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Ratsch A, Bogossian F, Burmeister EA, Ryu B, Steadman KJ. Higher blood nicotine concentrations following smokeless tobacco (pituri) and cigarette use linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes for Central Australian Aboriginal pregnancies. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2157. [DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
In central Australia, Aboriginal women use wild tobacco plants, Nicotiana spp. (locally known as pituri) as a chewed smokeless tobacco, with this use continuing throughout pregnancy and lactation. Our aim was to describe the biological concentrations of nicotine and metabolites in samples from mothers and neonates and examine the relationships between maternal self-reported tobacco use and maternal and neonatal outcomes.
Methods
Central Australian Aboriginal mothers (and their neonates) who planned to birth at the Alice Springs Hospital (Northern Territory, Australia) provided biological samples: maternal blood, arterial and venous cord blood, amniotic fluid, maternal and neonatal urine, and breast milk. These were analysed for concentrations of nicotine and five metabolites.
Results
A sample of 73 women were enrolled who self-reported: no-tobacco use (n = 31), tobacco chewing (n = 19), or smoking (n = 23). Not all biological samples were obtained from all mothers and neonates. In those where samples were available, higher total concentrations of nicotine and metabolites were found in the maternal plasma, urine, breast milk, cord bloods and Day 1 neonatal urine of chewers compared with smokers and no-tobacco users. Tobacco-exposed mothers (chewers and smokers) with elevated blood glucose had higher nicotine and metabolite concentrations than tobacco-exposed mothers without elevated glucose, and this was associated with increased neonatal birthweight. Neonates exposed to higher maternal nicotine levels were more likely to be admitted to Special Care Nursery. By Day 3, urinary concentrations in tobacco-exposed neonates had reduced from Day 1, although these remained higher than concentrations from neonates in the no-tobacco group.
Conclusions
This research provides the first evidence that maternal pituri chewing results in high nicotine concentrations in a wide range of maternal and neonatal biological samples and that exposure may be associated with adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Screening for the use of all tobacco and nicotine products during pregnancy rather than focusing solely on smoking would provide a more comprehensive assessment and contribute to a more accurate determination of tobacco and nicotine exposure. This knowledge will better inform maternal and foetal care, direct attention to targeted cessation strategies and ultimately improve long-term clinical outcomes, not only in this vulnerable population, but also for the wider population.
Note to readers
In this research, the central Australian Aboriginal women chose the term ‘Aboriginal’ to refer to themselves, and ‘Indigenous’ to refer to the broader group of Australian First Peoples. That choice has been maintained in the reporting of the research findings.
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Epidemiologic Investigation of Intestinal Parasite Infection and Associated Risk Factors among Primary Schoolchildren in the Manzini and Lubombo Provinces, the Kingdom of Eswatini. J Trop Med 2022; 2022:9190333. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/9190333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the deworming program has been executed since 2000, the intestinal parasitic infection (IPI) rates among primary schoolchildren (PSC) in the two provinces of the Kingdom of Eswatini investigated in 2010 remained high, reaching 32.2%. In this study, we monitored the IPI status along with the associated risk factors for PSC in two provinces—Manzini and Lubombo. After consent from their parents/guardians, a total of 316 samples collected from PSC with grades 1 to 3 from four primary schools in Manzini and Lubombo were examined by the Merthiolate-Iodine-Formaldehyde (MIF) method. In addition, demographic characteristics and risk factors acquired by questionnaire surveys were included to be statistically analyzed. The overall prevalence was 40.5% (128/316), of which the infection rate in Manzini and Lubombo was 28.8% (19/66) and 58.3% (74/140), respectively. Pathogenic protozoa had the highest infection rate of 20.6% (65/316), including Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (8.5%, 27/316), Giardia duodenalis (14.6%, 46/316), and Blastocystis hominis (9.8%, 31/316). In terms of helminth infection, the infection rate was quite low, 1.6% only, and these five infected cases included four cases of Hymenolepis nana and one case of Enterobius vermicularis infection. Present study showed that 27.8% (88/316) of PSC were infected by more than one pathogenic parasite. Personal hygiene like washing hands before a meal has a significant protection effect (OR = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.14–0.75,
). Rain or well water and the type of water supply from which they drank also showed a considerable risk factor (OR = 2.44, 95% CI = 1.25–4.79,
). The IPI rate in PSC seems unlikely changed compared to that of the previous survey conducted in 2010, especially when the pathogenic protozoan infection rate remains high. Treatment of infected PSC with appropriate medication to reduce intestinal pathogenic protozoan infection should be seriously considered by Eswatini Health Authority.
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Julius RS, Zengeya TA, Schwan EV, Chimimba CT. Geospatial Modelling and Univariate Analysis of Commensal Rodent-Borne Cestodoses: The Case of Invasive spp. of Rattus and Indigenous Mastomys coucha From South Africa. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:678478. [PMID: 34179170 PMCID: PMC8226005 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.678478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor socio-economic and unsanitary conditions are conducive to commensal rodent infestations, and these conditions are widespread in South Africa. Cestode species of zoonotic interest are highly prevalent in commensal rodents, such as invasive Rattus norvegicus, Rattus rattus, Rattus tanezumi, and indigenous Mastomys coucha, and have been frequently recovered from human stool samples. These cestode species have similar transmission dynamics to traditional soil-transmitted helminths (STHs), which ties them to infections associated with poverty and poor sanitation. Univariate analysis was used in the present study to determine the association between rodent-related factors and cestode prevalence, while ecological niche modelling was used to infer the potential distribution of the cestode species in South Africa. Cestode prevalence was found to be associated with older rodents, but it was not significantly associated with sex, and ectoparasite presence. The predicted occurrence for rodent-borne cestodes predominantly coincided with large human settlements, typically associated with significant anthropogenic changes. In addition, cestode parasite occurrence was predicted to include areas both inland and along the coast. This is possibly related to the commensal behaviour of the rodent hosts. The study highlights the rodent-related factors associated with the prevalence of parasites in the host community, as well as the environmental variables associated with parasite infective stages that influence host exposure. The application of geospatial modelling together with univariate analysis to predict and explain rodent-borne parasite prevalence may be useful to inform management strategies for targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolanda S Julius
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Department Science & Technology (DST)- National Research Foundation (NRF) Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology (CIB), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Tsungai A Zengeya
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Department Science & Technology (DST)- National Research Foundation (NRF) Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology (CIB), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Kirstenbosch Research Centre, South African Biodiversity Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - E Volker Schwan
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Christian T Chimimba
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Department Science & Technology (DST)- National Research Foundation (NRF) Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology (CIB), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Ratsch A, Bogossian F, Steadman K. Central Australian Aboriginal women's pregnancy, labour and birth outcomes following maternal smokeless tobacco (pituri) use, cigarette use or no-tobacco use: a prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:814. [PMID: 33910555 PMCID: PMC8082654 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10872-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outcomes related to maternal smoked tobacco (cigarette) use have been substantially examined over the past 50 years with resultant public health education targeted towards the reduction of use during pregnancy. However, worldwide the effects of maternal smokeless tobacco use have been less well explored and in Australia, there has been no examination of maternal outcomes in relation to the use of Australian Nicotiana spp. (tobacco plant) as a smokeless tobacco, colloquially known as pituri. The aim of this study is to describe the maternal outcomes of a group of central Australian Aboriginal women in relation to their self-reported tobacco use. METHODS Eligible participants were > 18 years of age, with a singleton pregnancy, > 28 weeks gestation, and who planned to birth at the Alice Springs Hospital (the major regional hospital for central Australia, in the Northern Territory, Australia). The sample consisted of 73 conveniently recruited women categorized by tobacco-use status as no-tobacco users (n = 31), pituri chewers (n = 19), and smokers (n = 23). RESULTS There were differences in the groups in relation to teenage pregnancies; 35% of no-tobacco users, compared with 5% of pituri users, and 13% of smokers were < 20 years of age. The chewers had a higher rate (48%) of combined pre-existing and pregnancy-related elevated glucose concentrations compared with smokers (22%) and no-tobacco users (16%).The pituri chewers had the lowest rate (14%) of clinically significant post-partum hemorrhage (> 1000 ml) compared with 22% of smokers and 36% of the no-tobacco users. CONCLUSIONS This is the first research to examine pituri use in pregnancy and the findings indicate possible associations with a range of adverse maternal outcomes. The use of smokeless tobacco needs to be considered in maternal healthcare assessment to inform antenatal, intrapartum and postpartum care planning. IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH Female smokeless tobacco use is a global phenomenon and is particularly prevalent in low and middle income countries and in Indigenous populations. The findings contribute to the developing knowledge around maternal smokeless tobacco use and maternal outcomes. Maternal screening for a broader range of tobacco and nicotine products is required. NOTE TO READERS In this research, the central Australian Aboriginal women chose the term 'Aboriginal' to refer to themselves, and 'Indigenous' to refer to the broader First Peoples. That choice has been maintained in the reporting of the research findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Ratsch
- Wide Bay Hospital and Health Services, Hervey Bay, Queensland 4655 Australia
| | - Fiona Bogossian
- Professor of Practice Education in Health at the University of the Sunshine Coast (USC) and USC Academic Lead at the Sunshine Coast Health Institute (SCHI), Birtinya, Queensland 4575 Australia
| | - Kathryn Steadman
- Associate Professor School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102 Australia
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Foster T, Hall NL. Housing conditions and health in Indigenous Australian communities: current status and recent trends. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2021; 31:325-343. [PMID: 33615929 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2019.1657074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ensuring sufficient and adequately maintained housing in Indigenous Australian communities remains an ongoing policy challenge for government, with major implications for the health of Indigenous Australians. This study sought to characterise the current status of housing conditions experienced by Indigenous Australians, with special reference to the Northern Territory. The assessment examined a range of indicators relating to crowding, dwelling condition, 'health hardware', and provision of maintenance and repairs. While acknowledging data deficiencies and inconsistencies, the analysis produced mixed results. There was evidence of a reduction in crowding but little observable improvement in the provision of maintenance and repairs. Some housing-related health outcomes have shown improvement, though these have tended to coincide with mass treatment campaigns. Achieving the goal of healthy homes - and ultimately closing the gap on Indigenous disadvantage - requires further investment in new houses that are appropriately designed and constructed, alongside an increased emphasis on cyclical maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Foster
- Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology Sydney , Sydney, Australia
| | - Nina L Hall
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, Australia
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6
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The Neglected Cestode Infection: Epidemiology of Hymenolepis Nana Infection Among Children in Rural Yemen. Helminthologia 2020; 57:293-305. [PMID: 33364898 PMCID: PMC7734673 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2020-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hymenolepis nana is the most common cestode reported in humans worldwide. It is prevalent among children in the tropics and subtropics, particularly in rural poor communities where sanitation is inadequate or lacking. This cross-sectional study aims to determine the prevalence and significant risk factors of H. nana infection among children in rural Yemen. Faecal samples were collected from 498 children and screened for intestinal parasites by using wet mount, formalin-ether concentration and Kato–Katz techniques. A pretested questionnaire was used to collect demographic, socioeconomic, housing condition, and personal hygiene information. Overall, 77.5 % (386/498) of the children were found to be infected by at least one intestinal parasite species. The overall prevalence of H. nana was 17.5 % (87/498). Multivariate analysis confirmed that an age of < 6 years (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 4.28; 95 % (confidence interval [CI] = 2.04, 8.98), presence of other family members infected with H. nana (AOR = 2.48; 95 % CI = 1.45, 4.24), living in the highlands (AOR = 2.87; 95 % CI = 1.56, 5.26), living in a house without improved toilet facilities (AOR = 2.19; 95 % CI = 1.23, 3.88), not washing vegetables before consumption (AOR = 2.11; 95 % CI = 1.06, 4.19), and not washing hands after defecation (AOR = 1.88; 95 % CI = 1.08, 3.27) were the key factors significantly associated with H. nana infection among the studied children. In conclusion, H. nana is prevalent among children in rural Yemen, particularly among preschool-aged children. Thus, an integrated and effective programme to control intestinal parasitic infections should include preschool-aged children. Such a programme should focus on providing health education on hygienic practices, providing adequate sanitation and improved sources of drinking water, and screening and treating other infected family members.
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Hung TY, Janson S, Smith P, Legg A, Baird RW. Declining soil transmitted helminth detections in an Australian tropical region. Pathology 2019; 51:737-741. [PMID: 31635949 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs), are recognised neglected tropical diseases and have been endemic in patients in tropical Northern Australia. We reviewed the temporal trends in detections of STHs and Hymenolepis nana in faecal samples from Northern Territory (NT) Government Health facilities, representing patients with acute illnesses and comorbidities between 2008 and 2018. Ascaris lumbricoides is not detected in patients in the NT. The number of faecal samples examined yearly was relatively constant with a median of 4458 (range 4246-4933). Faecal samples from patients under the age of 5 years declined by 45% over the 11 years of the study. Detections of Trichuris trichiura, Strongyloides spp., and hookworm ova fell significantly by 89% (p<0.001), 71% (p<0.001), and 43% (p<0.01), respectively, over the 11 years. Detections of H. nana declined by 33% absolutely, but not significantly, when assessed relative to the reduction in faecal samples from patients under the age of 5 years. The marked reduction in STH numbers coincided with a 10-fold increase in NT dispensing of ivermectin, predominantly used for scabies control, in widely geographically spaced locations throughout the NT, over the 11 years of the study. Our data support previous findings of the beneficial collateral effects of ivermectin therapy. Ivermectin is not recognised as having anti-cestode activity, hence the continued presence of H. nana endemically in the NT, suggests declines in STHs are not related to other changes in health hardware or existing mass drug administration programs. The reduction in T. trichiura detections may not be explained by this association, as unlike Strongyloides spp., the anti-helminthic effect of ivermectin has been less marked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te Yu Hung
- Microbiology, Territory Pathology, Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, NT, Australia
| | - Sonja Janson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, NT, Australia
| | - Pam Smith
- Microbiology, Territory Pathology, Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, NT, Australia
| | - Amy Legg
- Pharmacy Department, Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, NT, Australia
| | - Robert W Baird
- Microbiology, Territory Pathology, Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, NT, Australia.
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Riebold D, Russow K, Schlegel M, Wollny T, Thiel J, Freise J, Hüppop O, Eccard JA, Plenge-Bönig A, Loebermann M, Ulrich RG, Klammt S, Mettenleiter TC, Reisinger EC. Occurrence of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Small Mammals from Germany. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 20:125-133. [PMID: 31513468 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
An increase in zoonotic infections in humans in recent years has led to a high level of public interest. However, the extent of infestation of free-living small mammals with pathogens and especially parasites is not well understood. This pilot study was carried out within the framework of the "Rodent-borne pathogens" network to identify zoonotic parasites in small mammals in Germany. From 2008 to 2009, 111 small mammals of 8 rodent and 5 insectivore species were collected. Feces and intestine samples from every mammal were examined microscopically for the presence of intestinal parasites by using Telemann concentration for worm eggs, Kinyoun staining for coccidia, and Heidenhain staining for other protozoa. Adult helminths were additionally stained with carmine acid for species determination. Eleven different helminth species, five coccidians, and three other protozoa species were detected. Simultaneous infection of one host by different helminths was common. Hymenolepis spp. (20.7%) were the most common zoonotic helminths in the investigated hosts. Coccidia, including Eimeria spp. (30.6%), Cryptosporidium spp. (17.1%), and Sarcocystis spp. (17.1%), were present in 40.5% of the feces samples of small mammals. Protozoa, such as Giardia spp. and amoebae, were rarely detected, most likely because of the repeated freeze-thawing of the samples during preparation. The zoonotic pathogens detected in this pilot study may be potentially transmitted to humans by drinking water, smear infection, and airborne transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Riebold
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.,Host Septomics Research Group, ZIK Septomics, University Jena Medical School, Jena, Germany
| | - Kati Russow
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Mathias Schlegel
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Theres Wollny
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany.,Faculty of Natural Sciences, Lausitz University of Applied Sciences, Senftenberg, Germany
| | - Jörg Thiel
- Forstliches Forschungs- und Kompetenzzentrum Gotha, Gotha, Germany
| | - Jona Freise
- Department of Pest Control, Veterinary Task-Force, Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (LAVES), Wardenburg, Germany
| | - Ommo Hüppop
- Institute of Avian Research "Vogelwarte Helgoland," Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Jana Anja Eccard
- Animal Ecology, Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anita Plenge-Bönig
- Division of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Hygiene and Environment, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Micha Loebermann
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Rainer Günter Ulrich
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sebastian Klammt
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Emil Christian Reisinger
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Gene-based molecular characterization of cox1 and pnad5 in Hymenolepis nana isolated from naturally infected mice and rats in Saudi Arabia. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181224. [PMID: 30670630 PMCID: PMC6367130 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice and rats are animals commonly used in research and laboratory testing. Compared with other animal species, they harbor many more zoonotic agents. Hymenolepis nana (H. nana) is a common tapeworm that parasitizes both humans and rodents. Although this tapeworm is of socio-economic importance worldwide, information related to its mitochondrial genome is limited. The present study examined the sequence diversity of two mitochondrial (mt) genes, subunit I of cytochrome oxidase (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (pnad5), of H. nana in mice and rats from two geographical regions of Saudi Arabia (Makkah and Riyadh). Partial sequences of cox1 and pnad 5 from individual H. nana isolates were separately amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. The GC contents of the sequences ranged between 31.6–33.5% and 27.2–28.6% for cox1 and pnad5, respectively. The genomic similarity among specimens determined via cox1 primer and pnad5 primer was 97.1% and 99.7%, respectively. Based on these primers, our data did not indicate any differences between H. nana from rat and mice isolates. Results demonstrated that the present species are deeply embedded in the genus Hymenolepis with close relationship to other Hymenolepis species, including H. nana as a putative sister taxon, and that the isolates cannot be categorized as belonging to two different groups with origins in Makkah and Riyadh.
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Ikumapayi UN, Sanyang C, Pereira DI. A Case Report of an Intestinal Helminth Infection of Human Hymenolepiasis in Rural Gambia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 6:251. [PMID: 33344886 PMCID: PMC7680930 DOI: 10.23937/2378-3656/1410251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Background Hymenolepis nana, also called dwarf tapeworm infection, is an intestinal helminth not previously reported in The Gambia and only very rarely reported in West Africa. Case presentation We report a case of H. nana infection in a 29-month-old child living in a rural community of the north bank of the Upper River Region (URR) in The Gambia. The child presented with mild iron deficiency anaemia and granulocytosis but was otherwise mostly asymptomatic despite the moderate-intensity of infection. Conclusions We support treatment of H. nana infection even in largely asymptomatic children to prevent autoinfection and spread of this intestinal helminth in The Gambia and in other West African countries. Abbreviations GCP: Good Clinical Practice; HAZ: Height-for-age z-score; IHAT-GUT: Acronym for the Iron Hydroxide Adipate Tartrate Supplementation Study; ICH: International Conference on Harmonisation; SD: Standard Deviation; URR: Upper River Region; WAZ: Weight-for-age z-score; WHO: World Health Organization; WHZ: Weight-for-height z-score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman N Ikumapayi
- Medical Research Council Unit the Gambia, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Chilel Sanyang
- Medical Research Council Unit the Gambia, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Dora Ia Pereira
- Medical Research Council Unit the Gambia, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia.,Medical Research Council Unit the Gambia, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Banjul, The Gambia
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11
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Spinicci M, Macchioni F, Gabrielli S, Rojo D, Gamboa H, Villagrán AL, Vallejos Y, Strohmeyer M, Roselli M, Cancrini G, Olliaro P, Montresor A, Bartoloni A. Hymenolepis nana-An Emerging Intestinal Parasite Associated with Anemia in School Children from the Bolivian Chaco. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 99:1598-1601. [PMID: 30298806 PMCID: PMC6283498 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical anemia can have multiple causes, whether socioeconomic, dietary, or infectious. In the Bolivian Chaco, soil-transmitted helminthiases (STH), malaria, and Chagas disease are potential infectious causes of anemia among school-aged children (SAC). Following years of preventive chemotherapy with mebendazole, the prevalence of STH among SAC living in that area is now negligible, whereas protozoan infections are still highly prevalent (81%); Hymenolepis nana is the most frequent intestinal helminth (∼13%). We present results of hemoglobin (Hb) assessment and the association between parasitic infections and Hb levels of that SAC population. Overall, 511 SAC (girls:boys ratio 1:1, mean age 9.4 years [95% confidence interval {CI}: 9.3-9.5]) had Hb levels measured by using a point of care testing (HemoCue® Hb 301 System; HemoCue, Angelhome, Sweden). The prevalence of anemia was 23% (117/511), with mean and median Hb level = 12.2 g/dL (95% CI: 12.1-12.3; range 9.2-15.4 g/dL). By multivariate analysis, H. nana infection was associated with an increased risk of anemia (odds ratio 2.9, 95% CI: 1.5-5.7, P = 0.002). Two samples (0.5%) were positive for Trypanosoma cruzi and none for Plasmodium spp. by polymerase chain reaction of the 439 children tested. Anemia is still a concern among SAC living in the Bolivian Chaco. Our findings call for a greater attention to fecal-oral emerging pathogens, such as H. nana, and highlight the importance of water, sanitation, and hygiene improvements for disadvantaged population such as those living in the Bolivian Chaco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Spinicci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Fabio Macchioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Gabrielli
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università di Roma Sapienza, Roma, Italy
| | - David Rojo
- Escuela de Salud del Chaco Tekove Katu, Gutierrez, Plurinational State of Bolivia
| | - Herlan Gamboa
- Facultad Integral del Chaco, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Camiri, Plurinational State of Bolivia
| | - Ana Liz Villagrán
- Hospital Básico de Villa Montes, Villa Montes, Plurinational State of Bolivia
| | - Yolanda Vallejos
- Hospital Municipal de Camiri, Camiri, Plurinational State of Bolivia
| | - Marianne Strohmeyer
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Mimmo Roselli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Gabriella Cancrini
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Università di Roma Sapienza, Roma, Italy
| | - Piero Olliaro
- Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Montresor
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Bartoloni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
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12
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cestodes infections in humans are among the most prevalent parasitosis worldwide. Although tapeworm infection is often asymptomatic, they can be associated with a range of symptoms. The landscape of cestode infections is changing with rapid diagnosis techniques and advanced molecular diagnosis aiding in identification of species specific epidemiology. RECENT FINDINGS Traditional descriptions of species by location have been challenged with molecular diagnostic techniques, which show variation in distribution of species, thought to be because of globalization and importation of disease. MAIN THEMES IN LITERATURE Epidemiology, molecular diagnostic techniques. SUMMARY Infection by tapeworms is often asymptomatic or accompanied by mild symptoms though can occasionally cause severe disease and contribute to anemia and malnutrition. Tapeworm infection is most prevalent in resource-poor countries but the distribution is worldwide. Epidemiology of infection is changing because of molecular diagnostics, which allow more accurate tracking of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Webb
- Division of Infectious Disease Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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13
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Holt DC, Shield J, Harris TM, Mounsey KE, Aland K, McCarthy JS, Currie BJ, Kearns TM. Soil-Transmitted Helminths in Children in a Remote Aboriginal Community in the Northern Territory: Hookworm is Rare but Strongyloides stercoralis and Trichuris trichiura Persist. Trop Med Infect Dis 2017; 2:E51. [PMID: 30270908 PMCID: PMC6082063 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed2040051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: soil-transmitted helminths are a problem worldwide, largely affecting disadvantaged populations. The little data available indicates high rates of infection in some remote Aboriginal communities in Australia. Studies of helminths were carried out in the same remote community in the Northern Territory in 1994⁻1996 and 2010⁻2011; (2) Methods: fecal samples were collected from children aged <10 years and examined for helminths by direct smear microscopy. In the 2010⁻2011 study, some fecal samples were also analyzed by agar plate culture and PCR for Strongyloides stercoralis DNA. Serological analysis of fingerprick dried blood spots using a S. stercoralis NIE antigen was also conducted; (3) Results and Conclusions: a reduction in fecal samples positive for S. stercoralis, hookworm and Trichuris trichiura was seen between the studies in 1994⁻1996 and 2010⁻2011, likely reflecting public health measures undertaken in the region to reduce intestinal helminths. Comparison of methods to detect S. stercoralis showed that PCR of fecal samples and serological testing of dried blood spots was at least as sensitive as direct smear microscopy and agar plate culture. These methods have advantages for use in remote field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah C Holt
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin NT 0811, Australia.
| | - Jennifer Shield
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin NT 0811, Australia.
- Department of Pharmacy and Applied Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo VIC 3550, Australia.
| | - Tegan M Harris
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin NT 0811, Australia.
| | - Kate E Mounsey
- School of Health and Sports Science, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore QLD 4558, Australia.
| | - Kieran Aland
- Queensland Museum, South Brisbane QLD 4101, Australia.
| | - James S McCarthy
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston QLD 4006, Australia.
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Bart J Currie
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin NT 0811, Australia.
| | - Therese M Kearns
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin NT 0811, Australia.
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14
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Abdel-Latif M, El-Shahawi G, Aboelhadid SM, Abdel-Tawab H. Immunoprotective Effect of Chitosan Particles onHymenolepis nana- Infected Mice. Scand J Immunol 2017; 86:83-90. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Abdel-Latif
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Beni-Suef University; Beni-Suef Egypt
| | - G. El-Shahawi
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Beni-Suef University; Beni-Suef Egypt
| | - S. M. Aboelhadid
- Department of Parasitology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Beni-Suef University; Beni-Suef Egypt
| | - H. Abdel-Tawab
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Science; Beni-Suef University; Beni-Suef Egypt
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15
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Mayer-Coverdale JK, Crowe A, Smith P, Baird RW. Trends in Strongyloides stercoralis Faecal Larvae Detections in the Northern Territory, Australia: 2002 to 2012. Trop Med Infect Dis 2017; 2:tropicalmed2020018. [PMID: 30270877 PMCID: PMC6082076 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed2020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Strongyloides stercoralis is a soil-transmitted helminth (STH) endemic to tropical and subtropical areas. We reviewed the temporal detection trends in patients with S. stercoralis larvae present in faecal samples, in Northern Territory (NT) Government Health facilities, between 2002 and 2012. This was a retrospective observational study of consecutive patients with microbiologically confirmed detection of S. stercoralis in faeces. The presence of anaemia, eosinophilia, polyparasitism, and geographic and demographic data, were included in the assessment. S. stercoralis larvae were present in 389 of 22,892 faecal samples (1.7%) collected across the NT over 11 years, examined by microscopy after formol ethyl acetate concentration. 97.7% of detections were in Indigenous patients. Detections, by number, occurred in a biphasic age distribution. Detections per number of faecal samples collected, were highest in the 0–5 year age group. Anaemia was present in 44.8%, and eosinophilia in 49.9% of patients. Eosinophilia was present in 65.5% of the ≤5 age group, compared to 40.8% of >5 year age (p < 0.0001). Polyparasitism was present in 31.4% of patients. There was an overall downward trend in larvae detections from 2.64% to 0.99% detections/number of faecal samples year between 2002 and 2012, consistent with the trends observed for other local STHs. S. stercoralis remains an important NT-wide pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna K Mayer-Coverdale
- Department of Microbiology, Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Queensland 4001, Australia.
| | - Amy Crowe
- Infectious Diseases Physician, St Vincent's Hospital, 41 Victoria Pde, Fitzroy 3065, Australia.
| | - Pamela Smith
- Microbiology, Territory Pathology, Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi 0810, Australia.
| | - Robert W Baird
- Microbiology, Territory Pathology, Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi 0810, Australia.
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16
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Chernet A, Kling K, Sydow V, Kuenzli E, Hatz C, Utzinger J, van Lieshout L, Marti H, Nickel B, Labhardt ND, Neumayr A. Accuracy of Diagnostic Tests for Schistosoma mansoni Infection in Asymptomatic Eritrean Refugees: Serology and Point-of-Care Circulating Cathodic Antigen Against Stool Microscopy. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 65:568-574. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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17
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Modulation of murine intestinal immunity by Moringa oleifera extract in experimental hymenolepiasis nana. J Helminthol 2017; 92:142-153. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x17000293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe potential therapeutic value of Moringa oleifera extract (MOE), due to its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects, has been reported previously. In this study, Hymenolepis nana antigen (HNA) in combination with MOE was used in immunization against H. nana infection. Adult worm and egg counts were taken, while histological changes in the intestine were observed. Mucosal mast (MMCs) and goblet cells (GCs) were stained with specific stains, while serum and intestinal IgA were assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS) were assayed. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for detection of mRNA expression in ileum tissue. The results demonstrated an improvement in the architecture of intestinal villi, decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOs) and TBARS, and increased GSH in HNA, MOE and MOE + HNA groups. In the same groups, an increase in GCs, mucin 2 (MUC2), interleukins (IL)-4, -5 and -9, and stem cell factor (SCF) versus a decrease in both interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and transforming growth factor (TGF-β) expression appeared. HNA and MOE + HNA increased serum and intestinal IgA, respectively. MOE decreased MMCs and achieved the highest reductions in both adult worms and eggs. In conclusion, MOE could achieve protection against H. nana infections through decreased TGF-β, IFN-γ and MMC counts versus increased GC counts, T-helper cell type 2 (Th2) cytokines and IgA level.
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18
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Cabada MM, Morales ML, Lopez M, Reynolds ST, Vilchez EC, Lescano AG, Gotuzzo E, Garcia HH, White AC. Hymenolepis nana Impact Among Children in the Highlands of Cusco, Peru: An Emerging Neglected Parasite Infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95:1031-1036. [PMID: 27672206 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Hymenolepis nana is the most common cestode infection in the world. However, limited information is available regarding its impact on affected populations. We studied the epidemiology and symptoms associated with hymenolepiasis among children 3-16 years old in 16 rural communities of the highlands of the Cusco region in Peru. Information on demographics, socioeconomic status, symptoms as reported by parents, and parasitological testing was obtained from the database of an ongoing Fasciola hepatica epidemiologic study. A total of 1,230 children were included in the study. Forty-five percent were infected with at least one pathogenic intestinal parasite. Giardia spp. (22.9%) was the most common, followed by Hymenolepis (17.4%), Fasciola (14.1%), Ascaris lumbricoides (6.1%), and Strongyloides stercoralis (2%). The prevalence of Hymenolepis infection varied by community, by other parasitic infections, and by socioeconomic status. However, only years of education of the mother, use of well water, and age less than 10 years were associated with Hymenolepis infection in the multivariate analysis. Hymenolepis nana infection was associated with diarrhea, jaundice, headaches, fever, and fatigue. Children with > 500 eggs/g of stool were more likely to have symptoms of weight loss, jaundice, diarrhea, and fever. Hymenolepis nana infection and age were the only factors retained in the multivariate analysis modeling diarrhea. Hymenolepiasis is a common gastrointestinal helminth in the Cusco region and is associated with significant morbidity in children in rural communities. The impact caused by the emergence of Hymenolepis as a prevalent intestinal parasite deserves closer scrutiny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel M Cabada
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas. .,Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia-University of Texas Medical Branch Collaborative Research Center-Cusco, Cusco, Peru
| | - Maria Luisa Morales
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia-University of Texas Medical Branch Collaborative Research Center-Cusco, Cusco, Peru
| | - Martha Lopez
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia-University of Texas Medical Branch Collaborative Research Center-Cusco, Cusco, Peru
| | - Spencer T Reynolds
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Elizabeth C Vilchez
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Andres G Lescano
- School of Public Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Eduardo Gotuzzo
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Hector Hugo Garcia
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - A Clinton White
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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19
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Cheng T, Liu GH, Song HQ, Lin RQ, Zhu XQ. The complete mitochondrial genome of the dwarf tapeworm Hymenolepis nana--a neglected zoonotic helminth. Parasitol Res 2015; 115:1253-62. [PMID: 26666886 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4862-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hymenolepis nana, commonly known as the dwarf tapeworm, is one of the most common tapeworms of humans and rodents and can cause hymenolepiasis. Although this zoonotic tapeworm is of socio-economic significance in many countries of the world, its genetics, systematics, epidemiology, and biology are poorly understood. In the present study, we sequenced and characterized the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of H. nana. The mt genome is 13,764 bp in size and encodes 36 genes, including 12 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA, and 22 transfer RNA genes. All genes are transcribed in the same direction. The gene order and genome content are completely identical with their congener Hymenolepis diminuta. Phylogenetic analyses based on concatenated amino acid sequences of 12 protein-coding genes by Bayesian inference, Maximum likelihood, and Maximum parsimony showed the division of class Cestoda into two orders, supported the monophylies of both the orders Cyclophyllidea and Pseudophyllidea. Analyses of mt genome sequences also support the monophylies of the three families Taeniidae, Hymenolepididae, and Diphyllobothriidae. This novel mt genome provides a useful genetic marker for studying the molecular epidemiology, systematics, and population genetics of the dwarf tapeworm and should have implications for the diagnosis, prevention, and control of hymenolepiasis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Qun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui-Qing Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Cheng T, Gao DZ, Zhu WN, Fang SF, Chen N, Zhu XQ, Liu GH, Lin RQ. Genetic variability among Hymenolepis nana isolates from different geographical regions in China revealed by sequence analysis of three mitochondrial genes. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2015; 27:4646-4650. [PMID: 26642941 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2015.1101595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Hymenolepis nana is a common tapeworm that parasitizes in the small intestine of rodent animals and humans. The present study examined the sequence diversity of three mitochondrial (mt) genes namely NADH dehydrogenase subunits 5 (nad5), small subunit ribosomal RNA (rrnS), and ATPase subunit 6 (atp6) of H. nana from mice in different geographical regions of China. A part of the nad5 (pnad5), complete rrnS and atp6 genes were amplified separately from individual H. nana isolates using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and then sequenced. The sequences of pnad5, rrnS, and atp6 were 710 bp, 704-711 bp, and 516 bp in length, respectively. The A + T contents of the sequences were 70.1-73.5% (pnad5), 70.1-71.7% (rrnS), and 76.6-77.9% (atp6). Sequence variation within H. nana was 0-1.4% for atp6, 0-1.7% for rrnS, and 0-0.7% for pnad5. The inter-specific sequence differences between H. nana and Hymenolepis diminuta were significantly higher, which was 31.6-31.7% (pnad5), 16.1-17.6% (rrnS), and 26.5-27.1% (atp6). Phylogenetic analysis based on the combined three sequences using the maximum parsimony (MP) method supported that H. nana is a species complex or "cryptic" species. These findings demonstrated clearly the usefulness of the three mtDNA sequences for population genetics and systematic studies of H. nana of human and animal health significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Cheng
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, Guangdong Province , PR China.,b State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou, Gansu Province , PR China.,c Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province , Guangzhou, Guangdong Province , PR China
| | - De-Zhen Gao
- b State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou, Gansu Province , PR China.,d College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine , Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University , Daqing, Heilongjiang Province , PR China
| | - Wei-Ning Zhu
- b State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou, Gansu Province , PR China
| | - Su-Fang Fang
- e College of Animal Science and Technology , Hebei North University , Zhang Jiakou, Hebei Province , PR China , and
| | - Ning Chen
- f Shenzhen Institute for Drug Control , Shenzhen, Guangdong Province , PR China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- b State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou, Gansu Province , PR China
| | - Guo-Hua Liu
- b State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Lanzhou, Gansu Province , PR China
| | - Rui-Qing Lin
- a College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, Guangdong Province , PR China.,c Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province , Guangzhou, Guangdong Province , PR China
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