Utility of the FIB-4 Index for hepatocarcinogenesis in hepatitis C virus carriers with normal alanine aminotransferase levels

Difference in incidence of developing hepatocellular carcinoma between hepatitis B virus-and hepatitis C virus-infected patients

BACKGROUND

It is generally accepted that the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated patients is higher than that in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated patients. The reason why this difference in the incidence of HCC occurs in patients with HBV and HCV infections remains unclear. We report the possibility that the contributing power of inflammation, which is the main risk factor for developing HCC, may be different with HBV and HCV infections.

AIM

To investigate this, we surveyed the hazard ratio of inflammation for HCC development which was identified by serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels between patients with HBV and HCV infections.

METHODS

The PubMed database was searched (2001-2021) for studies published in English regarding the incidence of HCC identifying 8924 HBV-and 7376 HCV- infected patients. From these studies, interferon-treated patients with both HBV and HCV infections were excluded. Furthermore, in HBV patients, those administered nucleos(t)ide analogues were excluded, and in HCV patients, those administered direct acting antivirals were also excluded. Studies citing hazard ratios of HCC regarding inflammation (serum elevated alanine aminotransferase levels) were selected. Finally, there were 14 studies of HBV- infected patients and 8 studies of HCV-infected patients. We calculated the hazard ratio in patients in an inflammatory state (serum ALT levels were above the normal range).

RESULTS

In the 14 studies of HBV patients, the average hazard ratio (HR) of elevated ALT for developing HCC was 2.74 [1.98-3.77] and that in the 8 studies of HCV-infected patients was 5.51 [3.08-9.83]. The HR of inflammation for HCC development in HCV-associated liver diseases is about twice that in HBV-associated liver diseases. HR in HCV-infected patients was significantly (P = 0.0391) higher than that in HBV-infected patients. In hepatitis B patients, the abnormal range adopted was 28-45 IU/L, and in hepatitis C patients, it was 20-50 IU/L. It was demonstrated that the abnormal ALT levels adopted in hepatitis B and C patients were very similar in this series.

CONCLUSION

The difference in the incidence of HCC development between HBV and HCV patients may depend on the difference in the hazard risk of ALT between HBV and HCV infections.

Long-term outcomes of viral eradication in patients with hepatitis C virus infection and mild hepatic fibrosis

The impact of antiviral therapy on clinical outcomes in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and mild liver fibrosis (FIB-4 score <1.45) is not well understood. We aimed to clarify the impact of viral eradication on hepatocarcinogenesis and mortality in patients with mild fibrosis.The subjects were 657 patients who achieved sustained virologic response (SVR) (Clearance group) and 586 patients who did not receive antiviral therapy or did not achieve SVR (No clearance group). We applied inverse probability weighting because the groups had different baseline characteristics. Multivariate proportional hazards models were used to analyse factors associated with hepatocarcinogenesis and mortality using a time-dependent covariate. In addition, we compared the mortality rate of the Clearance group stratified by age to the mortality rate of the general population.Clearance of HCV RNA was significantly associated with hepatocarcinogenesis and all-cause, liver-related and non-liver-related mortality (adjusted hazard ratios [95% confidence interval], 0.2653 [0.1147-0.6136, p = 0.0019], 0.3416 [0.2157-0.5409, p < 0.0001], 0.2474 [0.0802-0.8917, p = 0.0381] and 0.4118 [0.2449-0.6925, p = 0.0008], respectively). The Clearance group had significantly higher mortality than the general population matched by age, sex and follow-up duration (p < 0.0001). However, there were no significant differences between patients who achieved SVR before age 50 and the general population matched by age, sex and follow-up duration (p = 0.1570). HCV eradication in patients with mild fibrosis reduces liver-related and non-liver-related mortality. If HCV is eradicated before age 50, prognosis is likely be similar to that of the age-matched and sex-matched general population. (249 words).

Non-invasive tests for the prediction of primary hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies in the world and it is one of the main complications of cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Even in the presence of a well-established follow-up protocol for cirrhotic patients, to date poor data are available on predictive markers for primary HCC occurrence in the setting of compensated advanced chronic liver disease patients (cACLD). The gold standard method to evaluate the prognosis of patients with cACLD, beyond liver fibrosis assessed with histology, is the measurement of the hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG). An HVPG ≥10 mmHg has been related to an increased risk of HCC in cACLD patients. However, these methods are burdened by additional costs and risks for patients and are mostly available only in referral centers. In the last decade increasing research has focused on the evaluation of several, simple, non-invasive tests (NITs) as predictors of HCC development. We reviewed the currently available literature on biochemical and ultrasound-based scores developed for the non-invasive evaluation of liver fibrosis and portal hypertension in predicting primary HCC. We found that the most reliable methods to assess HCC risk were the liver stiffness measurement, the aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index score and the fibrosis-4 index. Other promising NITs need further investigations and validation for different liver disease aetiologies.

Fibrosis-4, aspartate transaminase-to-platelet ratio index, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-to-platelet ratio for risk assessment of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B patients: comparison with liver biopsy

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

It is well known that hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) develops as a consequence of hepatic fibrosis progression. Thus, early identification of advanced liver fibrosis is very important. This study evaluated the prognostic value of FIB-4, the aspartate transaminase to-platelet ratio index (APRI), and the gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase-toplatelet ratio (GPR) for predicting HCC development using histological fibrosis stage as a reference in Asian chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients.

METHODS

A total of 444 CHB patients who underwent liver biopsy and serological tests for determining noninvasive serum fibrosis markers were enrolled. All patients were followed to monitor HCC development.

RESULTS

The histological fibrosis stage showed best performance in predicting HCC development at 5 (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC] = 0.783) and 7 years (AUROC = 0.766), followed by FIB-4 (AUROC = 0.753 at 5 years, 0.698 at 7 years), APRI (AUROC = 0.658 at 5 years, 0.572 at 7 years), and GPR (AUROC = 0.638 at 5 years, 0.603 at 7 years). When we classified risk groups according to the histological fibrosis stage (F4 vs. F0-3) and FIB-4 (FIB-4 ≥ 3.25 vs. FIB-4 < 3.25), patients in the high-risk group were found to have a significantly higher probability of developing HCC than those in the low-risk group (P=0.005 and 0.022, respectively, log-rank test).

CONCLUSION

Our study demonstrated that FIB-4 is useful for the noninvasive prediction of HCC development, while APRI and GPR were less useful.

Utility and limitations of noninvasive fibrosis markers for predicting prognosis in biopsy-proven Japanese non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients

BACKGROUND AND AIM

The fibrosis stage of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely associated with long-term prognosis, including liver-related mortality. However, it is not yet clear whether noninvasive fibrosis markers can predict the incidence of non-liver-related complications in Japanese NAFLD. In this study, we clarified the prognosis of NAFLD patients, including non-liver-related diseases, based on hepatic pathology and noninvasive fibrosis markers.

METHODS

A total of 246 Japanese patients with NAFLD diagnosed by liver biopsy were enrolled. We investigated their prognosis based on hepatic pathology and noninvasive fibrosis markers.

RESULTS

When these patients were categorized based on the severity of liver fibrosis as F0-2 (n = 196) and F3-4 (n = 50), the patients with F3-4 had significantly poorer prognosis in overall survival rates and all complications (P < 0.05). The fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index was useful to predict overall survival and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cirrhosis (LC)-related complications but not extrahepatic malignancies. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed the following risk factors: total bilirubin ≥ 1.2 (hazard ratio [HR] 6.362, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.393-29.052) and severe liver fibrosis (HR 6.512, 95% CI 1.433-29.592) for overall survival; liver fibrosis (F3-4) (HR 13.370, 95% CI 2.775-64.427) for hepatocellular carcinoma; FIB-4 index (HR 26.560, 95% CI 3.320-212.494) for LC-related complications, and liver inflammation (A2-3) (HR 4.214, 95% CI 1.354-13.116) for extrahepatic malignancies.

CONCLUSIONS

Severe liver fibrosis was associated not only with the hepatocarcinogenesis and LC-related complications but also with extrahepatic malignancies. The FIB-4 index was useful for predicting liver-related diseases but had limitations in predicting extrahepatic malignancies.

Clinical characteristics and prognosis of HCC occurrence after antiviral therapy for HCV patients between sustained and non-sustained responders

BACKGROUND

Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients who achieved sustained virologic response (SVR) may still develop hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The characteristic of HCC and the prognosis between SVR and non-SVR patients were not well known.

METHODS

Among 1884 HCV-infected patients who were treated with pegylated IFN plus ribavirin therapies, 122 patients developed HCC during follow-up were enrolled in this study. Laboratory data were collected before and at least 1 year after IFN-based therapy, as well as the latest follow-up.

RESULTS

Both SVR and non-SVR patients had similar risk factors to develop HCC, but with a little difference. Liver cirrhosis plays a key role in HCC occurrence in both groups. Among the patients who developed HCC, non-SVR patients had significantly higher total bilirubin, higher FIB-4, lower pre-treatment platelet count, higher pre-treatment AFP levels and higher proportion of cirrhosis than SVR patients before occurrence of HCC. After curative treatment, SVR patients had lower recurrence and longer overall survival than non-SVR patients by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Multivariate analysis revealed that APRI ≥0.7 was the independent risk factor for HCC recurrence; and AFP ≥20 ng/ml post IFN therapy, as well as HCC recurrence were the independent risk factors of mortality.

CONCLUSION

Liver cirrhosis plays a key role in HCC occurrence after antiviral therapies. SVR patients may have lower HCC recurrence and longer survival rates than non-SVR patients. Only APRI was associated with HCC recurrence; and post-IFN AFP and HCC recurrence were predictive of subsequent mortality independently.

Factors associated with advanced hepatic fibrosis in patients with various internal diseases: A multicenter community-based survey

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Advanced hepatic fibrosis can occur in patients with various diseases, including diabetes mellitus and hypertension. We aimed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors of advanced hepatic fibrosis in patients with various internal diseases.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We performed a community-based survey in which 1012 patients were enrolled (mean age, 63.1 ± 10.8 years; female/male, 505/507). Hepatic fibrosis was evaluated by Fib-4 index and patients were classified into high and low Fib-4 groups. Independent factors for the high Fib-4 group were analyzed using logistic regression and decision tree analysis.

RESULTS

A high prevalence of high Fib-4 index was observed in patients with cardiovascular diseases; 37.1% of patients with hypertension belonged to the high Fib-4 group. Independent factors associated with the high Fib-4 group were BMI (OR 0.95, 95%CI 0.918-0.989, P < 0.01), male sex (OR 1.35, 95%CI 1.03-1.78, P < 0.05), and hypertension (OR 1.41, 95%CI 1.03-1.92, P < 0.05). In patients with hypertension, a decision tree algorithm revealed three profiles for Fib-4 index: 1) creatinine level < 0.76 mg/dL (high Fib-4; 30.0%), 2) creatinine level ≥ 0.76 mg/dL without sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) treatment (high Fib-4; 48.2%), and 3) creatinine level ≥ 0.76 mg/dL with SGLT2i treatment (high Fib-4; 23.5%).

CONCLUSIONS

A high prevalence of advanced hepatic fibrosis was observed in patients with hypertension. Hypertension was an independent risk factor, and creatinine level and SGLT2i were divergence variables for advanced hepatic fibrosis. Thus, hypertension with chronic kidney injury may exacerbate hepatic fibrosis, while SGLT2i treatment may ameliorate hepatic fibrosis.

Prognostic Performance of Ten Liver Function Models in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma Undergoing Radiofrequency Ablation

Liver functional capacity is a crucial survival determinant for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Noninvasive models were proposed to assess hepatic reserve, but their performance in outcome prediction is unclear. We aimed to investigate 10 currently used liver function models in HCC patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation (RFA). A total 499 HCC patients were prospectively identified. Homogeneity and corrected Akaike information criteria (AICc) were compared. Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify independent survival predictors. Significance survival differences were found across 10 noninvasive models (all p < 0.001) except for GUCI and APRI grade 2 vs 3, and King’s score grade 1 vs 2. Among these models, ALBI grade showed the highest homogeneity and lowest AICs value, indicating a better prognostic performance. Within Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) score 5 group, significant survival difference was demonstrated between ALBI grade 1 and 2 (p < 0.001); for those with CTP score 6 or higher, only ALBI grade 2 and 3 showed survival difference (p < 0.001). Cox analysis disclosed that ALBI grade, tumor size and performance status were independent prognostic predictors. There was significant correlation between CTP score and other 9 models. We conclude that ALBI grade may serve as objective and feasible surrogate for prognostic prediction in HCC patients undergoing RFA.

Improvement of liver stiffness in patients with hepatitis C virus infection who received direct-acting antiviral therapy and achieved sustained virological response

BACKGROUND AND AIM

There is insufficient research on whether direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapy can improve liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV). We evaluated sequential changes in liver stiffness using shear wave elastography in patients with HCV who received DAA therapy.

METHODS

A total of 210 patients with HCV who received daclatasvir and asunaprevir therapy and achieved sustained virological response (SVR) were analyzed. Liver stiffness, as evaluated by shear wave elastography, and laboratory data were assessed before treatment (baseline), at end of treatment (EOT), and at 24 weeks after EOT (SVR24).

RESULTS

Alanine aminotransferase levels (ALT) decreased over time, and there were significant differences between baseline and EOT and between EOT and SVR24. Although platelet counts did not significantly differ between baseline and EOT, they increased significantly from EOT to SVR24. The median (interquartile range) liver stiffness values at baseline, EOT, and SVR24 were 10.2 (7.7-14.7), 8.8 (7.1-12.1), and 7.6 (6.3-10.3) kPa, respectively (P < 0.001, baseline vs EOT; P < 0.001, EOT vs SVR24). Additionally, in patients with ALT ≤ 30 (indicating low necroinflammatory activity in the liver) and Fibrosis-4 index > 2.0 (n = 75), the liver stiffness values at baseline, EOT, and SVR24 were 9.6 (7.7-15.2), 9.2 (7.3-12.1), and 7.7 (6.3-10.1) kPa, respectively (P < 0.001, baseline vs EOT; P < 0.001, EOT vs SVR24).

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that early improvement of liver stiffness starts during the administration of DAAs in patients who achieve SVR, and this effect is particularly pronounced in patients with progressive liver fibrosis.

Validation of Hepa-index as a non-invasive biomarkers panel for assessment of hepatic fibrosis in Egyptians with chronic hepatitis C

OBJECTIVES

To validate the diagnostic performance of Hepa-Index in predicting different stages of hepatic fibrosis in Egyptian patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Methods: Hundred treatment naïve chronic hepatitis C Egyptian patients were prospectively enrolled between June 2014 and January 2015. They were subjected to: platelet count, alpha-2-macroglobulin (α2-MG), total bilirubin, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), total cholesterol, liver biopsy and histopathological staging of hepatic fibrosis according to METAVIR scoring system. Hepa-Index was calculated according to the formula: Hepa-Index=exp (-0.021 x platelet +1.65 x α2-MG+0.2 x total bilirubin + 0.026 x GGT -1.215 x total cholesterol) / (1+exp (-0.021 x platelet + 1.65 x α2-MG + 0.2 x total bilirubin +0.026 x GGT -1.215 x total cholesterol).  Results: Hepa-Index correlates positively with the stage of hepatic fibrosis. Cut off values of Hepa-Index were: 0.2 for predicting significant hepatic fibrosis (≥F2 METAVIR), 0.3 for severe hepatic fibrosis (≥F3 METAVIR) and 0.4 for cirrhosis (F4 METAVIR). Hepa-Index was able to detect significant fibrosis with sensitivity of 69.4%, specificity of 76.3% and AUROC of 0.803. Hepa-Index was also able to detect severe hepatic fibrosis with sensitivity of 79.2%, specificity of 64.5% and AUROC of 0.783 and cirrhosis with sensitivity of 81.8%, specificity of 68.5% and AUROC of 0.744. Conclusion: Hepa-Index is a good non-invasive biomarkers panel that can be used for non-invasive assessment of hepatic fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C patients.