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El-Mallah C, Ragi MEE, Eid A, Obeid OA. Low-quality protein modulates inflammatory markers and the response to lipopolysaccharide insult: the case of lysine. Br J Nutr 2023; 130:944-957. [PMID: 36597807 PMCID: PMC10442798 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522004068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between non-communicable diseases and eating behaviour has long been attributed to a surplus of food and energy. However, the increase in the prevalence of non-communicable disease and their underlying low-grade inflammatory milieu among people of low socio-economic status has highlighted the existence of a confounding factor. In this work, we aim to study the effect of lysine deficiency on some inflammatory markers in the absence or presence of an inflammatory insult (lipopolysaccharide (LPS)). For this purpose, thirty-two 5-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly distributed into four groups: (1) control diet, (2) control diet+LPS, (3) lysine-deficient diet and (4) lysine-deficient diet + LPS. Groups were only allowed their experimental diets for 4 weeks, during which LPS (50 µg/kg) or saline injections were administered intraperitoneally three times per week. The study showed that lysine deficiency blunted growth and body compartments development, decreased albumin production and elevated liver C-reactive protein (CRP) expression, independently of IL-6 and IL-1β, the main precursors of CRP. Also, the insufficient levels of lysine in the diet increased hyperactivity and triggered an anxiety-like behaviour, exacerbated with LPS. This work presents evidence that various physiological changes are associated with the absence of a sufficient amount of lysine in the diet and can potentially increase the risk factor for diseases. Thus, the increment in non-communicable disease among the low socio-economic status populations, who heavily rely on cereals as a main source of protein, can be, at least partially, blamed on low lysine availability in diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla El-Mallah
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marie-Elizabeth E. Ragi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Assaad Eid
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Omar A. Obeid
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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2
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mTORC1 Mediates the Processes of Lysine Regulating Satellite Cells Proliferation, Apoptosis, and Autophagy. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12090788. [PMID: 36144192 PMCID: PMC9505949 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine (Lys) is essential for skeletal muscle growth and protein synthesis in mammals. However, the regulatory network underlying Lys-regulated skeletal muscle development is unknown. To determine whether any cross-talk occurs among mammalian targets of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and Lys in the regulation of muscle satellite cells (SCs) proliferation, we applied the treatment rapamycin (a mTORC1 inhibitor) and MHY1485 (a mTORC1 activator) on Lys-added or -deficient SCs. The results show Lys deprivation significantly decreases SCs viability, protein synthesis, and cell cycling, increases autophagy and apoptosis, and inhibits the mTORC1 signaling pathway. Restoration of Lys content significantly attenuates this effect. mTORC1 signaling pathway activation during Lys deprivation or mTORC1 signaling pathway inhibition during Lys addition attenuates the effect of Lys deprivation or addition on SCs viability, protein synthesis, cell cycling, autophagy, and apoptosis. In conclusion, Lys could improve SCs proliferation, and inhibit SCs apoptosis and autophagy, via the mTORC1 signaling pathway.
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Chronic Effects of Maternal Low-Protein and Low-Quality Protein Diets on Body Composition, Glucose-Homeostasis and Metabolic Factors, Followed by Reversible Changes upon Rehabilitation in Adult Rat Offspring. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13114129. [PMID: 34836384 PMCID: PMC8624605 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies suggest that the maternal protein content and source can affect the offspring's health. However, the chronic impact of maternal quality and quantity protein restriction, and reversible changes upon rehabilitation, if any, in the offspring, remains elusive. This study examined the effects of maternal low-quality protein (LQP) and low-protein (LP) intake from preconception to post-weaning, followed by rehabilitation from weaning, on body composition, glucose-homeostasis, and metabolic factors in rat offspring. Wistar rats were exposed to normal protein (NP; 20% casein), LQP (20% wheat gluten) or LP (8% casein) isocaloric diets for 7 weeks before pregnancy until lactation. After weaning, the offspring were exposed to five diets: NP, LQP, LQPR (LQP rehabilitated with NP), LP, and LPR (LP rehabilitated with NP) for 16 weeks. Body composition, glucose-homeostasis, lipids, and plasma hormones were investigated. The LQP and LP offspring had lower bodyweight, fat and lean mass, insulin and HOMA-IR than the NP. The LQP offspring had higher cholesterol, T3 and T4, and lower triacylglycerides and glucose, while these were unaltered in LP compared to NP. The majority of the above outcomes were reversed upon rehabilitation. These results suggest that the chronic exposure of rats to maternal LQP and LP diets induced differential adverse effects by influencing body composition and metabolism, which were reversed upon rehabilitation.
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Integrating RNA-sequencing and untargeted LC-MS metabolomics to evaluate the effect of lysine deficiency on hepatic functions in Holstein calves. Amino Acids 2020; 52:781-792. [PMID: 32372391 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02852-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lysine (Lys) is majorly metabolized in the liver. The liver functional consequences of a dietary Lys deficiency in young Holstein calves are unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Lys deficiency in Holstein calf livers using RNA-sequencing and untargeted LC-MS metabolomics. Calves (n = 36; initial body weight 101.2 ± 10.8 kg; 90-day-old) were fed restricted diets, for 90 days, containing 19.2% crude protein that varied in Lys content (PC group 1.21%; PC-Lys group 0.85%; dry matter basis) for 90 days. Body weight, average daily gain, gain/feed, and Lys intake were significantly decreased in response to Lys deficiency (P < 0.05). Dry matter intake was not altered (P > 0.05). Network and pathway analyses revealed that noradrenaline, adenosine 5'-monophosphate, acetyl-CoA, and coenzyme A were significantly decreased. Regulating of lipolysis in adipocytes pathway and fatty acid degradation pathway were downregulated. We also identified eight significantly differentially expressed genes (SDEGs), among which adrenoceptor beta 2 (ADRB2), WAP four-disulfide core domain 2 (WFDC2), and claudin-4 (CLDN4) were associated with inhibition of lipolysis, and carbon catabolite repression 4-like (CCRN4L), FOS like 2 (FOSL2), and arginase 2 (ARG2) were associated with inhibiting lipid synthesis. Correlation tests showed that coenzyme A was strongly correlated with SDEGs (0.82 ≤|r|≤ 0.96). Acetyl-CoA and adenosine 5'-monophosphate were strongly correlated with CCRN4L (0.90 ≤|r|≤ 0.92), indicating a strong correlation between the changes in SDEGs and these metabolites. In conclusion, Lys deficiency caused dysplasia and affected lipid metabolism in the liver by inhibiting lipolysis and lipid synthesis in calves.
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Obesity and adiposity: the culprit of dietary protein efficacy. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:389-401. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20190583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObesity and increased body adiposity have been alarmingly increasing over the past decades and have been linked to a rise in food intake. Many dietary restrictive approaches aiming at reducing weight have resulted in contradictory results. Additionally, some policies to reduce sugar or fat intake were not able to decrease the surge of obesity. This suggests that food intake is controlled by a physiological mechanism and that any behavioural change only leads to a short-term success. Several hypotheses have been postulated, and many of them have been rejected due to some limitations and exceptions. The present review aims at presenting a new theory behind the regulation of energy intake, therefore providing an eye-opening field for energy balance and a potential strategy for obesity management.
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mTORC1 Mediates Lysine-Induced Satellite Cell Activation to Promote Skeletal Muscle Growth. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121549. [PMID: 31801253 PMCID: PMC6953079 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As the first limiting amino acid, lysine (Lys) has been thought to promote muscle fiber hypertrophy by increasing protein synthesis. However, the functions of Lys seem far more complex than that. Despite the fact that satellite cells (SCs) play an important role in skeletal muscle growth, the communication between Lys and SCs remains unclear. In this study, we investigated whether SCs participate directly in Lys-induced skeletal muscle growth and whether the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway was activated both in vivo and in vitro to mediate SC functions in response to Lys supplementation. Subsequently, the skeletal muscle growth of piglets was controlled by dietary Lys supplementation. Isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) analysis showed activated SCs were required for longissimus dorsi muscle growth, and this effect was accompanied by mTORC1 pathway upregulation. Furthermore, SC proliferation was governed by medium Lys concentrations, and the mTORC1 pathway was significantly enhanced in vitro. After verifying that rapamycin inhibits the mTORC1 pathway and suppresses SC proliferation, we conclude that Lys is not only a molecular building block for protein synthesis but also a signal that activates SCs to manipulate muscle growth via the mTORC1 pathway.
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Zapata RC, Singh A, Pezeshki A, Chelikani PK. Tryptophan restriction partially recapitulates the age-dependent effects of total amino acid restriction on energy balance in diet-induced obese rats. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 65:115-127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yin J, Li Y, Han H, Liu Z, Zeng X, Li T, Yin Y. Long-term effects of lysine concentration on growth performance, intestinal microbiome, and metabolic profiles in a pig model. Food Funct 2018; 9:4153-4163. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00973b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lysine is a common limiting amino acid in human and animal diets and plays an important role in cell proliferation and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yin
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changsha
- China
| | - Yuying Li
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changsha
- China
| | - Hui Han
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changsha
- China
| | - Zhaojin Liu
- Department of Animal Science
- Hunan Agriculture University
- Changsha 410125
- China
| | - Xiangfang Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology
- Chinese Agriculture University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changsha
- China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process
- Institute of Subtropical Agriculture
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changsha
- China
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Newly formulated, protein quality-enhanced, extruded sorghum-, cowpea-, corn-, soya-, sugar- and oil-containing fortified-blended foods lead to adequate vitamin A and iron outcomes and improved growth compared with non-extruded CSB+ in rats. J Nutr Sci 2017. [PMID: 28630695 PMCID: PMC5468745 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2017.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Corn and soyabean micronutrient-fortified-blended foods (FBF) are commonly used for food aid. Sorghum and cowpeas have been suggested as alternative commodities because they are drought tolerant, can be grown in many localities, and are not genetically modified. Change in formulation of blends may improve protein quality, vitamin A and Fe availability of FBF. The primary objective of this study was to compare protein efficiency, Fe and vitamin A availability of newly formulated extruded sorghum-, cowpea-, soya- and corn-based FBF, along with a current, non-extruded United States Agency for International Development (USAID) corn and soya blend FBF (CSB+). A second objective was to compare protein efficiency of whey protein concentrate (WPC) and soya protein isolate (SPI) containing FBF to determine whether WPC inclusion improved outcomes. Eight groups of growing rats (n 10) consumed two white and one red sorghum–cowpea (WSC1 + WPC, WSC2 + WPC, RSC + WPC), white sorghum–soya (WSS + WPC) and corn–soya (CSB14 + WPC) extruded WPC-containing FBF, an extruded white sorghum–cowpea with SPI (WSC1 + SPI), non-extruded CSB+, and American Institute of Nutrition (AIN)-93G, a weanling rat diet, for 4 weeks. There were no significant differences in protein efficiency, Fe or vitamin A outcomes between WPC FBF groups. The CSB+ group consumed significantly less food, gained significantly less weight, and had significantly lower energy efficiency, protein efficiency and length, compared with all other groups. Compared with WSC1 + WPC, the WSC1 + SPI FBF group had significantly lower energy efficiency, protein efficiency and weight gain. These results suggest that a variety of commodities can be used in the formulation of FBF, and that newly formulated extruded FBF are of better nutritional quality than non-extruded CSB+.
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Key Words
- AIN, American Institute of Nutrition
- CSB, corn–soya blend
- Complementary feeding
- Corn–soya blends
- DIAAS, digestible indispensable amino acid score
- FBF, fortified-blended food
- Fortified blended foods
- Iron
- NRC, National Research Council
- Protein quality
- RSC, red sorghum with cowpea
- SPI, soya protein isolate
- Sorghum
- USAID, United States Agency for International Development
- USDA, United States Department of Agriculture
- Vitamin A
- WPC, whey protein concentrate
- WSC, white sorghum with cowpea
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Semba RD, Trehan I, Gonzalez-Freire M, Kraemer K, Moaddel R, Ordiz MI, Ferrucci L, Manary MJ. Perspective: The Potential Role of Essential Amino Acids and the Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1) Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Child Stunting. Adv Nutr 2016; 7:853-65. [PMID: 27633102 PMCID: PMC5015042 DOI: 10.3945/an.116.013276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stunting is the best summary measure of chronic malnutrition in children. Approximately one-quarter of children under age 5 worldwide are stunted. Lipid-based or micronutrient supplementation has little to no impact in reducing stunting, which suggests that other critical dietary nutrients are missing. A dietary pattern of poor-quality protein is associated with stunting. Stunted children have significantly lower circulating essential amino acids than do nonstunted children. Inadequate dietary intakes of essential amino acids could adversely affect growth, because amino acids are required for synthesis of proteins. The master growth regulation pathway, the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway, is exquisitely sensitive to amino acid availability. mTORC1 integrates cues such as nutrients, growth factors, oxygen, and energy to regulate growth of bone, skeletal muscle, nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, hematopoietic cells, immune effector cells, organ size, and whole-body energy balance. mTORC1 represses protein and lipid synthesis and cell and organismal growth when amino acids are deficient. Over the past 4 decades, the main paradigm for child nutrition in developing countries has been micronutrient malnutrition, with relatively less attention paid to protein. In this Perspective, we present the view that essential amino acids and the mTORC1 pathway play a key role in child growth. The current assumption that total dietary protein intake is adequate for growth among most children in developing countries needs re-evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Semba
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD;
| | - Indi Trehan
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Klaus Kraemer
- Sight and Life, Basel, Switzerland; and Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - M Isabel Ordiz
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Mark J Manary
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO
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Kabasakal Cetin A, Dasgin H, Gülec A, Onbasilar İ, Akyol A. Maternal Low Quality Protein Diet Alters Plasma Amino Acid Concentrations of Weaning Rats. Nutrients 2015; 7:9847-59. [PMID: 26633475 PMCID: PMC4690060 DOI: 10.3390/nu7125508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have indicated the influence of a maternal low protein diet on the fetus. However, the effect of a maternal low quality protein diet on fetal growth and development is largely unknown. Wistar rats (11 weeks old) were mated and maintained on either a chow diet with 20% casein (n = 6) as the control group (C), or a low quality protein diet with 20% wheat gluten (n = 7) as the experimental group (WG) through gestation and lactation. Maternal body weights were similar in both groups throughout the study. Birth weights were not influenced by maternal diet and offspring body weights during lactation were similar between the groups. Offspring’s plasma amino acid profiles showed that plasma methionine, glutamine and lysine were significantly lower and aspartic acid, ornithine and glycine-proline were significantly higher in the WG. Plant based protein comprises an important part of protein intake in developing countries. It is well-known that these diets can be inadequate in terms of essential amino acids. The current study shows differential effects of a maternal low quality protein diet on the offspring’s plasma amino acids. Future studies will examine further aspects of the influence of maternal low quality protein diets on fetal growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Kabasakal Cetin
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Hacettepe University, Sıhhiye, 06100 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Halil Dasgin
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Kirikkale University, Merkez, 71100 Kırıkkale, Turkey.
| | - Atila Gülec
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Hacettepe University, Sıhhiye, 06100 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - İlyas Onbasilar
- Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Sıhhiye, 06100 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Asli Akyol
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Hacettepe University, Sıhhiye, 06100 Ankara, Turkey.
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