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Cardoso CB, Brandão CVS, Juliani PS, Filadelpho AL, Pereira GJ, Lourenço MLG, Hataka A, Padovani CR. Morphogeometric Evaluation of the Left Ventricle and Left Atrioventricular Ring in Dogs: A Computerized Anatomical Study. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1996. [PMID: 37370507 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In veterinary, there is scarce availability of morphogeometric studies in normal and remodeled hearts; furthermore, ventricular geometry acts as an indicator of cardiac function. It is a highly necessary field of knowledge for the development of therapeutic protocols, especially surgical ones. The objectives of this study were: to obtain measurements of the left atrioventricular valve ring and left ventricle, to analyze the proportionality between the segments of the left cardiac chamber of normal hearts and to describe reference values for morphogeometric analysis of the left ventricle. For this, 50 hearts from small (Group 1-G1) and medium to large (Group 2-G2) dogs were laminated in the apical, basal and equatorial segments, and submitted to computer analysis to identify the perimeter of each segment and the left atrioventricular ring, wall thickness and distance from the atrioventricular sulcus to the apex. The largest internal perimeter was that of the equatorial. The basal segment had the highest mean for ventral parietal wall thickness, suggesting greater contractile reserve at that location. Considering the proportionality relationships, there was no statistical difference between the intersegmental perimeter indices for the two groups. This suggests that despite the animals' weight variations, the proportions between the left ventricular segments are maintained. Therefore, it is concluded that the data can be used as a standard of comparison for cardiac geometric assessments, as well as a basis for the development of therapeutic measures in the context of adverse cardiac remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Borges Cardoso
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences-UNESP-Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-681, SP, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Valéria Seullner Brandão
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal-UNESP-Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-681, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio Juliani
- Cardiovascular Surgery Service, WeVets Veterinary Hospital, São Paulo 02511-000, SP, Brazil
| | - André Luis Filadelpho
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Anatomy-UNESP-Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-681, SP, Brazil
| | - Geovane José Pereira
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences-UNESP-Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-681, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Lúcia Gomes Lourenço
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences-UNESP-Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-681, SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandre Hataka
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences-UNESP-Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-681, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Padovani
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of Biostatistics-UNESP-Botucatu, São Paulo 18618-681, SP, Brazil
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Ivasovic F, Matos JN, Wyler M, Glaus TM. Effects of Breed, Exercise, and a Two-Month Training Period on NT-proBNP-Levels in Athletic Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010016. [PMID: 36611627 PMCID: PMC9817725 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
N-terminal pro-b-type natriuretic peptide (NTproBNP) is a cardiac biomarker used to detect myocardial wall stress. Physical activity and cardiac disease can affect serum NTproBNP concentrations. In people, different types of physical activity have different effects on NTproBNP. Our hypothesis was that physical activity and training have an effect on NTproBNP concentrations depending on the type of exercise and the intensity. Seven German Shepherd dogs (GSD) under military training performing short bursts of fast-paced interval exercise and seven Eurohounds (EHs) training for racing competition with endurance exercise were included in the study. Blood samples were taken at enrollment (T0) and after a two-month (T2mth) training period; on both occasions, the samples were acquired before and after physical exercise. An echocardiographic evaluation was performed at T0. Echocardiographic heart size was larger in the EHs compared to the GSDs. The NTproBNP concentration was higher in the EHs than in the GSDs before and after exercise at T0 and T2mth. Echocardiographic parameters of heart size and wall thickness correlated with NTproBNP at T0 before and after exercise. Exercise induced an elevation of NTproBNP in the EHs at T0 and T2mth, while in the GSDs this was observed only at T0. In the EHs, post exercise was associated with higher NTproBNP at T2mth compared to T0, while in the GSDs the opposite pattern was noticed. From our study, the serum NTproBNP concentration differs between breeds. Intense physical activity causes an increase in NTproBNP. A two-month training period does not affect the NTproBNP concentration at rest. Intense physical activity may increase NTproBNP above the reference range in individual dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frane Ivasovic
- Division of Cardiology, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| | - J. Novo Matos
- Division of Cardiology, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Tony M. Glaus
- Division of Cardiology, Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland
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Walker AL, DeFrancesco TC, Bonagura JD, Keene BW, Meurs KM, Tou SP, Kurtz K, Aona B, Barron L, McManamey A, Robertson J, Adin DB. Association of diet with clinical outcomes in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure. J Vet Cardiol 2022; 40:99-109. [PMID: 33741312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in dogs has been associated with feeding of grain-free (GF), legume-rich diets. Some dogs with presumed diet-associated DCM have shown improved myocardial function and clinical outcomes following a change in diet and standard medical therapy. HYPOTHESIS Prior GF (pGF) diet influences reverse cardiac remodeling and clinical outcomes in dogs with DCM and congestive heart failure (CHF). ANIMALS AND METHODS A retrospective study was performed with 67 dogs with DCM and CHF for which diet history was known. Dogs were grouped by diet into pGF and grain-inclusive (GI) groups. Dogs in the pGF group were included if diet change was a component of therapy. Survival was analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves and the Cox proportional-hazards model. RESULTS The median survival time was 344 days for pGF dogs vs. 253 days for GI dogs (P = 0.074). Statistically significant differences in median survival were identified when the analysis was limited to dogs surviving longer than one week (P = 0.033). Prior GF dogs had a significantly worse outcome the longer a GF diet was fed prior to diagnosis (P = 0.004) or if they were diagnosed at a younger age (P = 0.017). Prior GF dogs showed significantly greater improvement in normalized left ventricular internal diastolic diameter (P = 0.038) and E-point septal separation (P = 0.031) measurements and significant decreases in their furosemide (P = 0.009) and pimobendan (P < 0.005) dosages over time compared to GI dogs. CONCLUSIONS Prior GF dogs that survived at least one week after diagnosis of DCM, treatment of CHF, and diet change had better clinical outcomes and showed reverse ventricular remodeling compared to GI dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Walker
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis,1 Garrod Drive, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - T C DeFrancesco
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
| | - J D Bonagura
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - B W Keene
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - K M Meurs
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - S P Tou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - K Kurtz
- MedVet Chicago, 3305 N, California Ave., Chicago, IL, 60618, USA
| | - B Aona
- MedVet Columbus, 300 E, Wilson Bridge Rd., Worthington, OH, 43085, USA
| | - L Barron
- The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - A McManamey
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - J Robertson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - D B Adin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Ave., Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
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Adin D, DeFrancesco TC, Keene B, Tou S, Meurs K, Atkins C, Aona B, Kurtz K, Barron L, Saker K. Echocardiographic phenotype of canine dilated cardiomyopathy differs based on diet type. J Vet Cardiol 2018; 21:1-9. [PMID: 30797439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Canine dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) can result from numerous etiologies including genetic mutations, infections, toxins, and nutritional imbalances. This study sought to characterize differences in echocardiographic findings between dogs with DCM fed grain-free (GF) diets and grain-based (GB) diets. ANIMALS Forty-eight dogs with DCM and known diet history. METHODS This was a retrospective analysis of dogs with DCM from January 1, 2015 to May 1, 2018 with a known diet history. Dogs were grouped by diet (GF and GB), and the GF group was further divided into dogs eating the most common grain-free diet (GF-1) and other grain-free diets (GF-o). Demographics, diet history, echocardiographic parameters, taurine concentrations, and vertebral heart scale were compared between GB, all GF, GF-1, and GF-o groups at diagnosis and recheck. RESULTS Dogs eating GF-1 weighed less than GB and GF-o dogs, but age and sex were not different between groups. Left ventricular size in diastole and systole was greater, and sphericity index was less for GF-1 compared with GB dogs. Diastolic left ventricular size was greater for all GF compared with that of GB dogs. Fractional shortening, left atrial size, and vertebral heart scale were not different between groups. Taurine deficiency was not identified in GF dogs, and presence of congestive heart failure was not different between groups. Seven dogs that were reevaluated after diet change (6 received taurine supplementation) had clinical and echocardiographic improvement. CONCLUSIONS Dietary-associated DCM occurs with some GF diets and can improve with nutritional management, including diet change. The role of taurine supplementation, even without deficiency, is uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy Adin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
| | - Teresa C DeFrancesco
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Bruce Keene
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Sandra Tou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Kathryn Meurs
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Clarke Atkins
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Brent Aona
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Kari Kurtz
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Lara Barron
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - Korinn Saker
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Dr., Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
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Suzuki R, Mochizuki Y, Yoshimatsu H, Niina A, Teshima T, Matsumoto H, Koyama H. Layer-specific myocardial function in asymptomatic cats with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy assessed using 2-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 33:37-45. [PMID: 30499128 PMCID: PMC6335538 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), a primary disorder of the myocardium, is the most common cardiac disease in cats. However, determination of layer‐specific myocardial function with 2D speckle‐tracking echocardiography in cats with asymptomatic HCM has not yet been reported. Objectives To quantitatively measure layer‐specific myocardial function of asymptomatic cats with HCM. Animals Ten client‐owned, asymptomatic cats with obstructive HCM and 13 healthy cats. Methods A retrospective, case‐control study. Cats underwent assessment of layer‐specific myocardial function (whole, endocardial, and epicardial) in the longitudinal and circumferential directions by using 2D speckle‐tracking echocardiography. Results Longitudinal strains were significantly lower in cats with HCM than controls in the whole (−15.5% vs −19.1%), endocardial (−18.3% vs −21.8%), and epicardial (−13.1% vs −16.8%) layers. Circumferential strains in whole and epicardial layers also were significantly lower in cats with HCM as compared with controls (−15.0% vs −20.2% and − 4.4% vs −9.4%, respectively). However, no significant difference was found between cats with HCM and controls in the global circumferential strain in the endocardial layer (−31.2% vs −34.2%). The circumferential endocardial‐to‐epicardial strain ratio was significantly higher in cats with HCM than in controls (6.1 vs 3.5). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Layer‐specific myocardial function assessed by 2D speckle‐tracking echocardiography differed in asymptomatic cats with obstructive HCM compared to controls despite their apparently normal systolic function, as determined by conventional echocardiography. The maintained endocardial circumferential strain and higher circumferential endocardial‐to‐epicardial strain ratio may reflect compensation for occult systolic dysfunction in cats with obstructive HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Suzuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Division of Therapeutic Sciences 1, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Mochizuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Division of Therapeutic Sciences 1, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yoshimatsu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Division of Therapeutic Sciences 1, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayaka Niina
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Division of Therapeutic Sciences 1, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Teshima
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Division of Therapeutic Sciences 1, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Division of Therapeutic Sciences 1, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Koyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Division of Therapeutic Sciences 1, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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Mantovani MM, Muzzi RAL, Pereira GG, Yamato RJ, Silva AC, Reis GF, Muzzi LAL, Guimarães EC. Systolic cardiac function assessment by feature tracking echocardiography in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. J Small Anim Pract 2015; 56:383-92. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. M. Mantovani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; Federal University of Lavras; Lavras 37200-000 MG Brazil
| | - R. A. L. Muzzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; Federal University of Lavras; Lavras 37200-000 MG Brazil
| | - G. G. Pereira
- Veterinary Cardiology, Naya Specialties; São Paulo 09560-500 SP Brazil
| | - R. J. Yamato
- Veterinary Cardiology, Naya Specialties; São Paulo 09560-500 SP Brazil
| | - A. C. Silva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; Federal University of Lavras; Lavras 37200-000 MG Brazil
| | - G. F. Reis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; Federal University of Lavras; Lavras 37200-000 MG Brazil
| | - L. A. L. Muzzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; Federal University of Lavras; Lavras 37200-000 MG Brazil
| | - E. C. Guimarães
- Faculty of Mathematics; Federal University of Uberlândia; Uberlândia MG Brazil
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Suzuki R, Matsumoto H, Teshima T, Mochizuki Y, Koyama H. Dobutamine stress echocardiography for assessment of systolic function in dogs with experimentally induced mitral regurgitation. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:386-92. [PMID: 24433339 PMCID: PMC4858017 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Systolic dysfunction is associated with poor outcomes in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease. However, assessment of systolic variables by conventional echocardiographic methods is difficult in these dogs because of mitral regurgitation (MR). Hypothesis We hypothesized that assessment of systolic function by dobutamine stress may identify systolic dysfunction in dogs with MR, and that 2‐dimensional speckle‐tracking echocardiography (2D‐STE) could quantitatively evaluate myocardial function. Animals Anesthetized dogs with experimentally induced MR. Methods Dogs were examined for systolic myocardial deformations using 2D‐STE during dobutamine infusion before and 3 and 6 months after MR induction. We evaluated peak systolic rotation and rotation rate in each basal and apical view; peak systolic torsion and torsion rate were also calculated. Results Invasive peak positive first derivatives of left ventricular pressure (dp/dt) were significantly decreased in dogs 6 months after induction of MR compared with pre‐MR results. After 3 and 6 months of MR, dogs had diminished peak systolic torsion values and torsion rates in response to dobutamine infusion compared with pre‐MR results (3 months, P < .001 and P = .006; 6 months, P = .003 and P = .021). These results were significantly correlated with overall invasive dp/dt (r = 0.644, P < .001; r = 0.696, P < .001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Decreased torsion during dobutamine infusion in dogs with MR may reflect latent systolic dysfunction. Dobutamine infusion, therefore, may be useful for the assessment of systolic function in dogs with MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Suzuki
- Division of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo, Japan
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