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Chen C, Wu Y, Lu HL, Liu K, Qin X. Identification of potential biomarkers of vascular calcification using bioinformatics analysis and validation in vivo. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13138. [PMID: 35313524 PMCID: PMC8934046 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular calcification (VC) is the most widespread pathological change in diseases of the vascular system. However, we know poorly about the molecular mechanisms and effective therapeutic approaches of VC. Methods The VC dataset, GSE146638, was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Using the edgeR package to screen Differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and gene set variation analysis (GSVA) were used to find pathways affecting VC. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were performed on the DEGs. Meanwhile, using the String database and Cytoscape software to construct protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and identify hub genes with the highest module scores. Correlation analysis was performed for hub genes. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, expression level analysis, GSEA, and subcellular localization were performed for each hub gene. Expression of hub genes in normal and calcified vascular tissues was verified by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) experiments. The hub gene-related miRNA-mRNA and TF-mRNA networks were constructed and functionally enriched for analysis. Finally, the DGIdb database was utilized to search for alternative drugs targeting VC hub genes. Results By comparing the genes with normal vessels, there were 64 DEGs in mildly calcified vessels and 650 DEGs in severely calcified vessels. Spp1, Sost, Col1a1, Fn1, and Ibsp were central in the progression of the entire VC by the MCODE plug-in. These hub genes are primarily enriched in ossification, extracellular matrix, and ECM-receptor interactions. Expression level results showed that Spp1, Sost, Ibsp, and Fn1 were significantly highly expressed in VC, and Col1a1 was incredibly low. RT-qPCR and IHC validation results were consistent with bioinformatic analysis. We found multiple pathways of hub genes acting in VC and identified 16 targeting drugs. Conclusions This study perfected the molecular regulatory mechanism of VC. Our results indicated that Spp1, Sost, Col1a1, Fn1, and Ibsp could be potential novel biomarkers for VC and promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanzhen Chen
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Yinteng Wu
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Hai-lin Lu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Xiao Qin
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Province, China
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2
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Hess A, Borchert T, Ross TL, Bengel FM, Thackeray JT. Characterizing the transition from immune response to tissue repair after myocardial infarction by multiparametric imaging. Basic Res Cardiol 2022; 117:14. [PMID: 35275268 PMCID: PMC8917105 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-022-00922-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Persistent inflammation following myocardial infarction (MI) precipitates adverse outcome including acute ventricular rupture and chronic heart failure. Molecular imaging allows longitudinal assessment of immune cell activity in the infarct territory and predicts severity of remodeling. We utilized a multiparametric imaging platform to assess the immune response and cardiac healing following MI in mice. Suppression of circulating macrophages prior to MI paradoxically resulted in higher total leukocyte content in the heart, demonstrated by increased CXC motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) positron emission tomography imaging. This supported the formation of a thrombus overlying the injured region, as identified by magnetic resonance imaging. The injured and thrombotic region in macrophage depeleted mice subsequently showed active calcification, as evidenced by accumulation of 18F-fluoride and by cardiac computed tomography. Importantly, macrophage suppression triggered a prolonged inflammatory response confirmed by post-mortem tissue analysis that was associated with higher mortality from ventricular rupture early after occlusion and with increased infarct size and worse chronic contractile function at 6 weeks after reperfusion. These findings establish a molecular imaging toolbox for monitoring the interplay between adverse immune response and tissue repair after MI. This may serve as a foundation for development and monitoring of novel targeted therapies that may include immune modulation and endogenous healing support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Hess
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Borchert
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany ,Present Address: Cardior Pharmaceuticals GmbH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias L. Ross
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank M. Bengel
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - James T. Thackeray
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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3
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Mao H, Li L, Fan Q, Angelini A, Saha PK, Coarfa C, Rajapakshe K, Perera D, Cheng J, Wu H, Ballantyne CM, Sun Z, Xie L, Pi X. Endothelium-specific depletion of LRP1 improves glucose homeostasis through inducing osteocalcin. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5296. [PMID: 34489478 PMCID: PMC8421392 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25673-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelium is present within metabolic organs and actively regulates energy metabolism. Here we show osteocalcin, recognized as a bone-secreted metabolic hormone, is expressed in mouse primary endothelial cells isolated from heart, lung and liver. In human osteocalcin promoter-driven green fluorescent protein transgenic mice, green fluorescent protein signals are enriched in endothelial cells lining aorta, small vessels and capillaries and abundant in aorta, skeletal muscle and eye of adult mice. The depletion of lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 induces osteocalcin through a Forkhead box O -dependent pathway in endothelial cells. Whereas depletion of osteocalcin abolishes the glucose-lowering effect of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 depletion, osteocalcin treatment normalizes hyperglycemia in multiple mouse models. Mechanistically, osteocalcin receptor-G protein-coupled receptor family C group 6 member A and insulin-like-growth-factor-1 receptor are in the same complex with osteocalcin and required for osteocalcin-promoted insulin signaling pathway. Therefore, our results reveal an endocrine/paracrine role of endothelial cells in regulating insulin sensitivity, which may have therapeutic implications in treating diabetes and insulin resistance through manipulating vascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Mao
- Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Luge Li
- Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qiying Fan
- Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Aude Angelini
- Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pradip K Saha
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Diabetes Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kimal Rajapakshe
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dimuthu Perera
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jizhong Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Selzman Institute for Kidney Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Huaizhu Wu
- Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christie M Ballantyne
- Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zheng Sun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Diabetes Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Liang Xie
- Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xinchun Pi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. .,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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4
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Li W, Su SA, Chen J, Ma H, Xiang M. Emerging roles of fibroblasts in cardiovascular calcification. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 25:1808-1816. [PMID: 33369201 PMCID: PMC7882970 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular calcification, a kind of ectopic mineralization in cardiovascular system, including atherosclerotic calcification, arterial medial calcification, valve calcification and the gradually recognized heart muscle calcification, is a complex pathophysiological process correlated with poor prognosis. Although several cell types such as smooth muscle cells have been proven critical in vascular calcification, the aetiology of cardiovascular calcification remains to be clarified due to the diversity of cellular origin. Fibroblasts, which possess remarkable phenotypic plasticity that allows rapid adaption to fluctuating environment cues, have been demonstrated to play important roles in calcification of vasculature, valve and heart though our knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fibroblast phenotypic switching in the calcified process is far from complete. Indeed, the lack of definitive fibroblast lineage‐tracing studies and typical expression markers of fibroblasts raise major concerns regarding the contributions of fibroblasts during all the stages of cardiovascular calcification. The goal of this review was to rigorously summarize the current knowledge regarding possible phenotypes exhibited by fibroblasts within calcified cardiovascular system and evaluate the potential therapeutic targets that may control the phenotypic transition of fibroblasts in cardiovascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wudi Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng-An Su
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Ma
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meixiang Xiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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5
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Polonskaya YV, Kashtanova EV, Murashov IS, Kurguzov AV, Sadovski EV, Maslatsov NA, Stakhneva EM, Chernyavskii AM, Ragino YI. The Influence of Calcification Factors and Endothelial-Dysfunction Factors on the Development of Unstable Atherosclerotic Plaques. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E1074. [PMID: 33322310 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10121074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to evaluate changes in markers of calcification and of endothelial dysfunction during the development of calcification and instability of atherosclerotic plaques and to identify associations of calcification factors with the formation of unstable plaques. Methods: We analyzed 44 male patients with coronary atherosclerosis who underwent endarterectomy in coronary arteries during coronary bypass surgery. The endarterectomy material (intima/media) was examined using histological and biochemical methods, and the stability and calcification degree of atherosclerotic plaques were assessed. In homogenates of the tissue samples and in blood, concentrations of osteoprotegerin, osteocalcin, osteopontin, osteonectin, monocyte-chemoattractant protein type 1 (MCP-1), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (sVCAM-1), and E-selectin were determined by enzyme immunoassays. Results: Unstable atherosclerotic plaques proved to be calcified more frequently (80.4% of plaques) than stable ones (45.0%). Osteonectin, E-selectin, and sVCAM-1 levels were lower in unstable plaques and plaques with large calcification deposits. Osteocalcin content increased with the increasing size of the calcification deposits in plaque. Blood osteocalcin concentration directly correlated with osteocalcin concentration in atherosclerotic plaques and was higher in the blood of patients with calcified plaques in coronary arteries. Conclusions: The results provide the basis for further research on the suitability of osteocalcin as a potential biomarker of an unstable calcified atherosclerotic plaque in a coronary artery.
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6
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Abstract
Mineralization of cardiovascular structures including blood vessels and heart valves is a common feature. We postulate that ectopic mineralization is a response-to-injury in which signals delivered to cells trigger a chain of events to restore and repair tissues. Maladaptive response to external or internal signals promote the expression of danger-associated molecular patterns, which, in turn, promote, when expressed chronically, a procalcifying gene program. Growing evidence suggest that danger-associated molecular patterns such as oxyphospholipids and small lipid mediators, generated by enzyme activity, are involved in the transition of vascular smooth muscle cells and valve interstitial cells to an osteoblast-like phenotype. Understanding the regulation and the molecular processes underpinning the mineralization of atherosclerotic plaques and cardiac valves are providing valuable mechanistic insights, which could lead to the development of novel therapies. Herein, we provide a focus account on the role oxyphospholipids and their mediators in the development of mineralization in plaques and calcific aortic valve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Chignon
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center (A.C., V.B.-B., M.-C.B., P.M.), Laval University, Canada
| | - Valentin Bon-Baret
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center (A.C., V.B.-B., M.-C.B., P.M.), Laval University, Canada
| | - Marie-Chloé Boulanger
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center (A.C., V.B.-B., M.-C.B., P.M.), Laval University, Canada
| | - Yohan Bossé
- Department of Molecular Medicine (Y.B.), Laval University, Canada
| | - Patrick Mathieu
- Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center (A.C., V.B.-B., M.-C.B., P.M.), Laval University, Canada
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7
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Lin X, Onda DA, Yang CH, Lewis JR, Levinger I, Loh K. Roles of bone-derived hormones in type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular pathophysiology. Mol Metab 2020; 40:101040. [PMID: 32544571 PMCID: PMC7348059 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Emerging evidence demonstrates that bone is an endocrine organ capable of influencing multiple physiological and pathological processes through the secretion of hormones. Recent research suggests complex crosstalk between the bone and other metabolic and cardiovascular tissues. It was uncovered that three of these bone-derived hormones—osteocalcin, lipocalin 2, and sclerostin—are involved in the endocrine regulations of cardiometabolic health and play vital roles in the pathophysiological process of developing cardiometabolic syndromes such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Chronic low-grade inflammation is one of the hallmarks of cardiometabolic diseases and a major contributor to disease progression. Novel evidence also implicates important roles of bone-derived hormones in the regulation of chronic inflammation. Scope of review In this review, we provide a detailed overview of the physiological and pathological roles of osteocalcin, lipocalin 2, and sclerostin in cardiometabolic health regulation and disease development, with a focus on the modulation of chronic inflammation. Major conclusions Evidence supports that osteocalcin has a protective role in cardiometabolic health, and an increase of lipocalin 2 contributes to the development of cardiometabolic diseases partly via pro-inflammatory effects. The roles of sclerostin appear to be complicated: It exerts pro-adiposity and pro-insulin resistance effects in type 2 diabetes and has an anti-calcification effect during cardiovascular disease. A better understanding of the actions of these bone-derived hormones in the pathophysiology of cardiometabolic diseases will provide crucial insights to help further research develop new therapeutic strategies to treat these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuzhu Lin
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.
| | - Danise-Ann Onda
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Chieh-Hsin Yang
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Joshua R Lewis
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia; Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Itamar Levinger
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Footscray, VIC, Australia; Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), University of Melbourne and Western Health, St Albans, VIC, Australia
| | - Kim Loh
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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Ragino YI, Kashtanova EV, Murashov IS, Volkov AM, Kurguzov AV, Sadovski EV, Maslatsov NA, Scherbakova LV, Chernjavskii AM, Polonskaya YV. [The Study of Biochemical Factors of Calcification of Stable and Unstable Plaques in the Coronary Arteries of Man]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 60:83-88. [PMID: 32345203 DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2020.2.n775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to study biochemical factors of calcification in stable and unstable plaques of coronary arteries and in the blood of patients with severe coronary atherosclerosis, to find associations of biochemical factors of calcification with the development of unstable atherosclerotic plaque. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included 25 men aged 60,4±6,8 years who received coronary bypass surgery. In the course of the operation intraoperative indications in men were from coronary endarteriectomy (s) artery (a - d) and histological and biochemical analyses of the samples of the intima / media. Out of 85 fragments of intima / media of coronary arteries, 15 fragments of unchanged intima / media, 39 fragments of stable atheromatous plaque and 31 fragments of unstable plaque were determined. In homogenates of samples of intima / media (after measurement of protein by the method of Lowry) and in blood by ELISA were determined by biochemical factors of calcification: osteoprotegerin, osteocalcin, an osteopontin, osteonectin, as well as inflammatory factors (cytokines, chemokines). RESULTS A significant direct correlation (Spearman coefficient =0.607, p<0.01) between the stages of atherosclerotic focus development to unstable plaque and the degree of calcification of atherosclerotic focus development samples was found. There was an increased content of osteocalcin in stable and unstable plaques by 3.3 times in comparison with the unchanged tissue of intima / media of coronary arteries, as well as in samples with small and dust-like, with coarse-grained calcifications in comparison with samples without calcifications by 2.8 and 2.1 times, respectively. According to multivariate logistic regression analysis, the relative risk of unstable atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary artery is associated with a reduced content of osteocalcin (OR=0.988, 95 % CI 0.978-0.999, p=0.028). Also, the relative risk of calcifications in the atherosclerotic plaque in the coronary artery is associated with an increased content of osteocalcin (OR=1,008, 95 % CI 1,001-1,015, p=0,035). In men with severe coronary atherosclerosis, a significant inverse correlation was found (Spearman coefficient -0.386, p=0.022) between the content of osteoprotegerin in the vascular wall and in the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu I Ragino
- Research Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine - Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk
| | - E V Kashtanova
- Research Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine - Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk
| | - I S Murashov
- The Federal State Budgetary Institution National Medical Research Center named after academician E.N. Meshalkin of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk
| | - A M Volkov
- The Federal State Budgetary Institution National Medical Research Center named after academician E.N. Meshalkin of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk
| | - A V Kurguzov
- The Federal State Budgetary Institution «National Medical Research Center named after academician E.N. Meshalkin «of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk
| | - E V Sadovski
- Research Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine - Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk
| | - N A Maslatsov
- Research Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine - Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk
| | - L V Scherbakova
- Research Institute of Internal and Preventive Medicine - Branch of the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk
| | - A M Chernjavskii
- The Federal State Budgetary Institution «National Medical Research Center named after academician E.N. Meshalkin «of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk
| | - Ya V Polonskaya
- The Federal State Budgetary Institution «National Medical Research Center named after academician E.N. Meshalkin «of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk
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9
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Passos LSA, Lupieri A, Becker-Greene D, Aikawa E. Innate and adaptive immunity in cardiovascular calcification. Atherosclerosis 2020; 306:59-67. [PMID: 32222287 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the focus placed on cardiovascular research, the prevalence of vascular and valvular calcification is increasing and remains a leading contributor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Accumulating studies provide evidence that cardiovascular calcification is an inflammatory disease in which innate immune signaling becomes sustained and/or excessive, shaping a deleterious adaptive response. The triggering immune factors and subsequent inflammatory events surrounding cardiovascular calcification remain poorly understood, despite sustained significant research interest and support in the field. Most studies on cardiovascular calcification focus on innate cells, particularly macrophages' ability to release pro-osteogenic cytokines and calcification-prone extracellular vesicles and apoptotic bodies. Even though substantial evidence demonstrates that macrophages are key components in triggering cardiovascular calcification, the crosstalk between innate and adaptive immune cell components has not been adequately addressed. The only therapeutic options currently used are invasive procedures by surgery or transcatheter intervention. However, no approved drug has shown prophylactic or therapeutic effectiveness. Conventional diagnostic imaging is currently the best method for detecting, measuring, and assisting in the treatment of calcification. However, these common imaging modalities are unable to detect early subclinical stages of disease at the level of microcalcifications; therefore, the vast majority of patients are diagnosed when macrocalcifications are already established. In this review, we unravel the current knowledge of how innate and adaptive immunity regulate cardiovascular calcification; and put forward differences and similarities between vascular and valvular disease. Additionally, we highlight potential immunomodulatory drugs with the potential to target calcification and propose avenues in need of further translational inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia S A Passos
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Adrien Lupieri
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Dakota Becker-Greene
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Pathology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, 119992, Russia.
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10
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Rashdan NA, Sim AM, Cui L, Phadwal K, Roberts FL, Carter R, Ozdemir DD, Hohenstein P, Hung J, Kaczynski J, Newby DE, Baker AH, Karsenty G, Morton NM, MacRae VE. Osteocalcin Regulates Arterial Calcification Via Altered Wnt Signaling and Glucose Metabolism. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:357-367. [PMID: 31596966 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Arterial calcification is an important hallmark of cardiovascular disease and shares many similarities with skeletal mineralization. The bone-specific protein osteocalcin (OCN) is an established marker of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) osteochondrogenic transdifferentiation and a known regulator of glucose metabolism. However, the role of OCN in controlling arterial calcification is unclear. We hypothesized that OCN regulates calcification in VSMCs and sought to identify the underpinning signaling pathways. Immunohistochemistry revealed OCN co-localization with VSMC calcification in human calcified carotid artery plaques. Additionally, 3 mM phosphate treatment stimulated OCN mRNA expression in cultured VSMCs (1.72-fold, p < 0.001). Phosphate-induced calcification was blunted in VSMCs derived from OCN null mice (Ocn -/- ) compared with cells derived from wild-type (WT) mice (0.37-fold, p < 0.001). Ocn -/- VSMCs showed reduced mRNA expression of the osteogenic marker Runx2 (0.51-fold, p < 0.01) and the sodium-dependent phosphate transporter, PiT1 (0.70-fold, p < 0.001), with an increase in the calcification inhibitor Mgp (1.42-fold, p < 0.05) compared with WT. Ocn -/- VSMCs also showed reduced mRNA expression of Axin2 (0.13-fold, p < 0.001) and Cyclin D (0.71 fold, p < 0.01), markers of Wnt signaling. CHIR99021 (GSK3β inhibitor) treatment increased calcium deposition in WT and Ocn -/- VSMCs (1 μM, p < 0.001). Ocn -/- VSMCs, however, calcified less than WT cells (1 μM; 0.27-fold, p < 0.001). Ocn -/- VSMCs showed reduced mRNA expression of Glut1 (0.78-fold, p < 0.001), Hex1 (0.77-fold, p < 0.01), and Pdk4 (0.47-fold, p < 0.001). This was accompanied by reduced glucose uptake (0.38-fold, p < 0.05). Subsequent mitochondrial function assessment revealed increased ATP-linked respiration (1.29-fold, p < 0.05), spare respiratory capacity (1.59-fold, p < 0.01), and maximal respiration (1.52-fold, p < 0.001) in Ocn -/- versus WT VSMCs. Together these data suggest that OCN plays a crucial role in arterial calcification mediated by Wnt/β-catenin signaling through reduced maximal respiration. Mitochondrial dynamics may therefore represent a novel therapeutic target for clinical intervention. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabil A Rashdan
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alisia M Sim
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lin Cui
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kanchan Phadwal
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fiona L Roberts
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Roderick Carter
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Derya D Ozdemir
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Peter Hohenstein
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John Hung
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jakub Kaczynski
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David E Newby
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew H Baker
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gerard Karsenty
- Department of Genetics and Development, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas M Morton
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Vicky E MacRae
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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11
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Abstract
Prediction of patients at risk of aortic valve stenosis (AS), AS progression rate, and aortic bioprosthesis dysfunction are of major importance for clinical management and/or prevention. Many imaging modalities may be used; however, they may not be conclusive or available for all patients. Circulating biomarkers are easily available and may be related to a disease or process such as aortic valve calcification or associated with a risk factor of the disease. This article reviews current blood biomarkers associated with aortic valve stenosis/calcification and bioprosthesis dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Oury
- Laboratory of Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, GIGA-Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Liège Hospital, University of Liège, CHU du Sart Tilman, Domaine Universitaire du Sart Tilman, Batiment B35, Liège 4000, Belgium.
| | - Nancy Côté
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, 2725, Chemin Sainte-Foy, A-2047, Québec, Québec G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Marie-Annick Clavel
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, 2725, Chemin Sainte-Foy, A-2047, Québec, Québec G1V 4G5, Canada
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12
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Millar SA, Anderson SI, O'sullivan SE. Human vascular cell responses to the circulating bone hormone osteocalcin. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:21039-21048. [PMID: 31026070 PMCID: PMC6767466 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize the direct effects of uncarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOCN) on vascular cell biology in vitro, to assess its potential function in pathophysiological conditions such as atherosclerosis. Human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) and smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) were treated with ucOCN (0.1-50 ng/ml) and changes in phosphorylation of intracellular signaling proteins, angiogenesis, proliferation, migration, monolayer permeability, and protein secretion were measured. In HAECs, phosphorylated JNK and CREB were decreased with ucOCN (p < 0.05). In HASMCs, phosphorylated p70S6K and NF-ΚB were increased by ucOCN (p < 0.05). Cell proliferation increased in both cell types dose dependently which was blocked by AKT and ERK pathway inhibitors. ucOCN did not affect cell permeability, angiogenesis, or migration. The direct activity of ucOCN on vascular cells is recognized, particularly its proliferative effects. However, at least in physiological settings, it does not appear that osteocalcin may directly promote atherogenesis based on the outcomes measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A Millar
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Susan I Anderson
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Saoirse E O'sullivan
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
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13
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Mathold K, Wanby P, Brudin L, Von SP, Carlsson M. Alterations in bone turnover markers in patients with noncardio-embolic ischemic stroke. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207348. [PMID: 30496210 PMCID: PMC6264871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The major cause of ischemic stroke is unstable or thrombogenic atherosclerotic plaques. Vascular calcification, a process that appears crucial for plaque stability, shares common features with bone formation. Many bone turnover proteins exhibit metabolic properties, but the evidence is conflicting regarding their possible involvement in vascular disease. Antibodies against sclerostin and dickkopf-1 are currently being evaluated as potential therapy for treating bone disorders. It is important to carefully assess the cardiovascular and metabolic effects of these proteins. The aim of the present study was to explore serum levels of bone turnover markers in patients with acute noncardio-embolic ischemic stroke in comparison with healthy controls. Methods In a cross-sectional study, we compared 48 patients aged ≥75 years with noncardio-embolic ischemic stroke and 46 healthy controls. Serum levels of dickkopf-1, sclerostin, osteoprotegerin, osteopontin and osteocalcin were determined by Luminex technique. Results We found clearly increased serum levels of osteoprotegerin, sclerostin, dickkopf-1 and osteopontin in patients with stroke compared with healthy controls. No difference was seen in serum levels of osteocalcin between the two groups. Conclusion Our findings strengthen the hypothesis of bone turnover markers being involved in vascular disease. Whether these proteins can be used as candidate markers for increased stroke risk or prognostic biomarkers remains to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Mathold
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, County Hospital of Kalmar, Kalmar, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - P. Wanby
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, County Hospital of Kalmar, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - L. Brudin
- Department of Clinical Physiology, County Hospital of Kalmar, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - S. P. Von
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, County Hospital of Kalmar, Kalmar, Sweden
| | - M. Carlsson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, County Hospital of Kalmar, Kalmar, Sweden
- Department of Medicine and Optometry, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
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14
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Song Y, Huang Z, Liu X, Pang Z, Chen J, Yang H, Zhang N, Cao Z, Liu M, Cao J, Li C, Yang X, Gong H, Qian J, Ge J. Platelet membrane-coated nanoparticle-mediated targeting delivery of Rapamycin blocks atherosclerotic plaque development and stabilizes plaque in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE -/-) mice. Nanomedicine 2018; 15:13-24. [PMID: 30171903 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Although certain success has been achieved in atherosclerosis treatment, tremendous challenges remain in developing more efficient strategies to treat atherosclerosis. Platelets have inherent affinity to plaques and naturally home to atherosclerotic sites. Rapamycin features potent anti-atherosclerosis effect, but its clinical utility is limited by its low concentration at the atherosclerotic site and severe systemic toxicity. In the present study, we used platelet membrane-coated nanoparticles (PNP) as a targeted drug delivery platform to treat atherosclerosis through mimicking platelets' inherent targeting to plaques. PNP displayed 4.98-fold greater radiant efficiency than control nanoparticles in atherosclerotic arterial trees, indicating its effective homing to atherosclerotic plaques in vivo. In an atherosclerosis model established in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, PNP encapsulating rapamycin significantly attenuated the progression of atherosclerosis and stabilized atherosclerotic plaques. These results demonstrated the perfect efficacy and pro-resolving potential of PNP as a targeted drug delivery platform for atherosclerosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Song
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheyong Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqing Pang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jing Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongbo Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhonglian Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiatian Cao
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenguang Li
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangdong Yang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juying Qian
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Junbo Ge
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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15
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Maddaloni E, Xia Y, Park K, D'Eon S, Tinsley LJ, St-Louis R, Khamaisi M, Li Q, King GL, Keenan HA. High density lipoprotein modulates osteocalcin expression in circulating monocytes: a potential protective mechanism for cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2017; 16:116. [PMID: 28915881 PMCID: PMC5602856 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-017-0599-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of mortality in type 1 diabetes (T1D). A pro-calcific drift of circulating monocytes has been linked to vascular calcification and is marked by the surface expression of osteocalcin (OCN). We studied OCN+ monocytes in a unique population with ≥50 years of T1D, the 50-Year Joslin Medalists (J50M). Methods CD45 bright/CD14+/OCN+ cells in the circulating mononuclear blood cell fraction were quantified by flow cytometry and reported as percentage of CD45 bright cells. Mechanisms were studied by inducing OCN expression in human monocytes in vitro. Results Subjects without history of CVD (n = 16) showed lower levels of OCN+ monocytes than subjects with CVD (n = 14) (13.1 ± 8.4% vs 19.9 ± 6.4%, p = 0.02). OCN+ monocytes level was inversely related to total high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels (r = −0.424, p = 0.02), large (r = −0.413, p = 0.02) and intermediate (r = −0.445, p = 0.01) HDL sub-fractions, but not to small HDL. In vitro, incubation with OxLDL significantly increased the number of OCN+ monocytes (p < 0.01). This action of OxLDL was significantly reduced by the addition of HDL in a concentration dependent manner (p < 0.001). Inhibition of the scavenger receptor B1 reduced the effects of both OxLDL and HDL (p < 0.05). Conclusions Low OCN+ monocytes levels are associated with lack of CVD in people with long duration T1D. A possible mechanism for the increased OCN+ monocytes could be the elevated levels of oxidized lipids due to diabetes which may be inhibited by HDL. These findings suggest that circulating OCN+ monocytes could be a marker for vascular disease in diabetic patients and possibly modified by HDL elevation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12933-017-0599-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Maddaloni
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Yu Xia
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kyoungmin Park
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Stephanie D'Eon
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Liane J Tinsley
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Ronald St-Louis
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Mogher Khamaisi
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Qian Li
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - George L King
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Hillary A Keenan
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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16
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Magni P, Macchi C, Sirtori CR, Corsi Romanelli MM. Osteocalcin as a potential risk biomarker for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Clin Chem Lab Med 2017; 54:1579-87. [PMID: 26863345 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2015-0953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Clear evidence supports a role for circulating and locally-produced osteocalcin (OC) in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular (CV) lesions and CV risk, also in combination with metabolic changes, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Reduced plasma OC levels are associated with greater incidence of pathological CV changes, like arterial and valvular calcification, coronary and carotid atherosclerosis and increased carotid intima-media thickness. The actual relationship between OC levels and incidence of major CV events is, however, still unclear. Moreover, reduced circulating OC levels have been mostly associated with insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome or T2DM, indicating relevant OC actions on pancreatic β-cells and insulin secretion and activity. Based on these observations, this review article will attempt to summarize the current evidence on the potential usefulness of circulating OC as a biomarker for CV and metabolic risk, also evaluating the currently open issues in this area of research.
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17
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Millar SA, Patel H, Anderson SI, England TJ, O’Sullivan SE. Osteocalcin, Vascular Calcification, and Atherosclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:183. [PMID: 28824544 PMCID: PMC5534451 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteocalcin (OC) is an intriguing hormone, concomitantly being the most abundant non-collagenous peptide found in the mineralized matrix of bone, and expanding the endocrine function of the skeleton with far-reaching extra-osseous effects. A new line of enquiry between OC and vascular calcification has emerged in response to observations that the mechanism of vascular calcification resembles that of bone mineralisation. To date, studies have reported mixed results. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to identify any association between OC and vascular calcification and atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Databases were searched for original, peer reviewed human studies. A total of 1,453 articles were retrieved, of which 46 met the eligibility criteria. Overall 26 positive, 17 negative, and 29 neutral relationships were reported for assessments between OC (either concentration in blood, presence of OC-positive cells, or histological staining for OC) and extent of calcification or atherosclerosis. Studies that measured OC-positive cells or histological staining for OC reported positive relationships (11 studies). A higher percentage of Asian studies found a negative relationship (36%) in contrast to European studies (6%). Studies examining carboxylated and undercarboxylated forms of OC in the blood failed to report consistent results. The meta-analysis found no significant difference between OC concentration in the blood between patients with "atherosclerosis" and control (p = 0.13, n = 1,197). CONCLUSION No definitive association was determined between OC and vascular calcification or atherosclerosis; however, the presence of OC-positive cells and histological staining had a consistent positive correlation with calcification or atherosclerosis. The review highlighted several themes, which may influence OC within differing populations leading to inconclusive results. Large, longitudinal studies are required to further current understanding of the clinical relevance of OC in vascular calcification and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A. Millar
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Sophie A. Millar,
| | - Hinal Patel
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Susan I. Anderson
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J. England
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Saoirse E. O’Sullivan
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
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18
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Schweighofer N, Aigelsreiter A, Trummer O, Graf-Rechberger M, Hacker N, Kniepeiss D, Wagner D, Stiegler P, Trummer C, Pieber T, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Müller H. Direct comparison of regulators of calcification between bone and vessels in humans. Bone 2016; 88:31-38. [PMID: 27108945 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Calcification is not only physiologically present in bone but is a main pathophysiological process in vasculature, favouring cardiovascular diseases. Our aim was to investigate changes in the expression of calcification regulators during vascular calcification in bone and vasculature. Levels of gene expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), osteopontin (OPN), matrix gla protein (MGP), bone sialoprotein (BSP), SMAD6, and runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) were determined in bone, aorta, and external iliac artery tissue samples of transplant donors. Histological stages of atherosclerosis (AS) in vessels are defined as "no changes", "intima thickening", or "intima calcification". Patients' bone samples were subgrouped accordingly. We demonstrate that in vessels BSP and OPN expression significantly increased during intima thickening and decreased during intima calcification, whereas the expression of regulators of calcification did not significantly change in bone during intima thickening and intima calcification. At the stage of intima thickening, MGP, OPG, and SMAD6 expression and at stage of intima calcification only MGP expression was lower in bone than in vessel. The expression of BSP and RANKL was regulated in opposite ways in bone and vessels, whereas the expression of MGP, OC, RUNX2, and OPN was regulated in a tissue-specific manner. Our study is the first direct comparison of gene expression changes during AS progression in bone and vessels. Our results indicate that changes in the expression of regulators of calcification in the vessel wall as well as in bone occur early in the calcification process, even prior to deposition of calcium/phosphate precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Schweighofer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Divison of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - A Aigelsreiter
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 25, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - O Trummer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Divison of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - M Graf-Rechberger
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 25, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - N Hacker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Divison of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - D Kniepeiss
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 29, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - D Wagner
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 29, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - P Stiegler
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 29, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - C Trummer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Divison of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - T Pieber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Divison of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria; Joanneum Research Health, Elisabethstrasse 5, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - B Obermayer-Pietsch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Divison of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 15, 8036 Graz, Austria.
| | - H Müller
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 29, 8036 Graz, Austria
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19
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Chen H, Mei Q, Jia S, Koh K, Wang K, Liu X. High specific detection of osteopontin using a three-dimensional copolymer layer support based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Analyst 2015; 139:4476-81. [PMID: 24992665 DOI: 10.1039/c4an00576g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tumor marker detection is essential for the therapy efficiency of early stage tumors and the evaluation of disease progression. Osteopontin (OPN) is supposed to be closely related to several kinds of tumors. In the present study, we describe a label-free electrochemical detection of OPN based on a specific reaction between OPN and its relevant antibody. An artificial three-dimensional (3D) scaffold structure consisting of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid/6-mercapto-1-hexanol, dextran amino and synthetic peptides was designed as a substrate for the immobilization of the antibody. This substrate was characterized using cyclic voltammetry, atomic force microscopy and Fourier transform infrared reflection spectroscopy. Antibody immobilization and OPN detection were conducted using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The low limit of detection was 0.17 nM. The concentration of cancer risk (5.77 nM) can be selectively detected with a high EIS signal. The fabricated 3D OPN sensor is proposed for application in clinical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Chen
- Laboratory of Biosensing Technology, School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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20
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Brown RB, Razzaque MS. Dysregulation of phosphate metabolism and conditions associated with phosphate toxicity. Bonekey Rep 2015; 4:705. [PMID: 26131357 PMCID: PMC4455690 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2015.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phosphate homeostasis is coordinated and regulated by complex cross-organ talk through delicate hormonal networks. Parathyroid hormone (PTH), secreted in response to low serum calcium, has an important role in maintaining phosphate homeostasis by influencing renal synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, thereby increasing intestinal phosphate absorption. Moreover, PTH can increase phosphate efflux from bone and contribute to renal phosphate homeostasis through phosphaturic effects. In addition, PTH can induce skeletal synthesis of another potent phosphaturic hormone, fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), which is able to inhibit renal tubular phosphate reabsorption, thereby increasing urinary phosphate excretion. FGF23 can also fine-tune vitamin D homeostasis by suppressing renal expression of 1-alpha hydroxylase (1α(OH)ase). This review briefly discusses how FGF23, by forming a bone-kidney axis, regulates phosphate homeostasis, and how its dysregulation can lead to phosphate toxicity that induces widespread tissue injury. We also provide evidence to explain how phosphate toxicity related to dietary phosphorus overload may facilitate incidence of noncommunicable diseases including kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, cancers and skeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald B Brown
- Department of Hospitality Management and Dietetics, College of Human Ecology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Mohammed S Razzaque
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Research & Development, VPS Healthcare, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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21
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Jacobin-Valat MJ, Laroche-Traineau J, Larivière M, Mornet S, Sanchez S, Biran M, Lebaron C, Boudon J, Lacomme S, Cérutti M, Clofent-Sanchez G. Nanoparticles functionalised with an anti-platelet human antibody for in vivo detection of atherosclerotic plaque by magnetic resonance imaging. Nanomedicine 2015; 11:927-37. [PMID: 25684334 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease associated with the formation of atheroma plaques likely to rupture in which platelets are involved both in atherogenesis and atherothrombosis. The rupture is linked to the molecular composition of vulnerable plaques, causing acute cardiovascular events. In this study we propose an original targeted contrast agent for molecular imaging of atherosclerosis. Versatile USPIO (VUSPIO) nanoparticles, enhancing contrast in MR imaging, were functionalised with a recombinant human IgG4 antibody, rIgG4 TEG4, targeting human activated platelets. The maintenance of immunoreactivity of the targeted VUSPIO against platelets was confirmed in vitro by flow cytometry, transmission electronic and optical microscopy. In the atherosclerotic ApoE(-/-) mouse model, high-resolution ex vivo MRI demonstrated the selective binding of TEG4-VUSPIO on atheroma plaques. It is noteworthy that the rationale for targeting platelets within atherosclerotic lesions is highlighted by our targeted contrast agent using a human anti-αIIbβ3 antibody as a targeting moiety. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Current clinical assessment of atherosclerotic plagues is suboptimal. The authors in the article designed functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with TEG4, a recombinant human antibody, to target activated platelets. By using MRI, these nanoparticles can be utilized to study the process of atheroma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Josée Jacobin-Valat
- CNRS, UMR5536, CRMSB, Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Plateforme Technologique et d'Innovation Biomédicale, Pessac, France
| | - Jeanny Laroche-Traineau
- CNRS, UMR5536, CRMSB, Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Plateforme Technologique et d'Innovation Biomédicale, Pessac, France
| | - Mélusine Larivière
- CNRS, UMR5536, CRMSB, Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Plateforme Technologique et d'Innovation Biomédicale, Pessac, France
| | - Stéphane Mornet
- CNRS, UPR9048, Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Stéphane Sanchez
- CNRS, UMR5536, CRMSB, Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Plateforme Technologique et d'Innovation Biomédicale, Pessac, France
| | - Marc Biran
- CNRS, UMR5536, CRMSB, Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Caroline Lebaron
- CNRS, UPS3044, "Baculovirus et thérapie", St Christol-Les-Alez, France
| | - Julien Boudon
- CNRS, UPR9048, Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Sabrina Lacomme
- Bordeaux Imaging Center, Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Martine Cérutti
- CNRS, UPS3044, "Baculovirus et thérapie", St Christol-Les-Alez, France
| | - Gisèle Clofent-Sanchez
- CNRS, UMR5536, CRMSB, Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Plateforme Technologique et d'Innovation Biomédicale, Pessac, France.
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22
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Collin J, Gössl M, Matsuo Y, Cilluffo RR, Flammer AJ, Loeffler D, Lennon RJ, Simari RD, Spoon DB, Erbel R, Lerman LO, Khosla S, Lerman A. Osteogenic monocytes within the coronary circulation and their association with plaque vulnerability in patients with early atherosclerosis. Int J Cardiol 2014; 181:57-64. [PMID: 25482280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.11.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study tests the hypothesis that circulating mononuclear cells expressing osteocalcin (OCN) and bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) are associated with distinct plaque tissue components in patients with early coronary atherosclerosis. BACKGROUND Plaque characteristics implying vulnerability develop at the earliest stage of coronary atherosclerosis. Increasing evidence indicates that cells from the myeloid lineage might serve as important mediators of destabilization. Plaque burden and its components were assessed regarding their relationship to monocytes carrying both pro-inflammatory (CD14) and osteogenic surface markers OCN and BAP. METHODS Twenty-three patients with angiographically non-obstructive coronary artery disease underwent coronary endothelial function assessment and virtual histology-intravascular ultrasound of the left coronary artery. Plaque composition was characterized in the total segment (TS) and in the target lesion (TL) containing the highest amount of plaque burden. Blood samples were collected simultaneously from the aorta and the coronary sinus. Circulating cell counts were then identified from each sample and a gradient across the coronary circulation was determined. RESULTS Circulating CD14+/BAP+/OCN+ monocytes correlate with the extent of necrotic core and calcification (r=0.53, p=0.010; r=0.55, p=0.006, respectively). Importantly, coronary retention of CD14+/OCN+ cells also correlates with the amount of necrotic core and calcification (r=0.61, p=0.003; r=0.61, p=0.003) respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our study links CD14+/BAP+/OCN+ monocytes to the pathologic remodeling of the coronary circulation and therefore associates these cells with plaque destabilization in patients with early coronary atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Collin
- Department of Cardiology, West-German Heart-Center - University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Mario Gössl
- Department of Cardiology, Dean Clinic - Dean St. Mary's Outpatient Hospital Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yoshiki Matsuo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Rebecca R Cilluffo
- Divison of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Andreas J Flammer
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Darrell Loeffler
- Divison of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ryan J Lennon
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robert D Simari
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Daniel B Spoon
- Divison of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Raimund Erbel
- Department of Cardiology, West-German Heart-Center - University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sundeep Khosla
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amir Lerman
- Divison of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.
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23
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Holvik K, van Schoor NM, Eekhoff EMW, den Heijer M, Deeg DJH, Lips P, de Jongh R. Plasma osteocalcin levels as a predictor of cardiovascular disease in older men and women: a population-based cohort study. Eur J Endocrinol 2014; 171:161-70. [PMID: 24801588 DOI: 10.1530/eje-13-1044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of osteocalcin (OC) in cardiovascular disease (CVD) is unresolved. We aimed to study the association between plasma OC concentrations and the risk of non-fatal and fatal CVDs. We also aimed to investigate whether such an association, if present, would be mediated by established metabolic risk factors. DESIGN A population-based longitudinal cohort study. METHODS In 1995/1996, OC was determined in blood samples drawn from 1319 subjects aged 65-88 years participating in the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam in 1995/1996. The self-reported CVD events were collected every 3 years until 2005/2006, and CVD deaths until 1st January 2007. Cox proportional hazards regression was performed, considering potential confounders (smoking, physical activity, and BMI) and mediators (blood pressure, plasma triglycerides, total and HDL cholesterol, fructosamine, and aortic calcification). RESULTS During the median 4.1 years follow-up, 709 subjects (53.8%) suffered a CVD event. There was no overall association between OC and CVD: hazard ratio (HR) was 0.97 (95% CI 0.90-1.04) per nmol/l higher plasma OC, adjusted for age and sex. There was a statistical interaction between plasma OC, age, and sex on CVD (P=0.014). In those subjects aged ≥75 years, age-adjusted HRs (95% CI) were 0.86 (0.75-0.99) in men and 1.16 (1.03-1.31) in women per nmol/l higher plasma OC. Adjustment for covariates only slightly attenuated the association in older-old men, but did not affect the association in older-old women. CONCLUSION A higher plasma OC concentration was associated with a reduced risk of CVD in older-old men and with an increased risk of CVD in older-old women. We found no evidence that this was mediated by arterial calcification or metabolic risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Holvik
- Division of EpidemiologyNorwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, NorwayDepartment of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsEMGO Institute for Health and Care ResearchEndocrine SectionDepartment of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsDivision of EpidemiologyNorwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, NorwayDepartment of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsEMGO Institute for Health and Care ResearchEndocrine SectionDepartment of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natasja M van Schoor
- Division of EpidemiologyNorwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, NorwayDepartment of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsEMGO Institute for Health and Care ResearchEndocrine SectionDepartment of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth M W Eekhoff
- Division of EpidemiologyNorwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, NorwayDepartment of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsEMGO Institute for Health and Care ResearchEndocrine SectionDepartment of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin den Heijer
- Division of EpidemiologyNorwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, NorwayDepartment of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsEMGO Institute for Health and Care ResearchEndocrine SectionDepartment of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorly J H Deeg
- Division of EpidemiologyNorwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, NorwayDepartment of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsEMGO Institute for Health and Care ResearchEndocrine SectionDepartment of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Lips
- Division of EpidemiologyNorwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, NorwayDepartment of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsEMGO Institute for Health and Care ResearchEndocrine SectionDepartment of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Renate de Jongh
- Division of EpidemiologyNorwegian Institute of Public Health, PO Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, NorwayDepartment of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsEMGO Institute for Health and Care ResearchEndocrine SectionDepartment of Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Willems BAG, Vermeer C, Reutelingsperger CPM, Schurgers LJ. The realm of vitamin K dependent proteins: shifting from coagulation toward calcification. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:1620-35. [PMID: 24668744 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the past few decades vitamin K has emerged from a single-function "haemostasis vitamin" to a "multi-function vitamin." The use of vitamin K antagonists (VKA) inevitably showed that the inhibition was not restricted to vitamin K dependent coagulation factors but also synthesis of functional extrahepatic vitamin K dependent proteins (VKDPs), thereby eliciting undesired side effects. Vascular calcification is one of the recently revealed detrimental effects of VKA. The discovery that VKDPs are involved in vascular calcification has propelled our mechanistic understanding of this process and has opened novel avenues for diagnosis and treatment. This review addresses mechanisms of VKDPs and their significance for physiological and pathological calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brecht A G Willems
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands; VitaK BV, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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