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Riaz A, Rasul A, Kanwal N, Hussain G, Shah MA, Sarfraz I, Ishfaq R, Batool R, Rukhsar F, Adem Ş. Germacrone: A Potent Secondary Metabolite with Therapeutic Potential in Metabolic Diseases, Cancer and Viral Infections. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 21:1079-1090. [PMID: 32723267 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221999200728144801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Natural products, an infinite reserve of bioactive molecules, will continue to serve humans as an important source of therapeutic agents. Germacrone is a bioactive natural compound found in the traditional medicinal plants of family Zingiberaceae. This multifaceted chemical entity has become a point of focus during recent years due to its numerous pharmacological applications, e.g., anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-adipogenic, anti-androgenic, antimicrobial, insecticidal, and neuroprotective. Germacrone is an effective inducer of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in various cancers (breast, brain, liver, skin, prostate, gastric, and esophageal) via modulation of different cell signaling molecules and pathways involved in cancer proliferation. This is the first report highlighting the wide spectrum of pharmacological activities exhibited by germacrone. The reported data collected from various shreds of evidences recommend that this multifaceted compound could serve as a potential drug candidate in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammara Riaz
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Azhar Rasul
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Nazia Kanwal
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Hussain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ajmal Shah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Sarfraz
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Rubab Ishfaq
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Batool
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Fariha Rukhsar
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Şevki Adem
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Çankırı, 18100, Turkey
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Srivilai J, Waranuch N, Tangsumranjit A, Khorana N, Ingkaninan K. Germacrone and sesquiterpene-enriched extracts from Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. increase skin penetration of minoxidil, a hair growth promoter. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2018; 8:140-149. [PMID: 29159692 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-017-0447-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Minoxidil is approved for topical treatment of androgenic alopecia but hampered by poor cutaneous absorption. Recently, the randomized control trial showed that hair loss treatment of minoxidil was improved by co-application of the anti-androgen, Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. extract. Here, we aimed to show that the apparent synergism arises from improved cutaneous penetration of minoxidil by bioactive compound, germacrone or C. aeruginosa (as an n-hexane extract, or essential oil). The partition coefficient of germacrone was determined by HPLC. Skin penetration was measured ex vivo on Franz diffusion cells using full thickness human foreskin as membranes. The receiver solution was sampled hourly for 8 h after which the skin was removed, the stratum corneum separated, and minoxidil assayed in this and in the remaining viable skin layer by HPLC. Skin penetration of minoxidil with 0.2 and 2% extract was increased ~ 4-fold (accumulated amount in receiver + skin viable layer after 8 h). Furthermore, germacrone enhanced minoxidil flux by ~ 10-fold and C. aeruginosa essential oil by ~ 20-fold. This work suggests three clinical consequences: (i) minoxidil efficacy is promoted, (ii) lower doses of minoxidil suffice, and (iii) C. aeruginosa extract/essential oil or germacrone can supplement treatment outcomes by acting as anti-androgen, thereby introducing a more effective topical treatment strategy for androgenic alopecia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukkarin Srivilai
- Bioscreening Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Neti Waranuch
- Cosmetics and Natural Products Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Anothai Tangsumranjit
- Cosmetics and Natural Products Research Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Nantaka Khorana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Kornkanok Ingkaninan
- Bioscreening Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
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Srivilai J, Nontakhot K, Nutuan T, Waranuch N, Khorana N, Wisuthiprot W, Scholfield C, Champachaisri K, Ingkaninan K. Sesquiterpene-Enriched Extract of Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb. Retards Axillary Hair Growth: A Randomised, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Study. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 31:99-106. [DOI: 10.1159/000486136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Fang J, Yang B, Ge Z, Bai X, Yan B. Single standard substance for the determination of nine volatile components in the distillate of Fructus Gardeniae and Radix Curcumae (an intermediate of Xingnaojing Injection). J Sep Sci 2017; 40:3946-3957. [PMID: 28857420 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Xingnaojing Injection is a traditional Chinese medicine extensively used for stroke and cerebral ischemia. For better in-process quality control of Xingnaojing Injection, a method for the analysis of its intermediate (i.e., the distillate of Fructus Gardeniae and Radix Curcumae) is needed to monitor and optimize the hydrodistillation extraction process. In this work, nine major volatile components in the intermediate were identified: isophorone, 4-methylene-isophorone, curcumenone, curcumenol, curdione, curzerenone, furanodienone, curcumol, and germacrone. A quantitative analysis of multi-component with a single-marker method based on high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection was developed for the simultaneous determination of the nine components. In this method, only curdione was needed as the reference substance, and the other eight components were determined using their relative correction factors to curdione. In the method validation, good linearity (r > 0.9999), sensitivity, repeatability, and accuracy (recoveries within 95.3-105.4%) were shown. The repeatability and robustness of the relative correction factors were studied with different column temperatures, flow rates, detection wavelengths, columns, and instruments. In sample analyses, consistent results between the proposed method and the external standard method were shown. The proposed method provides a comprehensive and low-cost tool for the quality assessment of the intermediate of Xingnaojing Injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyang Fang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Ge
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xue Bai
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Binjun Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Chromene stability: The most potent estrogenic compounds in White Kwao Krua (Pueraria candollei var mirifica) crude extract. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Optimization of Biochemical Screening Methods for Volatile and Unstable Sesquiterpenoids Using HS-SPME-GC-MS. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/chromatography2020277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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