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Liu W, Yang W, Li X, Qi D, Chen H, Liu H, Yu S, Wang G, Liu Y. Evaluating the Properties of Ginger Protease-Degraded Collagen Hydrolysate and Identifying the Cleavage Site of Ginger Protease by Using an Integrated Strategy and LC-MS Technology. Molecules 2022; 27:5001. [PMID: 35956951 PMCID: PMC9370692 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27155001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Methods: An integrated strategy, including in vitro study (degree of hydrolysis (DH) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity) and in vivo study (absorption after oral administration in rats), was developed to evaluate the properties of the fish skin gelatin hydrolysates prepared using different proteases (pepsin, alkaline protease, bromelain, and ginger protease). Meanwhile, in order to identify the hydrolysis site of ginger protease, the peptides in the ginger protease-degraded collagen hydrolysate (GDCH) were comprehensively characterized by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method. (2) Results: The GDCH exhibited the highest DH (20.37%) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (77.73%), and in vivo experiments showed that the GDCH was more efficiently absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract. Further oral administration experiments revealed that GDCH was not entirely degraded to free amino acids and can be partially absorbed as dipeptides and tripeptides in intact forms, including Pro-Hyp, Gly-Pro-Hyp, and X-Hyp-Gly tripeptides. LC-MS results determined the unique substrate specificity of ginger protease recognizing Pro and Hyp at the P2 position based on the amino acids at the P2 position from the three types of tripeptides (Gly-Pro-Y, X-Hyp-Gly, and Z-Pro-Gly) and 136 identified peptides (>4 amino acids). Interestingly, it suggested that ginger protease can also recognize Ala in the P2 position. (3) Conclusions: This study comprehensively evaluated the properties of GDCH by combining in vitro and in vivo strategies, and is the first to identify the cleavage site of ginger protease by LC-MS technique. It provides support for the follow-up study on the commercial applications of ginger protease and bioactivities of the hydrolysate produced by ginger protease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Wenning Yang
- Department of Chemistry of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Xueyan Li
- Department of Chemistry of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Dongying Qi
- Department of Chemistry of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Hongjiao Chen
- Department of Chemistry of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Huining Liu
- Department of Chemistry of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Shuang Yu
- Department of Chemistry of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Guopeng Wang
- Zhongcai Health (Beijing) Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd., Beijing 101500, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Chemistry of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
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van der Plas MJA, Cai J, Petrlova J, Saleh K, Kjellström S, Schmidtchen A. Method development and characterisation of the low-molecular-weight peptidome of human wound fluids. eLife 2021; 10:e66876. [PMID: 34227939 PMCID: PMC8260221 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The normal wound healing process is characterised by proteolytic events, whereas infection results in dysfunctional activations by endogenous and bacterial proteases. Peptides, downstream reporters of these proteolytic actions, could therefore serve as a promising tool for diagnosis of wounds. Using mass-spectrometry analyses, we here for the first time characterise the peptidome of human wound fluids. Sterile post-surgical wound fluids were found to contain a high degree of peptides in comparison to human plasma. Analyses of the peptidome from uninfected healing wounds and Staphylococcus aureus -infected wounds identify unique peptide patterns of various proteins, including coagulation and complement factors, proteases, and antiproteinases. Together, the work defines a workflow for analysis of peptides derived from wound fluids and demonstrates a proof-of-concept that such fluids can be used for analysis of qualitative differences of peptide patterns from larger patient cohorts, providing potential biomarkers for wound healing and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariena JA van der Plas
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund UniversityLundSweden
- LEO Foundation Center for Cutaneous Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Jun Cai
- LEO Foundation Center for Cutaneous Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Jitka Petrlova
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Karim Saleh
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund UniversityLundSweden
- Dermatology, Skane University HospitalLundSweden
| | - Sven Kjellström
- Division of Mass Spectrometry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Artur Schmidtchen
- Division of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund UniversityLundSweden
- Dermatology, Skane University HospitalLundSweden
- Copenhagen Wound Healing Center, Bispebjerg Hospital, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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Baráth B, Bogáti R, Miklós T, Kállai J, Mezei ZA, Bereczky Z, Muszbek L, Katona É. Effect of α2-plasmin inhibitor heterogeneity on the risk of venous thromboembolism. Thromb Res 2021; 203:110-116. [PMID: 33992873 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alpha2-plasmin inhibitor (α2-PI) has a heterogeneous composition in the plasma. Both N- and C-terminal cleavages occur that modify the function of the molecule. C-terminal cleavage converts the plasminogen-binding form (PB-α2-PI) to a non-plasminogen-binding form (NPB-α2-PI). N-terminal cleavage by soluble fibroblast activation protein (sFAP) results in a form shortened by 12 amino acids, which is more quickly cross-linked to fibrin. The p.Arg6Trp polymorphism of α2-PI affects N-terminal cleavage. In this work, we aimed to investigate the association between α2-PI heterogeneity and the risk of venous thromboembolism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two hundred and eighteen patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE) and the same number of age and sex-matched healthy controls were enrolled. Total-α2-PI, PB-α2-PI and NPB-α2-PI antigen levels, α2-PI activity, sFAP antigen levels and p.Arg6Trp polymorphism were investigated. RESULTS Total-α2-PI and NPB-α2-PI levels were significantly elevated in VTE patients, while PB-α2-PI levels did not change. Elevated NPB-α2-PI levels independently associated with VTE risk (adjusted OR: 9.868; CI: 4.095-23.783). Soluble FAP levels were significantly elevated in the VTE group, however, elevated sFAP levels did not show a significant association with VTE risk. The α2-PI p.Arg6Trp polymorphism did not influence VTE risk, however, in the case of elevated sFAP levels the carriage of Trp6 allele associated with lower VTE risk. CONCLUSION Our results showed that the elevation of total-α2-PI levels in VTE is caused by the elevation of NPB-α2-PI levels. Elevated sFAP level or p.Arg6Trp polymorphism alone did not influence VTE risk. However, an interaction can be detected between the polymorphism and high sFAP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Baráth
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Réka Bogáti
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tünde Miklós
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Judit Kállai
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Kálmán Laki Doctoral School, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán A Mezei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Bereczky
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Muszbek
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Katona
- Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Abdul S, Dekkers DHW, Ariëns RAS, Leebeek FWG, Rijken DC, Uitte de Willige S. On the localization of the cleavage site in human alpha-2-antiplasmin, involved in the generation of the non-plasminogen binding form. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:1162-1170. [PMID: 32034861 PMCID: PMC7317795 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha-2-antiplasmin (α2AP) is the main natural inhibitor of plasmin. The C-terminus of α2AP is crucial for the initial interaction with plasmin(ogen) and the rapid inhibitory mechanism. Approximately 35% of circulating α2AP has lost its C-terminus (non-plasminogen binding α2AP/NPB-α2AP) and thereby its rapid inhibitory capacity. The C-terminal cleavage site of α2AP is still unknown. A commercially available monoclonal antibody against α2AP (TC 3AP) detects intact but not NPB-α2AP, suggesting that the cleavage site is located N-terminally from the epitope of TC 3AP. OBJECTIVES To determine the epitope of TC 3AP and then to localize the C-terminal cleavage site of α2AP. METHODS For epitope mapping of TC 3AP, commercially available plasma purified α2AP was enzymatically digested with Asp-N, Glu-C, or Lys-N. The resulting peptides were immunoprecipitated using TC 3AP-loaded Dynabeads® Protein G. Bound peptides were eluted and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectometry (LC-MS/MS). To localize the C-terminal cleavage site precisely, α2AP (intact and NPB) was purified from plasma and analyzed by LC-MS/MS after enzymatic digestion with Arg-C. RESULTS We localized the epitope of TC 3AP between amino acid residues Asp428 and Gly439. LC-MS/MS data from plasma purified α2AP showed that NPB-α2AP results from cleavage at Gln421-Asp422 as preferred site, but also after Leu417, Glu419, Gln420, or Asp422. CONCLUSIONS The C-terminal cleavage site of human α2AP is located N-terminally from the TC 3AP epitope. Because C-terminal cleavage of α2AP can occur after multiple residues, different proteases may be responsible for the generation of NPB-α2AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiraazkhan Abdul
- Department of HematologyErasmus University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Dick H. W. Dekkers
- Center for ProteomicsErasmus University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Robert A. S. Ariëns
- Thrombosis and Tissue Repair GroupLeeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic MedicineSchool of MedicineUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Frank W. G. Leebeek
- Department of HematologyErasmus University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Dingeman C. Rijken
- Department of HematologyErasmus University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
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