requires further testing, in particular whether reducing LPS levels can reduce PD incidence, progression, or severity. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy C. Brown
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Marta Camacho
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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Xu L, Hao LP, Yu J, Cheng SY, Li F, Ding SM, Zhang R. Curcumin protects against rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease in mice by inhibiting microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation and alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16195. [PMID: 37234646 PMCID: PMC10208821 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. Currently, treatment options can only relieve symptoms but cannot prevent, slow, or halt the neurodegenerative process of PD. Much evidence has suggested that microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is involved in the pathophysiology of PD. As an anti-inflammatory agent, curcumin may exert a neuroprotective effect on PD. However, its mechanism has yet to be demonstrated clearly. Our results indicated that curcumin alleviated rotenone-induced behavioral defects, dopamine neuron loss, and microglial activation. Besides, the NF-κB signaling pathway, the NLRP3 inflammasome, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-18 and IL-1β, contributed to the microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in PD. Furthermore, Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission causing mitochondrial dysfunction also had an etiological role in the process. This study suggests that curcumin protects against rotenone-induced PD by inhibiting microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation and alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction in mice. Thus, curcumin may be a neuroprotective drug with promising prospects in PD.
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Channer B, Matt SM, Nickoloff-Bybel EA, Pappa V, Agarwal Y, Wickman J, Gaskill PJ. Dopamine, Immunity, and Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:62-158. [PMID: 36757901 PMCID: PMC9832385 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotransmitter dopamine is a key factor in central nervous system (CNS) function, regulating many processes including reward, movement, and cognition. Dopamine also regulates critical functions in peripheral organs, such as blood pressure, renal activity, and intestinal motility. Beyond these functions, a growing body of evidence indicates that dopamine is an important immunoregulatory factor. Most types of immune cells express dopamine receptors and other dopaminergic proteins, and many immune cells take up, produce, store, and/or release dopamine, suggesting that dopaminergic immunomodulation is important for immune function. Targeting these pathways could be a promising avenue for the treatment of inflammation and disease, but despite increasing research in this area, data on the specific effects of dopamine on many immune cells and disease processes remain inconsistent and poorly understood. Therefore, this review integrates the current knowledge of the role of dopamine in immune cell function and inflammatory signaling across systems. We also discuss the current understanding of dopaminergic regulation of immune signaling in the CNS and peripheral tissues, highlighting the role of dopaminergic immunomodulation in diseases such as Parkinson's disease, several neuropsychiatric conditions, neurologic human immunodeficiency virus, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and others. Careful consideration is given to the influence of experimental design on results, and we note a number of areas in need of further research. Overall, this review integrates our knowledge of dopaminergic immunology at the cellular, tissue, and disease level and prompts the development of therapeutics and strategies targeted toward ameliorating disease through dopaminergic regulation of immunity. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Canonically, dopamine is recognized as a neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of movement, cognition, and reward. However, dopamine also acts as an immune modulator in the central nervous system and periphery. This review comprehensively assesses the current knowledge of dopaminergic immunomodulation and the role of dopamine in disease pathogenesis at the cellular and tissue level. This will provide broad access to this information across fields, identify areas in need of further investigation, and drive the development of dopaminergic therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breana Channer
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Stephanie M Matt
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Emily A Nickoloff-Bybel
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Vasiliki Pappa
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Yash Agarwal
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Jason Wickman
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
| | - Peter J Gaskill
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (B.C., S.M.M., E.A.N-B., Y.A., J.W., P.J.G.); and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (V.P.)
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Potential of [ 11C]( R)-PK11195 PET Imaging for Evaluating Tumor Inflammation: A Murine Mammary Tumor Model. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122715. [PMID: 36559209 PMCID: PMC9786563 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast tumor inflammation is an immunological process that occurs mainly by mediation of Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAM). Aiming for a specific measurement of tumor inflammation, the current study evaluated the potential of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging with [11C](R)-PK11195 to evaluate tumor inflammation in a mammary tumor animal model. METHODS Female Balb/C mice were inoculated with 4T1 cells. The PET imaging with [11C](R)-PK11195 and [18F]FDG was acquired 3 days, 1 week, and 2 weeks after cell inoculation. RESULTS The [11C](R)-PK11195 tumor uptake increased from 3 days to 1 week, and decreased at 2 weeks after cell inoculation, as opposed to the [18F]FDG uptake, which showed a slight decrease in uptake at 1 week and increased uptake at 2 weeks. In the control group, no significant differences occurred in tracer uptake over time. Tumor uptake of both radiopharmaceuticals is more expressed in tumor edge regions, with greater intensity at 2 weeks, as demonstrated by [11C](R)-PK11195 autoradiography and immunofluorescence with TSPO antibodies and CD86 pro-inflammatory phenotype. CONCLUSION The [11C](R)-PK11195 was able to identify heterogeneous tumor inflammation in a murine model of breast cancer and the uptake varied according to tumor size. Together with the glycolytic marker [18F]FDG, molecular imaging with [11C](R)-PK11195 may provide a better characterization of inflammatory responses in cancer.
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van der Weijden CWJ, van der Hoorn A, Wang Y, Willemsen ATM, Dierckx RAJO, Lammertsma AA, de Vries EFJ. Investigation of image-derived input functions for non-invasive quantification of myelin density using [ 11C]MeDAS PET. Neuroimage 2022; 264:119772. [PMID: 36436711 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease. Current treatments are focussed on immune suppression to modulate pathogenic activity that causes myelin damage. New treatment strategies are needed to prevent demyelination and promote remyelination. Development of such myelin repair therapies require a sensitive and specific biomarker for efficacy evaluation. Recently, it has been shown that quantification of myelin density is possible using [11C]MeDAS PET. This method, however, requires arterial blood sampling to generate an arterial input function (AIF). As the invasive nature of arterial sampling will reduce clinical applicability, the purpose of this study was to assess whether an image-derived input function (IDIF) can be used as an alternative way to facilitate its routine clinical use. Six healthy controls and 11 MS patients underwent MRI and [11C]MeDAS PET with arterial blood sampling. The application of both population-based whole blood-to-plasma conversion and metabolite corrections were assessed for the AIF. Next, summed images of the early time frames (0-70 s) and the frame with the highest blood-brain contrast were used to generate IDIFs. IDIFs were created using either the hottest 2, 4, 6 or 12 voxels, or an isocontour of the hottest 10% voxels of the carotid artery. This was followed by blood-to-plasma conversion and metabolite correction of the IDIF. The application of a population-based metabolite correction of the AIF resulted in high correlations of tracer binding (Ki) within subjects, but variable bias across subjects. All IDIFs had a sharper and higher peak in the blood curves than the AIF, most likely due to dispersion during blood sampling. All IDIF methods resulted in similar high correlations within subjects (r = 0.95-0.98), but highly variable bias across subjects (mean slope=0.90-1.09). Therefore, both the use of population based blood-plasma and metabolite corrections and the generation of the image-derived whole-blood curve resulted in substantial bias in [11C]MeDAS PET quantification, due to high inter-subject variability. Consequently, when unbiased quantification of [11C]MeDAS PET data is required, individual AIF needs to be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris W J van der Weijden
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9713GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk van der Hoorn
- Radiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9713GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Yanming Wang
- Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, United States
| | - Antoon T M Willemsen
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9713GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Rudi A J O Dierckx
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9713GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Adriaan A Lammertsma
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9713GZ, the Netherlands
| | - Erik F J de Vries
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9713GZ, the Netherlands.
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Bianconi A, Salvati LF, Perrelli A, Ferraris C, Massara A, Minardi M, Aruta G, Rosso M, Massa Micon B, Garbossa D, Retta SF. Distant Recurrence of a Cerebral Cavernous Malformation in the Vicinity of a Developmental Venous Anomaly: Case Report of Local Oxy-Inflammatory Events. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314643. [PMID: 36498972 PMCID: PMC9736411 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are a major type of cerebrovascular lesions of proven genetic origin that occur in either sporadic (sCCM) or familial (fCCM) forms, the latter being inherited as an autosomal dominant condition linked to loss-of-function mutations in three known CCM genes. In contrast to fCCMs, sCCMs are rarely linked to mutations in CCM genes and are instead commonly and peculiarly associated with developmental venous anomalies (DVAs), suggesting distinct origins and common pathogenic mechanisms. CASE REPORT A hemorrhagic sCCM in the right frontal lobe of the brain was surgically excised from a symptomatic 3 year old patient, preserving intact and pervious the associated DVA. MRI follow-up examination performed periodically up to 15 years after neurosurgery intervention demonstrated complete removal of the CCM lesion and no residual or relapse signs. However, 18 years after surgery, the patient experienced acute episodes of paresthesia due to a distant recurrence of a new hemorrhagic CCM lesion located within the same area as the previous one. A new surgical intervention was, therefore, necessary, which was again limited to the CCM without affecting the pre-existing DVA. Subsequent follow-up examination by contrast-enhanced MRI evidenced a persistent pattern of signal-intensity abnormalities in the bed of the DVA, including hyperintense gliotic areas, suggesting chronic inflammatory conditions. CONCLUSIONS This case report highlights the possibility of long-term distant recurrence of hemorrhagic sCCMs associated with a DVA, suggesting that such recurrence is secondary to focal sterile inflammatory conditions generated by the DVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bianconi
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences “Rita Levi Montalcini”, City of Health and Science and University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy
- CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Orbassano, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (S.F.R.)
| | | | - Andrea Perrelli
- CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Orbassano, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10124 Orbassano, Italy
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14602, USA
| | - Chiara Ferraris
- CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Orbassano, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10124 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Armando Massara
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences “Rita Levi Montalcini”, City of Health and Science and University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Minardi
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences “Rita Levi Montalcini”, City of Health and Science and University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy
| | - Gelsomina Aruta
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences “Rita Levi Montalcini”, City of Health and Science and University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy
| | - Miriam Rosso
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences “Rita Levi Montalcini”, City of Health and Science and University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy
| | - Barbara Massa Micon
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences “Rita Levi Montalcini”, City of Health and Science and University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy
| | - Diego Garbossa
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences “Rita Levi Montalcini”, City of Health and Science and University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy
- CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Saverio Francesco Retta
- CCM Italia Research Network, National Coordination Center, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10124 Orbassano, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10124 Orbassano, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (S.F.R.)
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8
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Liu SY, Qiao HW, Song TB, Liu XL, Yao YX, Zhao CS, Barret O, Xu SL, Cai YN, Tamagnan GD, Sossi V, Lu J, Chan P. Brain microglia activation and peripheral adaptive immunity in Parkinson's disease: a multimodal PET study. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:209. [PMID: 36038917 PMCID: PMC9422161 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02574-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormal activation of immune system is an important pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease, but the relationship between peripheral inflammation, central microglia activation and dopaminergic degeneration remains unclear. Objectives To evaluate the brain regional microglia activation and its relationship with clinical severity, dopaminergic presynaptic function, and peripheral inflammatory biomarkers related to adaptive immunity. Methods In this case–control study, we recruited 23 healthy participants and 24 participants with early-stage Parkinson’s disease. 18F-PBR06 PET/MR for microglia activation, 18F-FP-DTBZ for dopaminergic denervation, total account of T cells and subpopulations of T helper (Th1/Th2/Th17) cells, and the levels of serum inflammatory cytokines were assessed. Sanger sequencing was used to exclude the mix-affinity binders of 18F-PBR06-PET. Results Compared to healthy controls, patients with Parkinson’s disease had an increased 18F-PBR06-PET standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) in the putamen, particularly in the ipsilateral side of the motor onset. 18F-PBR06-PET SUVR was positively associated with 18F-FP-DTBZ-PET SUVR in the brainstem and not associated with disease severity measured by Hoehn and Yahr stage, MDS-UPDRS III scores. Patients with Parkinson’s disease had elevated frequencies of Th1 cells and serum levels of IL10 and IL17A as compared to healthy controls. No significant association between peripheral inflammation markers and microglia activation in the brain of PD was observed. Conclusion Parkinson’s disease is associated with early putaminal microglial activation and peripheral phenotypic Th1 bias. Peripheral adaptive immunity might be involved in microglia activation in the process of neurodegeneration in PD indirectly, which may be a potential biomarker for the early detection and the target for immunomodulating therapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02574-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ying Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Changchun Street 45, Beijing, 100053, China. .,Chinese Institute for Brain Research (CIBR), Beijing, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China.
| | - Hong-Wen Qiao
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Tian-Bin Song
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiu-Lin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Changchun Street 45, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yun-Xia Yao
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Song Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Olivier Barret
- Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Sheng-Li Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Ning Cai
- Department of Neurobiology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Gilles D Tamagnan
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China.,Mental Health PET Radioligand Development (MHPRD) Program, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Vesna Sossi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Piu Chan
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Changchun Street 45, Beijing, 100053, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Beijing, China.
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9
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Kang Y, Jamison K, Jaywant A, Dams-O’Connor K, Kim N, Karakatsanis NA, Butler T, Schiff ND, Kuceyeski A, Shah SA. Longitudinal alterations in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptor availability over ∼ 1 year following traumatic brain injury. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac159. [PMID: 35794871 PMCID: PMC9253887 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Longitudinal alterations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptor availability following traumatic brain injury have remained uncharacterized and may reflect changes in neuronal structure and function linked to cognitive recovery. We measured GABAA receptor availability using the tracer [11C]flumazenil in nine adults with traumatic brain injury (3–6 months after injury, subacute scan) and in 20 non-brain-injured individuals. A subset of subjects with traumatic brain injury (n = 7) were scanned at a second chronic time-point, 7–13 months after their first scan; controls (n = 9) were scanned for a second time, 5–11 months after the first scan. After accounting for atrophy in subjects with traumatic brain injury, we find broad decreases in GABAA receptor availability predominantly within the frontal lobes, striatum, and posterior-medial thalami; focal reductions were most pronounced in the right insula and anterior cingulate cortex (p < 0.05). Greater relative increase, compared to controls, in global GABAA receptor availability appeared between subacute and chronic scans. At chronic scan (>1 year post-injury), we find increased pallidal receptor availability compared to controls. Conversely, receptor availability remained depressed across the frontal cortices. Longitudinal improvement in executive attention correlated with increases in receptor availability across bilateral fronto-parietal cortical regions and the anterior-lateral aspects of the thalami. The specific observations of persistent bi-frontal lobe reductions and bilateral pallidal elevation are consistent with the anterior forebrain mesocircuit hypothesis for recovery of consciousness following a wide range of brain injuries; our results provide novel correlative data in support of specific cellular mechanisms underlying persistent cognitive deficits. Collectively, these measurements support the use of [11C]flumazenil to track recovery of large-scale network function following brain injuries and measure response to therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kang
- Department of Mathematics, Howard University , Washington, DC 20059 , USA
| | - K Jamison
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine , 407 E. 61 St., Rm 208, New York, NY 10065 , USA
| | - A Jaywant
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine , New York, NY 10065 , USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell Medicine , New York, NY 10065 , USA
| | - K Dams-O’Connor
- Department of Rehabilitation and Human Performance, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY 10029 , USA
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY 10029 , USA
| | - N Kim
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine , 407 E. 61 St., Rm 208, New York, NY 10065 , USA
| | - N A Karakatsanis
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine , 407 E. 61 St., Rm 208, New York, NY 10065 , USA
| | - T Butler
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine , 407 E. 61 St., Rm 208, New York, NY 10065 , USA
| | - N D Schiff
- Department of BMRI & Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine , New York, NY 10065 , USA
| | - A Kuceyeski
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine , 407 E. 61 St., Rm 208, New York, NY 10065 , USA
| | - S A Shah
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine , 407 E. 61 St., Rm 208, New York, NY 10065 , USA
- Department of BMRI & Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine , New York, NY 10065 , USA
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10
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Shannon KM. Gut-Derived Sterile Inflammation and Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2022; 13:831090. [PMID: 35422756 PMCID: PMC9001909 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.831090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD) is unknown, but evidence is increasing that there is a prominent inflammatory component to the illness. Epidemiological, genetic, and preclinical evidence support a role for gut-derived sterile inflammation. Pro-inflammatory bacteria are over-represented in the PD gut microbiota. There is evidence for decreased gut barrier function and leak of bacterial antigen across the gut epithelium with sub-mucosal inflammation and systemic exposure to the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide. Preclinical evidence supports these clinical findings and suggests that systemic inflammation can affect the CNS through vagal pathways or the systemic circulation. We will review recent preclinical and clinical evidence to support this mechanism and suggest possible treatments directed at the gut-brain axis.
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11
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Chauveau F, Becker G, Boutin H. Have (R)-[ 11C]PK11195 challengers fulfilled the promise? A scoping review of clinical TSPO PET studies. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 49:201-220. [PMID: 34387719 PMCID: PMC8712292 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05425-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The prototypical TSPO radiotracer (R)-[11C]PK11195 has been used in humans for more than thirty years to visualize neuroinflammation in several pathologies. Alternative radiotracers have been developed to improve signal-to-noise ratio and started to be tested clinically in 2008. Here we examined the scientific value of these "(R)-[11C]PK11195 challengers" in clinical research to determine if they could supersede (R)-[11C]PK11195. METHODS A systematic MEDLINE (PubMed) search was performed (up to end of year 2020) to extract publications reporting TSPO PET in patients with identified pathologies, excluding studies in healthy subjects and methodological studies. RESULTS Of the 288 publications selected, 152 used 13 challengers, and 142 used (R)-[11C]PK11195. Over the last 20 years, the number of (R)-[11C]PK11195 studies remained stable (6 ± 3 per year), but was surpassed by the total number of challenger studies for the last 6 years. In total, 3914 patients underwent a TSPO PET scan, and 47% (1851 patients) received (R)-[11C]PK11195. The 2 main challengers were [11C]PBR28 (24%-938 patients) and [18F]FEPPA (11%-429 patients). Only one-in-ten patients (11%-447) underwent 2 TSPO scans, among whom 40 (1%) were scanned with 2 different TSPO radiotracers. CONCLUSIONS Generally, challengers confirmed disease-specific initial (R)-[11C]PK11195 findings. However, while their better signal-to-noise ratio seems particularly useful in diseases with moderate and widespread neuroinflammation, most challengers present an allelic-dependent (Ala147Thr polymorphism) TSPO binding and genetic stratification is hindering their clinical implementation. As new challengers, insensitive to TSPO human polymorphism, are about to enter clinical evaluation, we propose this systematic review to be regularly updated (living review).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Chauveau
- University of Lyon, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), CNRS UMR5292, INSERM U1028, University Lyon 1, Lyon, France.
| | - Guillaume Becker
- GIGA - CRC In Vivo Imaging, University Liege, Liege, Belgium
- University of Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM U1060, University Lyon 1, Hospices Civils Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Hervé Boutin
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance & University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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12
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Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis of PET imaging studies. J Neurol 2021; 269:2304-2314. [PMID: 34724571 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10877-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Increasingly, evidence implicates an important role of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration progression. Yet, brain imaging has not reached a consistent conclusion that neuroinflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). We aimed to review the evidence to quantitatively assess the existence and spatial distribution of neuroinflammation in the brain of PD patients. We systematically searched literature databases for case-control studies which used positron emission tomography to detect neuroinflammation represented by translocator protein (TSPO) levels in PD patients compared with healthy controls (HC). Standardized mean differences (SMD) were selected as effect sizes and random-effects models were used to combine effect sizes. Subgroup analyses for separate brain regions were conducted. Fifteen studies comprising 455 (HC = 198, PD = 238) participants and 19 brain regions were included. Compared to HC, PD patients had elevated TSPO levels in midbrain, putamen, anterior cingulate, posterior cingulate, thalamus, striatum, frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, cortex, hippocampus, substantia nigra, pons, cerebellum, and caudate when using 1st-generation ligands. TSPO levels were elevated in the midbrain of PD patients when 2nd-generation ligands were used. We discussed the possible explanations of contrasting difference between these outcomes.
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13
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Kang Y, Rúa SMH, Kaunzner UW, Perumal J, Nealon N, Qu W, Kothari PJ, Vartanian T, Kuceyeski A, Gauthier SA. A Multi-Ligand Imaging Study Exploring GABAergic Receptor Expression and Inflammation in Multiple Sclerosis. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 22:1600-1608. [PMID: 32394283 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-020-01501-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter and essential for normal brain function. The GABAergic system has been shown to have immunomodulatory effects and respond adaptively to excitatory toxicity. The association of the GABAergic system and inflammation in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) remains unknown. In this pilot study, the in vivo relationship between GABAA binding and the innate immune response is explored using positron emission tomography (PET) with [11C] flumazenil (FMZ) and [11C]-PK11195 PET (PK-PET), a measure of activated microglia/macrophages. PROCEDURES Sixteen MS patients had dynamic FMZ-PET and PK-PET imaging. Ten age-matched healthy controls (HC) had a single FMZ-PET. GABAA receptor binding was calculated using Logan reference model with the pons as reference. Distribution of volume ratio (VTr) for PK-PET was calculated using image-derived input function. A hierarchical linear model was fitted to assess the linear association between PK-PET and FMZ-PET among six cortical regions of interest. RESULTS GABAA receptor binding was higher throughout the cortex in MS patients (5.72 ± 0.91) as compared with HC (4.70 ± 0.41) (p = 0.002). A significant correlation was found between FMZ binding and PK-PET within the cortex (r = 0.61, p < 0.001) and among the occipital (r = 0.61, p = 0.012), parietal (r = 0.49, p = 0.041), and cingulate (r = 0.32, p = 0.006) regions. CONCLUSIONS A higher GABAA receptor density in MS subjects compared with HC was observed and correlated with innate immune activity. Our observations demonstrate that immune-driven GABAergic abnormalities may be present in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeona Kang
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA.,Department of Mathematics, Howard University, Washington, D.C, 20059, USA
| | - Sandra Milena Hurtado Rúa
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Science and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Ulrike W Kaunzner
- Department of Neurology, Judith Jaffe Multiple Sclerosis Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Jai Perumal
- Department of Neurology, Judith Jaffe Multiple Sclerosis Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Nancy Nealon
- Department of Neurology, Judith Jaffe Multiple Sclerosis Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Wenchao Qu
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Paresh J Kothari
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Timothy Vartanian
- Department of Neurology, Judith Jaffe Multiple Sclerosis Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA.,Feil Family Brain and Mind Institute, Weill Cornell, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Amy Kuceyeski
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA.,Feil Family Brain and Mind Institute, Weill Cornell, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Susan A Gauthier
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Judith Jaffe Multiple Sclerosis Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA. .,Feil Family Brain and Mind Institute, Weill Cornell, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
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14
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Akerele MI, Zein SA, Pandya S, Nikolopoulou A, Gauthier SA, Raj A, Henchcliffe C, Mozley PD, Karakatsanis NA, Gupta A, Babich J, Nehmeh SA. Population-based input function for TSPO quantification and kinetic modeling with [ 11C]-DPA-713. EJNMMI Phys 2021; 8:39. [PMID: 33914185 PMCID: PMC8085191 DOI: 10.1186/s40658-021-00381-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Quantitative positron emission tomography (PET) studies of neurodegenerative diseases typically require the measurement of arterial input functions (AIF), an invasive and risky procedure. This study aims to assess the reproducibility of [11C]DPA-713 PET kinetic analysis using population-based input function (PBIF). The final goal is to possibly eliminate the need for AIF. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighteen subjects including six healthy volunteers (HV) and twelve Parkinson disease (PD) subjects from two [11C]-DPA-713 PET studies were included. Each subject underwent 90 min of dynamic PET imaging. Five healthy volunteers underwent a test-retest scan within the same day to assess the repeatability of the kinetic parameters. Kinetic modeling was carried out using the Logan total volume of distribution (VT) model. For each data set, kinetic analysis was performed using a patient-specific AIF (PSAIF, ground-truth standard) and then repeated using the PBIF. PBIF was generated using the leave-one-out method for each subject from the remaining 17 subjects and after normalizing the PSAIFs by 3 techniques: (a) Weightsubject×DoseInjected, (b) area under AIF curve (AUC), and (c) Weightsubject×AUC. The variability in the VT measured with PSAIF, in the test-retest study, was determined for selected brain regions (white matter, cerebellum, thalamus, caudate, putamen, pallidum, brainstem, hippocampus, and amygdala) using the Bland-Altman analysis and for each of the 3 normalization techniques. Similarly, for all subjects, the variabilities due to the use of PBIF were assessed. RESULTS Bland-Altman analysis showed systematic bias between test and retest studies. The corresponding mean bias and 95% limits of agreement (LOA) for the studied brain regions were 30% and ± 70%. Comparing PBIF- and PSAIF-based VT estimate for all subjects and all brain regions, a significant difference between the results generated by the three normalization techniques existed for all brain structures except for the brainstem (P-value = 0.095). The mean % difference and 95% LOA is -10% and ±45% for Weightsubject×DoseInjected; +8% and ±50% for AUC; and +2% and ± 38% for Weightsubject×AUC. In all cases, normalizing by Weightsubject×AUC yielded the smallest % bias and variability (% bias = ±2%; LOA = ±38% for all brain regions). Estimating the reproducibility of PBIF-kinetics to PSAIF based on disease groups (HV/PD) and genotype (MAB/HAB), the average VT values for all regions obtained from PBIF is insignificantly higher than PSAIF (%difference = 4.53%, P-value = 0.73 for HAB; and %difference = 0.73%, P-value = 0.96 for MAB). PBIF also tends to overestimate the difference between PD and HV for HAB (% difference = 32.33% versus 13.28%) and underestimate it in MAB (%difference = 6.84% versus 20.92%). CONCLUSIONS PSAIF kinetic results are reproducible with PBIF, with variability in VT within that obtained for the test-retest studies. Therefore, VT assessed using PBIF-based kinetic modeling is clinically feasible and can be an alternative to PSAIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercy I Akerele
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
| | - Sara A Zein
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Sneha Pandya
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | | | - Susan A Gauthier
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Ashish Raj
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Claire Henchcliffe
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA
- Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - P David Mozley
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | | | - Ajay Gupta
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - John Babich
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Sadek A Nehmeh
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA
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15
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Tondo G, Boccalini C, Caminiti SP, Presotto L, Filippi M, Magnani G, Frisoni GB, Iannaccone S, Perani D. Brain Metabolism and Microglia Activation in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Combined [18F]FDG and [11C]-(R)-PK11195 PET Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:433-445. [PMID: 33579848 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a transitional condition between normal cognition and dementia. [18F]FDG-PET reveals brain hypometabolism patterns reflecting neuronal/synaptic dysfunction, already in the prodromal MCI phase. Activated microglia is part of the pathogenetic processes leading to neurodegeneration. OBJECTIVE Using [11C]-(R)-PK11195 and [18F]FDG-PET, we aimed to in vivo investigate the presence of microglial activation, and the relationship with brain glucose metabolism, in single MCI subjects. METHODS Eight MCI subjects underwent both [18F]FDG-PET and [11C]-(R)-PK11195 PET. We used validated quantification methods to obtain brain hypometabolism maps and microglia activation peaks in single subjects. We investigated both the spatial overlap and the relationship between brain glucose hypometabolism and microglia activation, by means of Dice similarity coefficient and using Pearson's correlation at single subject level. RESULTS Each MCI showed a specific brain hypometabolism pattern indicative of different possible etiologies, as expected in MCI population (i.e., Alzheimer's disease-like, frontotemporal dementia-like, hippocampal-type, normal aging type). [11C]-(R)-PK11195 PET analysis revealed a spatial concordance with regional hypometabolism in all subjects with several clusters of significant microglia activation showing an inverse correlation with the regional metabolism. This was proportional to the strength of between-signals correlation coefficient (β = -0.804; p = 0.016). CONCLUSION Microglia activation is present in the prodromal MCI phase of different underlying etiologies, showing spatial concordance and inverse correlation with brain glucose metabolism at single-subject level. These findings suggest a possible contribution of activated microglia to neurodegeneration, showing important implications for local immune activity in the early neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Tondo
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,In vivo human molecular and structural neuroimaging Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Boccalini
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,In vivo human molecular and structural neuroimaging Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Paola Caminiti
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,In vivo human molecular and structural neuroimaging Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Presotto
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neurology and INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Magnani
- Department of Neurology and INSPE, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Battista Frisoni
- IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio, Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.,Memory Clinic and LANVIE- Laboratory of Neuroimaging of Aging, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Iannaccone
- Department of Rehabilitation and Functional Recovery, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Perani
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,In vivo human molecular and structural neuroimaging Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Unit, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
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16
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Novel PET Biomarkers to Disentangle Molecular Pathways across Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122581. [PMID: 33276490 PMCID: PMC7761606 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need to disentangle the etiological puzzle of age-related neurodegenerative diseases, whose clinical phenotypes arise from known, and as yet unknown, pathways that can act distinctly or in concert. Enhanced sub-phenotyping and the identification of in vivo biomarker-driven signature profiles could improve the stratification of patients into clinical trials and, potentially, help to drive the treatment landscape towards the precision medicine paradigm. The rapidly growing field of neuroimaging offers valuable tools to investigate disease pathophysiology and molecular pathways in humans, with the potential to capture the whole disease course starting from preclinical stages. Positron emission tomography (PET) combines the advantages of a versatile imaging technique with the ability to quantify, to nanomolar sensitivity, molecular targets in vivo. This review will discuss current research and available imaging biomarkers evaluating dysregulation of the main molecular pathways across age-related neurodegenerative diseases. The molecular pathways focused on in this review involve mitochondrial dysfunction and energy dysregulation; neuroinflammation; protein misfolding; aggregation and the concepts of pathobiology, synaptic dysfunction, neurotransmitter dysregulation and dysfunction of the glymphatic system. The use of PET imaging to dissect these molecular pathways and the potential to aid sub-phenotyping will be discussed, with a focus on novel PET biomarkers.
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17
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Lavisse S, Goutal S, Wimberley C, Tonietto M, Bottlaender M, Gervais P, Kuhnast B, Peyronneau MA, Barret O, Lagarde J, Sarazin M, Hantraye P, Thiriez C, Remy P. Increased microglial activation in patients with Parkinson disease using [ 18F]-DPA714 TSPO PET imaging. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 82:29-36. [PMID: 33242662 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Increasing evidence suggests that neuroinflammation is active in Parkinson disease (PD) and contributes to neurodegeneration. This process can be studied in vivo with PET and radioligands targeting TSPO, upregulated in activated microglia. Initial PET studies investigating microglial activation in PD with the [11C]-PK11195 have provided inconclusive results. Here we assess the presence and distribution of neuroinflammatory response in PD patients using [18F]-DPA714 and to correlate imaging biomarkers to dopamine transporter imaging and clinical status. METHODS PD patients (n = 24, Hoehn and Yahr I-III) and 28 healthy controls were scanned with [18F]-DPA714 and [11C]-PE2I and analyzed. They were all genotyped for TSPO polymorphism. Regional binding parameters were estimated (reference Logan graphical approach with supervised cluster analysis). Impact of TSPO genotype was analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Differences between groups were investigated using a two-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests. RESULTS PD patients showed significantly higher [18F]-DPA714 binding compared to healthy controls bilaterally in the midbrain (p < 0.001), the frontal cortex (p = 0.001), and the putamen contralateral to the more clinically affected hemibody (p = 0.038). Microglial activation in these regions did not correlate with the severity of motor symptoms, disease duration nor putaminal [11C]-PE2I uptake. However, there was a trend toward a correlation between cortical TSPO binding and disease duration (p = 0.015 uncorrected, p = 0.07 after Bonferroni correction). CONCLUSION [18F]-DPA714 binding confirmed that there is a specific topographic pattern of microglial activation in the nigro-striatal pathway and the frontal cortex of PD patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION Trial registration: INFLAPARK, NCT02319382. Registered 18 December 2014- Retrospectively registered, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02319382.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Lavisse
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
| | - Sébastien Goutal
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
| | - Catriona Wimberley
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4, Place du Général Leclerc, Orsay, 91401, France.
| | - Mattéo Tonietto
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4, Place du Général Leclerc, Orsay, 91401, France.
| | - Michel Bottlaender
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4, Place du Général Leclerc, Orsay, 91401, France; Université Paris-Saclay, UNIACT, Neurospin, CEA, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Philippe Gervais
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4, Place du Général Leclerc, Orsay, 91401, France.
| | - Bertrand Kuhnast
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4, Place du Général Leclerc, Orsay, 91401, France.
| | - Marie-Anne Peyronneau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4, Place du Général Leclerc, Orsay, 91401, France.
| | - Olivier Barret
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
| | - Julien Lagarde
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4, Place du Général Leclerc, Orsay, 91401, France; Department of Neurology of Memory and Language, GHU Paris Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, 75014, France; Université de Paris, F-75006, France.
| | - Marie Sarazin
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, BioMaps, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 4, Place du Général Leclerc, Orsay, 91401, France; Department of Neurology of Memory and Language, GHU Paris Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, 75014, France; Université de Paris, F-75006, France.
| | - Philippe Hantraye
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
| | - Claire Thiriez
- Centre Expert Parkinson, Neurologie, CHU Henri Mondor, AP-HP, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, Créteil, France.
| | - Philippe Remy
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, MIRCen, Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, 92265, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Centre Expert Parkinson, Neurologie, CHU Henri Mondor, AP-HP, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, Créteil, France; IMRB, INSERM, Université Paris Est Créteil and NeurATRIS, France.
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18
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Tondo G, Iaccarino L, Cerami C, Vanoli GE, Presotto L, Masiello V, Coliva A, Salvi F, Bartolomei I, Mosca L, Lunetta C, Perani D. 11 C-PK11195 PET-based molecular study of microglia activation in SOD1 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2020; 7:1513-1523. [PMID: 32762033 PMCID: PMC7480909 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Neuroinflammation is considered a key driver for neurodegeneration in several neurological diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). SOD1 mutations cause about 20% of familial ALS, and related pathology might generate microglial activation triggering neurodegeneration. 11C‐PK11195 is the prototypical and most validated PET radiotracer, targeting the 18‐kDa translocator protein which is overexpressed in activated microglia. In this study, we investigated microglia activation in asymptomatic (ASYM) and symptomatic (SYM) SOD1 mutated carriers, by using 11C‐PK11195 and PET imaging. Methods We included 20 subjects: 4 ASYM‐carriers, neurologically normal, 6 SYM‐carriers with probable ALS, and 10 healthy controls. A receptor parametric mapping procedure estimated 11C‐PK11195 binding potentials and voxel‐wise statistical comparisons were performed at group and single‐subject levels. Results Both the SYM‐ and ASYM‐carriers showed significant microglia activation in cortical and subcortical structures, with variable patterns at individual level. Clusters of activation were present in occipital and temporal regions, cerebellum, thalamus, and medulla oblongata. Notably, SYM‐carriers showed microglia activation also in supplementary and primary motor cortices and in the somatosensory regions. Interpretation In vivo neuroinflammation occurred in all SOD1 mutated cases since the presymptomatic stages, as shown by a significant cortical and subcortical microglia activation. The involvement of sensorimotor cortex became evident at the symptomatic disease stage. Although our data indicate the role of in vivo PET imaging for assessing resident microglia in the investigation of SOD1‐ALS pathophysiology, further studies are needed to clarify the temporal and spatial dynamics of microglia activation and its relationship with neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Tondo
- School of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,In Vivo Human Molecular and Structural Neuroimaging Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Leonardo Iaccarino
- School of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,In Vivo Human Molecular and Structural Neuroimaging Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Chiara Cerami
- In Vivo Human Molecular and Structural Neuroimaging Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Scuola Universitaria di Studi Superiori IUSS Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Luca Presotto
- School of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Masiello
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS and San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Coliva
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS and San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Salvi
- Bellaria Hospital, IRCCS of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Lorena Mosca
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical Genetics Unit, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Perani
- School of Psychology, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,In Vivo Human Molecular and Structural Neuroimaging Unit, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Nuclear Medicine Unit, IRCCS and San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
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19
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He X, Wedekind F, Kroll T, Oskamp A, Beer S, Drzezga A, Ermert J, Neumaier B, Bauer A, Elmenhorst D. Image-Derived Input Functions for Quantification of A 1 Adenosine Receptors Availability in Mice Brains Using PET and [ 18F]CPFPX. Front Physiol 2020; 10:1617. [PMID: 32063864 PMCID: PMC7000659 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose In vivo imaging for the A1 adenosine receptors (A1ARs) with positron emission tomography (PET) using 8-cyclopentyl-3-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-1-propylxan- thine ([18F]CPFPX) has become an important tool for studying physiological processes quantitatively in mice. However, the measurement of arterial input functions (AIFs) on mice is a method with restricted applicability because of the small total blood volume and the related difficulties in withdrawing blood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to extract an appropriate [18F]CPFPX image-derived input function (IDIF) from dynamic PET images of mice. Procedures In this study, five mice were scanned with [18F]CPFPX for 60 min. Arterial blood samples (n = 7 per animal) were collected from the femoral artery and corrected for metabolites. To generate IDIFs, three different approaches were selected: (A) volume of interest (VOI) placed over the heart (cube, 10 mm); (B) VOI set over abdominal vena cava/aorta region with a cuboid (5 × 5 × 15 mm); and (C) with 1 × 1 × 1 mm voxels on five consecutive slices. A calculated scaling factor (α) was used to correct for partial volume effect; the method of obtaining the total metabolite correction of [18F]CPFPX for IDIFs was developed. Three IDIFs were validated by comparison with AIF. Validation included the following: visual performance; computing area under the curve (AUC) ratios (IDIF/AIF) of whole-blood curves and parent curves; and the mean distribution volume (VT) ratios (IDIF/AIF) of A1ARs calculated by Logan plot and two-tissue compartment model. Results Compared with the AIF, the IDIF with VOI over heart showed the best performance among the three IDIFs after scaling by 1.77 (α) in terms of visual analysis, AUC ratios (IDIF/AIF; whole-blood AUC ratio, 1.03 ± 0.06; parent curve AUC ratio, 1.01 ± 0.10) and VT ratios (IDIF/AIF; Logan VT ratio, 1.00 ± 0.17; two-tissue compartment model VT ratio, 1.00 ± 0.13) evaluation. The A1ARs distribution of average parametric images was in good accordance to autoradiography of the mouse brain. Conclusion The proposed study provides evidence that IDIF with VOI over heart can replace AIF effectively for quantification of A1ARs using PET and [18F]CPFPX in mice brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan He
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin (INM-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Zoology (Bio-II), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Franziska Wedekind
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin (INM-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Tina Kroll
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin (INM-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Angela Oskamp
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin (INM-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Simone Beer
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin (INM-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Alexander Drzezga
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin (INM-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Johannes Ermert
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin (INM-5), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Bernd Neumaier
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin (INM-5), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Andreas Bauer
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin (INM-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Neurological Department, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - David Elmenhorst
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin (INM-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Division of Medical Psychology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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20
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Li Y, Niu M, Zhao A, Kang W, Chen Z, Luo N, Zhou L, Zhu X, Lu L, Liu J. CXCL12 is involved in α-synuclein-triggered neuroinflammation of Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:263. [PMID: 31831012 PMCID: PMC6909602 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1646-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD) remain elusive, but recent opinions and perspectives have focused on whether the inflammation process induced by microglia contributes to α-synuclein-mediated toxicity. Migration of microglia to the substantia nigra (SN) could precede neurodegeneration in A53T mice. We hypothesized that CXCL12 could be a mediator in the α-synuclein-induced migration of microglia. METHODS After establishing appropriate animal and cell culture models, we explored the relationship between α-synuclein and CXCL12 in A53T mice, primary microglia, and BV-2 cell lines. We also explored the mechanisms of these interactions and the signaling processes involved in neuroinflammation. RESULTS We confirmed the positive correlation between α-synuclein and CXCL12 in the postmortem brain tissue of PD patients and the upregulated CXCR4 expression in SN microglia of A53T mice. In addition, as expected, α-synuclein increased the production of CXCL12 in microglia via TLR4/IκB-α/NF-κB signaling. Importantly, CXCL12/CXCR4/FAK/Src/Rac1 signaling was shown to be involved in α-synuclein-induced microglial accumulation. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that CXCL12 could be a novel target for the prevention of α-synuclein-triggered ongoing microglial responses. Blocking CXCL12/CXCR4 may be a potential therapeutic approach for PD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Mengyue Niu
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Aonan Zhao
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Wenyan Kang
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Zhichun Chen
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ningdi Luo
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Liche Zhou
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiongwei Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Liming Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology & Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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21
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The effect of dextromethorphan use in Parkinson's disease: A 6-hydroxydopamine rat model and population-based study. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 862:172639. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Wilson H, Dervenoulas G, Pagano G, Tyacke RJ, Polychronis S, Myers J, Gunn RN, Rabiner EA, Nutt D, Politis M. Imidazoline 2 binding sites reflecting astroglia pathology in Parkinson's disease: an in vivo11C-BU99008 PET study. Brain 2019; 142:3116-3128. [PMID: 31504212 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Astroglia are multifunctional cells that regulate neuroinflammation and maintain homeostasis within the brain. Astroglial α-synuclein-positive cytoplasmic accumulations have been shown post-mortem in patients with Parkinson's disease and therefore astroglia may play an important role in the initiation and progression of Parkinson's disease. Imidazoline 2 binding sites are expressed on activated astroglia in the cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia and brainstem; therefore, by measuring imidazoline 2 binding site levels we can indirectly evaluate astrogliosis in patients with Parkinson's disease. Here, we aimed to evaluate the role of astroglia activation in vivo in patients with Parkinson's disease using 11C-BU99008 PET, a novel radioligand with high specificity and selectivity for imidazoline 2 binding sites. Twenty-two patients with Parkinson's disease and 14 healthy control subjects underwent 3 T MRI and a 120-min 11C-BU99008 PET scan with volume of distribution (VT) estimated using a two-tissue compartmental model with a metabolite corrected arterial plasma input function. Parkinson's disease patients were stratified into early (n = 8) and moderate/advanced (n = 14) groups according to disease stage. In early Parkinson's disease, increased 11C-BU99008 VT uptake was observed in frontal (P = 0.022), temporal (P = 0.02), parietal (P = 0.026) and occipital (P = 0.047) cortical regions compared with healthy controls. The greatest 11C-BU99008 VT increase in patients with early Parkinson's disease was observed in the brainstem (52%; P = 0.018). In patients with moderate/advanced Parkinson's disease, loss of 11C-BU99008 VT was observed across frontal (P = 0.002), temporal (P < 0.001), parietal (P = 0.039), occipital (P = 0.024), and insula (P < 0.001) cortices; and in the subcortical regions of caudate (P < 0.001), putamen (P < 0.001) and thalamus (P < 0.001); and in the brainstem (P = 0.018) compared with healthy controls. In patients with Parkinson's disease, loss of 11C-BU99008 VT in cortical regions, striatum, thalamus and brainstem correlated with longer disease duration (P < 0.05) and higher disease burden scores, measured with Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (P < 0.05). In the subgroup of patients with moderate/advanced Parkinson's disease, loss of 11C-BU99008 VT in the frontal (r = 0.79; P = 0.001), temporal (r = 0.74; P = 0.002) and parietal (r = 0.89; P < 0.001) cortex correlated with global cognitive impairment. This study demonstrates in vivo the role of astroglia in the initiation and progression of Parkinson's disease. Reactive astroglia observed early in Parkinson's disease could reflect a neuroprotective compensatory mechanisms and pro-inflammatory upregulation in response to α-synuclein accumulation. However, as the disease progresses and significant neurodegeneration occurs, astroglia lose their reactive function and such loss in the cortex has clinical relevance in the development of cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Wilson
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - George Dervenoulas
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gennaro Pagano
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Robin J Tyacke
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Centre for Academic Psychiatry, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Burlington Danes Building, Hammersmith Hospital campus, 160 Du Cane Road, London, UK
| | - Sotirios Polychronis
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jim Myers
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Centre for Academic Psychiatry, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Burlington Danes Building, Hammersmith Hospital campus, 160 Du Cane Road, London, UK
| | - Roger N Gunn
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Invicro LLC, Centre for Imaging Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Eugenii A Rabiner
- Invicro LLC, Centre for Imaging Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David Nutt
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Centre for Academic Psychiatry, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, Burlington Danes Building, Hammersmith Hospital campus, 160 Du Cane Road, London, UK
| | - Marios Politis
- Neurodegeneration Imaging Group, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Carrillo-Jimenez A, Puigdellívol M, Vilalta A, Venero JL, Brown GC, StGeorge-Hyslop P, Burguillos MA. Effective Knockdown of Gene Expression in Primary Microglia With siRNA and Magnetic Nanoparticles Without Cell Death or Inflammation. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:313. [PMID: 30297984 PMCID: PMC6161539 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, have multiple functions in physiological and pathological conditions, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The use of primary microglial cell cultures has proved to be a valuable tool to study microglial biology under various conditions. However, more advanced transfection methodologies for primary cultured microglia are still needed, as current methodologies provide low transfection efficiency and induce cell death and/or inflammatory activation of the microglia. Here, we describe an easy, and effective method based on the Glial-Mag method (OZ Biosciences) using magnetic nanoparticles and a magnet to successfully transfect primary microglia cells with different small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). This method does not require specialist facilities or specific training and does not induce cell toxicity or inflammatory activation. We demonstrate that this protocol successfully decreases the expression of two key genes associated with AD, the triggering receptor expressed in myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) and CD33, in primary microglia cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Carrillo-Jimenez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Mar Puigdellívol
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Vilalta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Luis Venero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Guy Charles Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter StGeorge-Hyslop
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel Angel Burguillos
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Comparison of two different methods of image analysis for the assessment of microglial activation in patients with multiple sclerosis using (R)-[N-methyl-carbon-11]PK11195. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201289. [PMID: 30091993 PMCID: PMC6084893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic active multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions have a rim of activated microglia/macrophages (m/M) leading to ongoing tissue damage, and thus represent a potential treatment target. Activation of this innate immune response in MS has been visualized and quantified using PET imaging with [11C]-(R)-PK11195 (PK). Accurate identification of m/M activation in chronic MS lesions requires the sensitivity to detect lower levels of activity within a small tissue volume. We assessed the ability of kinetic modeling of PK PET data to detect m/M activity in different central nervous system (CNS) tissue regions of varying sizes and in chronic MS lesions. Ten patients with MS underwent a single brain MRI and two PK PET scans 2 hours apart. Volume of interest (VOI) masks were generated for the white matter (WM), cortical gray matter (CGM), and thalamus (TH). The distribution volume (VT) was calculated with the Logan graphical method (LGM-VT) utilizing an image-derived input function (IDIF). The binding potential (BPND) was calculated with the reference Logan graphical method (RLGM) utilizing a supervised clustering algorithm (SuperPK) to determine the non-specific binding region. Masks of varying volume were created in the CNS to assess the impact of region size on the various metrics among high and low uptake regions. Chronic MS lesions were also evaluated and individual lesion masks were generated. The highest PK uptake occurred the TH and lowest within the WM, as demonstrated by the mean time activity curves. In the TH, both reference and IDIF based methods resulted in estimates that did not significantly depend on VOI size. However, in the WM, the test-retest reliability of BPND was significantly lower in the smallest VOI, compared to the estimates of LGM-VT. These observations were consistent for all chronic MS lesions examined. In this study, we demonstrate that BPND and LGM-VT are both reliable for quantifying m/M activation in regions of high uptake, however with blood input function LGM-VT is preferred to assess longitudinal m/M activation in regions of relatively low uptake, such as chronic MS lesions.
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Molecular Imaging of Neuroinflammation in Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2018; 141:347-363. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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