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Boban A, Baghaei F, Karin F, Klamroth R, Miesbach W, Stephensen D, Kavanagh M, Noone D, Crato M, Peyvandi F. Accreditation model of European Haemophilia Centres in the era of novel treatments and gene therapy. Haemophilia 2023; 29:1442-1449. [PMID: 37819168 DOI: 10.1111/hae.14887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The international certification of haemophilia centres in Europe is run by the European Association of Haemophilia and Allied Disorders (EAHAD) and European Haemophilia Consortium (EHC) since 2013. The centres are designated as European Haemophilia Comprehensive Care Centres (EHCCC) or European Haemophilia Treatment Centres (EHTC), based on the specific requirements which evaluate centres' ability to provide care for patients with haemophilia and allied disorders. AIM To establish the new protocol for accreditation of European Haemophilia Centres. METHODS EAHAD, in collaboration with EHC, established Accreditation Working Group with the aim to define necessary measures to safeguard quality and improvement of bleeding disorders care throughout Europe and to build a novel model for accreditation of European Haemophilia Centres. RESULTS The European guidelines for certification of haemophilia centres have been updated to guidelines for the accreditation and include all the requirements regarding facilities, laboratory and personnel needed for optimal management of novel treatment options, including the introduction of the hub-and-spoke model for delivery of gene therapy. A pilot project for the accreditation of haemophilia centres including on-site audit has been designed. CONCLUSION Implementation of the novel accreditation protocol of the haemophilia treatment and haemophilia gene therapy centres has been made to further improve the quality of care for patients with haemophilia and other inherited bleeding disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Boban
- Haemophilia Centre, Department of Haematology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Fariba Baghaei
- Coagulation Centre, Department of Medicine, Section of Haematology and Coagulation, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fijnvandraat Karin
- Amsterdam UMC, Emma Children's Hospital, Pediatric Hematology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robert Klamroth
- Department of Internal Medicine - Vascular Medicine and Haemostaseology, Haemophilia Treatment Centre, Vivantes Clinic im Friedrichshain, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Miesbach
- Department of Haemostaseology and Haemophilia Centre, Medical Clinic 2, Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - David Stephensen
- Kent Haemophilia and Thrombosis Centre, East Kent Hospitals University NHS Trust, Canterbury, UK
| | - Mary Kavanagh
- Paediatric Coagulation Centre, Children's Health Ireland at Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Declan Noone
- European Haemophilia Consortium, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Miguel Crato
- European Haemophilia Consortium, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Flora Peyvandi
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Angelo Bianchi Bonomi, Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Chou SC, Hsu YC, Lin SW. Gene therapy for hemophilia, a clinical viewpoint. J Formos Med Assoc 2023; 122:1101-1110. [PMID: 37210312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2023.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy for hemophilia has been investigated for decades but no breakthroughs were made until Nathwani et al. achieved a significant and sustainable factor IX increase in hemophilia B patients in 2011. About eleven years later, in August 2022, the first hemophilia A gene therapy product was approved by the European Commission and hemophilia treatment entered a new era. This review does not focus on the newest advances but rather the practical aspects of gene therapy aiming to provide an overview for physicians who treat hemophiliacs who did not participate in the clinical trials. The current status of gene therapy, focusing particularly on products likely to be clinically available soon, are reviewed and summarized. Currently, possible limitations of gene therapy are pre-existing neutralizing antibodies toward the vector, liver health, age, and inhibitor status. Possible safety concerns include infusion reactions, liver damage, and adverse effects from immune suppressants or steroids. In summary, generally speaking, gene therapy is effective, at least for several years, but the exact effect may be unpredictable and intensive monitoring for several months is needed. It can also be considered safe with careful practice on selected patients. In its current form, gene therapy will not replace all hemophilia treatments. Advances in non-factor therapy will also improve hemophilia care greatly in the future. We envisage that gene therapy may be included in multiple novel therapies for hemophilia and benefit some hemophilia patients while novel non-factor therapies may benefit others, together fulfilling the unmet needs of all hemophilia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Chieh Chou
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Hsu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Liver Disease Prevention and Treatment Research Foundation, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wha Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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De Wolf D, Singh K, Chuah MK, VandenDriessche T. Hemophilia Gene Therapy: The End of the Beginning? Hum Gene Ther 2023; 34:782-792. [PMID: 37672530 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2023.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extensive preclinical research over the past 30 years has culminated in the recent regulatory approval of several gene therapy products for hemophilia. Based on the efficacy and safety data in a recently conducted phase III clinical trial, Roctavian® (valoctocogene roxaparvovec), an adeno-associated viral (AAV5) vector expressing a B domain deleted factor VIII (FVIII) complementary DNA, was approved by the European Commission and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of patients with severe hemophilia A. In addition, Hemgenix® (etranacogene dezaparvovec) was also recently approved by the European Medicines Agency and the FDA for the treatment of patients with severe hemophilia B. This product is based on an AAV5 vector expressing a hyper-active factor IX (FIX) transgene (FIX-Padua) transgene. All AAV-based phase III clinical trials to date show a significant increase in FVIII or FIX levels in the majority of treated patients, consistent with a substantial decrease in bleeding episodes and a concomitant reduction in factor usage obviating the need for factor prophylaxis in most patients. However, significant interpatient variability remains that is not fully understood. Moreover, most patients encountered short-term asymptomatic liver inflammation that was treated by immune suppression with corticosteroids or other immune suppressants. In all phase III trials to date, FIX expression has appeared relatively more stable than FVIII, though individual patients also had prolonged FVIII expression. Whether lifelong expression of clotting factors can be realized after gene therapy requires longer follow-up studies. Further preclinical development of next-generation gene editing technologies offers new prospects for the development of a sustained cure for hemophilia, not only in adults, but ultimately in children with hemophilia too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dries De Wolf
- Department of Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kshitiz Singh
- Department of Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marinee K Chuah
- Department of Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thierry VandenDriessche
- Department of Gene Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Bowyer AE, Gosselin RC. Factor VIII and Factor IX Activity Measurements for Hemophilia Diagnosis and Related Treatments. Semin Thromb Hemost 2023; 49:609-620. [PMID: 36473488 PMCID: PMC10421651 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1758870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accurate measurement of clotting factors VIII (FVIII) or IX (FIX) is vital for comprehensive diagnosis and management of patients with hemophilia A or B. The one-stage activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)-based clotting assay is the most commonly used method worldwide for testing FVIII or FIX activities. Alternatively, FVIII and FIX chromogenic substrate assays, which assess the activation of factor X, are available in some specialized laboratories. The choice of reagent or methodology can strongly influence the resulting activity. Variation between one-stage FVIII or FIX activities has been reported in the measurement of some standard and extended half-life factor replacement therapies and gene therapy for hemophilia B using different aPTT reagents. Discrepancy between one-stage and chromogenic reagents has been demonstrated in some patients with mild hemophilia A or B, the measurement of some standard and extended half-life factor replacement therapies, and the transgene expression of hemophilia A and B patients who have received gene therapy. Finally, the measurement of bispecific antibody therapy in patients with hemophilia A has highlighted differences between chromogenic assays. It is imperative that hemostasis laboratories evaluate how suitable their routine assays are for the accurate measurement of the various hemophilia treatment therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette E. Bowyer
- Department of Coagulation, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Robert C. Gosselin
- Hemostasis and Thrombosis Center, University of California, Davis Health System, Sacramento, California
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Sekayan T, Simmons DH, von Drygalski A. Etranacogene dezaparvovec-drlb gene therapy for patients with hemophilia B (congenital factor IX deficiency). Expert Opin Biol Ther 2023; 23:1173-1184. [PMID: 37962325 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2023.2282138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Congenital hemophilia B (HB) is an X-linked bleeding disorder resulting in Factor IX (FIX) deficiency and bleeding of variable severity. There is no cure for HB. Typical management consists of prophylactic intravenous (IV) recombinant or plasma-derived FIX infusions. Etranacogene dezaparvovec-drlb (Hemgenix, AMT-061) is an adeno-associated virus serotype 5 (AAV5) vector containing a codon-optimized Padua variant of the human F9 gene with a liver-specific promoter. Etranacogene dezaparvovec-drlb received FDA approval on 22 November 2022 for the treatment of HB in adult patients who use FIX prophylaxis therapy, have current or historical life-threatening hemorrhage, or have experienced repeated, serious spontaneous bleeding episodes. AREAS COVERED This drug profile discusses the safety and efficacy of etranacogene dezaparvovec-drlb in patients with HB. EXPERT OPINION Etranacogene dezaparvovec-drlb therapy results in stable and sustained expression of near-normal to normal FIX levels in patients with HB regardless of neutralizing antibodies to AAV5 up to a titer of 678. Its use has led to significant reduction in bleeding and FIX prophylaxis. Etranacogene dezaparvovec-drlb was well tolerated; however, 17% of patients required corticosteroid therapy for alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevation. Etranacogene dezaparvovec-drlb therapy marks the beginning of an exciting era in HB treatment and opens questions regarding treatment longevity and long-term safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tro Sekayan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Annette von Drygalski
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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Soroka AB, Feoktistova SG, Mityaeva ON, Volchkov PY. Gene Therapy Approaches for the Treatment of Hemophilia B. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10766. [PMID: 37445943 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the standard enzyme-replacement therapy, administered from once per 7-14 days to 2-3 times a week in patients with severe hemophilia B, as a result of a single injection, gene therapy can restore F9 gene expression and maintain it for a prolonged time. In clinical research, the approach of delivering a functional copy of a gene using adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors is widely used. The scientific community is actively researching possible modifications to improve delivery efficiency and expression. In preclinical studies, the possibility of genome editing using CRISPR/Cas9 technology for the treatment of hemophilia B is also being actively studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia B Soroka
- Life Sciences Research Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141700 Dolgoprudniy, Russia
| | - Sofya G Feoktistova
- Life Sciences Research Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141700 Dolgoprudniy, Russia
| | - Olga N Mityaeva
- Life Sciences Research Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141700 Dolgoprudniy, Russia
| | - Pavel Y Volchkov
- Life Sciences Research Center, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research University, 141700 Dolgoprudniy, Russia
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Abstract
In vivo gene therapy is rapidly emerging as a new therapeutic paradigm for monogenic disorders. For almost three decades, hemophilia A (HA) and hemophilia B (HB) have served as model disorders for the development of gene therapy. This effort is soon to bear fruit with completed pivotal adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector gene addition trials reporting encouraging results and regulatory approval widely anticipated in the near future for the current generation of HA and HB AAV vectors. Here we review the clinical development of AAV gene therapy for HA and HB and examine outstanding questions that have recently emerged from AAV clinical trials for hemophilia and other monogenic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Samelson-Jones
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Division of Hematology and Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lindsey A. George
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Division of Hematology and Raymond G. Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Abstract
Gene therapy is poised to revolutionize modern medicine, with seemingly unlimited potential for treating and curing genetic disorders. For otherwise incurable indications, including most inherited metabolic liver disorders, gene therapy provides a realistic therapeutic option. In this Review, we discuss gene supplementation and gene editing involving the use of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors for the treatment of inherited liver diseases, including updates on several ongoing clinical trials that are producing promising results. Clinical testing has been essential in highlighting many key translational challenges associated with this transformative therapy. In particular, the interaction of a patient's immune system with the vector raises issues of safety and the duration of treatment efficacy. Furthermore, several serious adverse events after the administration of high doses of rAAVs suggest greater involvement of innate immune responses and pre-existing hepatic conditions than initially anticipated. Finally, permanent modification of the host genome associated with rAAV genome integration and gene editing raises concerns about the risk of oncogenicity that require careful evaluation. We summarize the main progress, challenges and pathways forward for gene therapy for liver diseases.
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Differences in wild-type- and R338L-tenase complex formation are at the root of R338L-factor IX assay discrepancies. Blood Adv 2022; 7:458-467. [PMID: 35839077 PMCID: PMC9979717 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2022007435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) gene therapy has the potential to functionally cure hemophilia B by restoring factor (F)IX concentrations into the normal range. Next-generation AAV therapies express a naturally occurring gain-of-function FIX variant, FIX-Padua (R338L-FIX), that increases FIX activity (FIX:C) by approximately eightfold compared with wild-type FIX (FIX-WT). Previous studies have shown that R338L-FIX activity varies dramatically across different clinical FIX:C assays, which complicates the monitoring and management of patients. To better understand mechanisms that contribute to R338L-FIX assay discrepancies, we characterized the performance of R338L-FIX in 13 1-stage clotting assays (OSAs) and 2 chromogenic substrate assays (CSAs) in a global field study. This study produced the largest R338L-FIX assay dataset to date and confirmed that clinical FIX:C assay results vary over threefold. Both phospholipid and activating reagents play a role in OSA discrepancies. CSA generated the most divergent FIX:C results. Manipulation of FIX:C CSA kits demonstrated that specific activity gains for R338L-FIX were most profound at lower FIX:C concentrations and that these effects were enhanced during the early phases of FXa generation. Supplementing FX into CSA had the effect of dampening FIX-WT activity relative to R338L-FIX activity, suggesting that FX impairs WT tenase formation to a greater extent than R338L-FIX tenase. Our data describe the scale of R338L-FIX assay discrepancies and provide insights into the causative mechanisms that will help establish best practices for the measurement of R338L-FIX activity in patients after gene therapy.
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Worldwide use of factor IX Padua for hemophilia B gene therapy. Mol Ther 2022; 30:2394-2396. [PMID: 35705095 PMCID: PMC9263299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Kaczmarek R. Gene therapy - are we ready now? Haemophilia 2022; 28 Suppl 4:35-43. [PMID: 35521736 PMCID: PMC9325484 DOI: 10.1111/hae.14530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Haemophilia therapy has evolved from rudimentary transfusion‐based approaches to an unprecedented level of innovation with glimmers of functional cure brought by gene therapy. After decades of misfires, gene therapy has normalized factor (F)VIII and factor (F)IX levels in some individuals in the long term. Several clinical programmes testing adeno‐associated viral (AAV) vector gene therapy are approaching completion with imminent regulatory approvals. Discussion Phase 3 studies along with multiyear follow‐up in earlier phase investigations raised questions about efficacy as well as short‐ and long‐term safety, prompting a reappraisal of AAV vector gene therapy. Liver toxicities, albeit mostly low‐grade, occur in the first year in at least some individuals in all haemophilia A and B trials and are poorly understood. Extreme variability and unpredictability of outcome, as well as a slow decline in factor expression (seemingly unique to FVIII gene therapy), are vexing because immune responses to AAV vectors preclude repeat dosing, which could increase suboptimal or restore declining expression, while overexpression may result in phenotoxicity. The long‐term safety will need lifelong monitoring because AAV vectors, contrary to conventional wisdom, integrate into chromosomes at the rate that calls for vigilance. Conclusions AAV transduction and transgene expression engage the host immune system, cellular DNA processing, transcription and translation machineries in ways that have been only cursorily studied in the clinic. Delineating those mechanisms will be key to finding mitigants and solutions to the remaining problems, and including individuals who cannot avail of gene therapy at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslaw Kaczmarek
- Coagulation Products Safety Supply and Access Committee, World Federation of Hemophilia, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Miesbach W, Eichler H, Holstein K, Holzhauer S, Klamroth R, Knöfler R, Male C, Olivieri M, Oldenburg J, Tiede A. Electronic diaries in the management of haemophilia gene therapy: Perspective of an expert group from the German, Austrian and Swiss Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (GTH). Haemophilia 2022; 28:264-269. [PMID: 35182445 DOI: 10.1111/hae.14516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gene therapy (GT) is becoming a realistic treatment option for patients with haemophilia. Outside clinical trials, the complexity and potential complications of GT will pose unprecedented challenges to haemophilia care centres. AIM To explore the potential use of electronic tools to improve the delivery of GT under real-world conditions. METHODS Considering the hub-and-spoke model, the GTH working group on GT considered the entire patient pathway and reached consensus on requirements for an integrative software tool to secure documenting and sharing information between treaters, pharmacies and patients. RESULTS Six steps of the gene therapy process were identified, each requiring completion of the previous step as a prerequisite for entry. The responsibilities of GT dosing and follow-up treatment centres, read/write access rules, and the minimum data set were outlined. Data contributed by patients through mobile devices was also considered. CONCLUSION Important information needs to be shared between patients and treatment centres in a real-world GT hub-and-spoke model. Collecting and sharing this information in well-organised electronic applications will not only improve patient care but also enable national and international data collection in clinical registries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Miesbach
- Department of Haemostaseology and Haemophilia Centre, Medical Clinic 2, Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hermann Eichler
- Institute of Clinical Haemostaseology and Transfusion Medicine, Saarland University and University Hospital, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Katharina Holstein
- Haemophilia Center, II. Medical Department, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Holzhauer
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Klamroth
- Department for Internal Medicine - Vascular medcine and Haemostaseology, Haemophilia Centre, Vivantes Clinic imFriedrichshain, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Knöfler
- Department of Paediatric Haemostaseology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christoph Male
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Olivieri
- Paediatric Haemostasis and Thrombosis Unit, Paediatric Haemophilia Center, Department of Paediatrics, LMU, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Oldenburg
- Institute of Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Rare Diseases Bonn (ZSEB), University Clinic Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Tiede
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Hematology, Hemostasis, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover, Germany
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Müller J, Miesbach W, Prüller F, Siegemund T, Scholz U, Sachs UJ. An Update on Laboratory Diagnostics in Haemophilia A and B. Hamostaseologie 2022; 42:248-260. [PMID: 35104901 PMCID: PMC9388220 DOI: 10.1055/a-1665-6232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemophilia A (HA) and B (HB) are X-linked hereditary bleeding disorders caused by lack of activity of coagulation factors VIII (FVIII) or IX (FIX), respectively. Besides conventional products, modern replacement therapies include FVIII or FIX concentrates with an extended half-life (EHL-FVIII/FIX). Two main strategies for measuring plasma FVIII or FIX activity are applied: the one-stage clotting assay (OSCA) and the chromogenic substrate assay (CSA), both calibrated against plasma (FVIII/FIX) standards. Due to the structural modifications of EHL-FVIII/FIX, reagent-dependent assay discrepancies have been described when measuring the activity of these molecules. Assay discrepancies have also been observed in FVIII/FIX gene therapy approaches. On the other hand, nonfactor replacement by the bispecific antibody emicizumab, a FVIIIa-mimicking molecule, artificially shortens activated partial thromboplastin time–based clotting times, making standard OSCAs inapplicable for analysis of samples from patients treated with this drug. In this review, we aim to give an overview on both, the currently applied and future therapies in HA and HB with or without inhibitors and corresponding test systems suitable for accompanying diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Müller
- Institute for Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Miesbach
- Department of Haemostaseology and Hemophilia Center, Medical Clinic 2, Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Florian Prüller
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Siegemund
- Division of Hemostaseology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ute Scholz
- Center of Hemostasis, MVZ Labor Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrich J Sachs
- Department of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Giessen University Hospital, Giessen, Germany
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George LA. Hemophilia gene therapy: ushering in a new treatment paradigm? HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2021; 2021:226-233. [PMID: 34889378 PMCID: PMC8877054 DOI: 10.1182/hematology.2021000254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
After 3 decades of clinical trials, repeated proof-of-concept success has now been demonstrated in hemophilia A and B gene therapy. Current clinical hemophilia gene therapy efforts are largely focused on the use of systemically administered recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors for F8 or F9 gene addition. With multiple ongoing trials, including licensing studies in hemophilia A and B, many are cautiously optimistic that the first AAV vectors will obtain regulatory approval within approximately 1 year. While supported optimism suggests that the goal of gene therapy to alter the paradigm of hemophilia care may soon be realized, a number of outstanding questions have emerged from clinical trial that are in need of answers to harness the full potential of gene therapy for hemophilia patients. This article reviews the use of AAV vector gene addition approaches for hemophilia A and B, focusing specifically on information to review in the process of obtaining informed consent for hemophilia patients prior to clinical trial enrollment or administering a licensed AAV vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A. George
- Correspondence Lindsey A. George, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Colket Translational Research Bldg, Rm 5016, 3501 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104; e-mail:
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15
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Kumar SR, Xie J, Hu S, Ko J, Huang Q, Brown HC, Srivastava A, Markusic DM, Doering CB, Spencer HT, Srivastava A, Gao G, Herzog RW. Coagulation factor IX gene transfer to non-human primates using engineered AAV3 capsid and hepatic optimized expression cassette. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2021; 23:98-107. [PMID: 34631930 PMCID: PMC8476648 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic gene transfer with adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors shows much promise for the treatment of the X-linked bleeding disorder hemophilia B in multiple clinical trials. In an effort to further innovate this approach and to introduce alternative vector designs with potentially superior features into clinical development, we recently built a vector platform based on AAV serotype 3 because of its superior tropism for human hepatocytes. A vector genome with serotype-matched inverted terminal repeats expressing hyperactive human coagulation factor IX (FIX)-Padua was designed for clinical use that is optimized for translation using hepatocyte-specific codon-usage bias and is depleted of immune stimulatory CpG motifs. Here, this vector genome was packaged into AAV3 (T492V + S663V) capsid for hepatic gene transfer in non-human primates. FIX activity within or near the normal range was obtained at a low vector dose of 5 × 1011 vector genomes/kg. Pre-existing neutralizing antibodies, however, completely or partially blocked hepatic gene transfer at that dose. No CD8+ T cell response against capsid was observed. Antibodies against the human FIX transgene product formed at a 10-fold higher vector dose, albeit hepatic gene transfer was remarkably consistent, and sustained FIX activity in the normal range was nonetheless achieved in two of three animals for the 3-month duration of the study. These results support the use of this vector at low vector doses for gene therapy of hemophilia B in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep R.P. Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jun Xie
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Shilang Hu
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jihye Ko
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Qifeng Huang
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Alok Srivastava
- Department of Haematology, Christian Medical College and Centre for Stem Cell Research (a Unit of inStem, Bengaluru), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - David M. Markusic
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Christopher B. Doering
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - H. Trent Spencer
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Arun Srivastava
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Roland W. Herzog
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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16
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Rodríguez-Merchán EC, De Pablo-Moreno JA, Liras A. Gene Therapy in Hemophilia: Recent Advances. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147647. [PMID: 34299267 PMCID: PMC8306493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemophilia is a monogenic mutational disease affecting coagulation factor VIII or factor IX genes. The palliative treatment of choice is based on the use of safe and effective recombinant clotting factors. Advanced therapies will be curative, ensuring stable and durable concentrations of the defective circulating factor. Results have so far been encouraging in terms of levels and times of expression using mainly adeno-associated vectors. However, these therapies are associated with immunogenicity and hepatotoxicity. Optimizing the vector serotypes and the transgene (variants) will boost clotting efficacy, thus increasing the viability of these protocols. It is essential that both physicians and patients be informed about the potential benefits and risks of the new therapies, and a register of gene therapy patients be kept with information of the efficacy and long-term adverse events associated with the treatments administered. In the context of hemophilia, gene therapy may result in (particularly indirect) cost savings and in a more equitable allocation of treatments. In the case of hemophilia A, further research is needed into how to effectively package the large factor VIII gene into the vector; and in the case of hemophilia B, the priority should be to optimize both the vector serotype, reducing its immunogenicity and hepatotoxicity, and the transgene, boosting its clotting efficacy so as to minimize the amount of vector administered and decrease the incidence of adverse events without compromising the efficacy of the protein expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Carlos Rodríguez-Merchán
- Osteoarticular Surgery Research, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research–IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital—Autonomous University of Madrid), 28046 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Juan Andres De Pablo-Moreno
- Department of Genetic, Physiology and Microbiology, Biology School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Antonio Liras
- Department of Genetic, Physiology and Microbiology, Biology School, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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17
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Thornburg CD. Etranacogene dezaparvovec for hemophilia B gene therapy. THERAPEUTIC ADVANCES IN RARE DISEASE 2021; 2:26330040211058896. [PMID: 37181105 PMCID: PMC10032433 DOI: 10.1177/26330040211058896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The treatment landscape for hemophilia has been rapidly changing with introduction of novel therapies. Gene therapy for hemophilia is a promising therapeutic option for sustained endogenous factor production to mitigate the need for prophylactic treatment to prevent spontaneous and traumatic bleeding. Etranacogene dezaparvovec is an investigational factor IX (FIX) gene transfer product that utilizes the adeno-associated virus (AAV) 5 vector with a liver-specific promoter and a hyperactive FIX transgene. Here, the development of etranacogene dezaparvovec and available efficacy and safety data from clinical trials are reviewed. Overall, etranacogene dezaparvovec provides sustained FIX expression for more than 2 years and allows for a bleed and infusion-free life in the majority of patients. Safety, efficacy, and quality-of-life data will inform shared decision-making for patients who are considering gene therapy. Long-term follow-up regarding duration of expression and safety are crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney D. Thornburg
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rady Children’s
Hospital San Diego, 3020 Children’s Way, MC 5035, San Diego, CA 92123, USA.
Department of Pediatrics, UC San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA,
USA
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