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Shaverdian M, Li RHL. Preventing Cardiogenic Thromboembolism in Cats: Literature Gaps, Rational Recommendations, and Future Therapies. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:1309-1323. [PMID: 37516545 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Cardiogenic arterial thromboembolism (CATE) is a devastating complication in cats with cardiomyopathies with significant morbidity and mortality. Despite recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of CATE, its recurrence and mortality remain high. This highlights the urgent need for a greater understanding of CATE pathophysiology so that novel diagnostic tests and therapeutics can be developed. This comprehensive review aims to summarize existing literature on pathophysiology, clinical diagnosis, and current recommendations on the prevention and treatment of CATE. It also identifies and describes knowledge gaps and research priorities in the roles of immunothrombosis and procoagulant platelets in the pathogenesis of CATE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meg Shaverdian
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 2108 Tupper Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ronald H L Li
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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Haginoya S, Thomovsky EJ, Johnson PA, Brooks AC. Clinical Assessment of Primary Hemostasis: A Review. Top Companion Anim Med 2023; 56-57:100818. [PMID: 37673175 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2023.100818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Primary hemostatic disorders such as thrombocytopenia and thrombocytopathia are commonly encountered in small animal practice. The key stages of primary hemostasis include platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation. Understanding the interaction between tissues, platelets, and signaling molecules not only helps clinicians comprehend clot formation but also better recognize thrombocytopathias. Although congenital thrombocytopathia is rare, commercially available platelet function tests allow veterinarians to narrow differentials in many clinical settings. Thrombocytopenia can be easily diagnosed in any clinical setting. In this paper, we review the current understanding of primary hemostasis in veterinary medicine, including the clinical presentation and available diagnostics to identify platelet abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Haginoya
- Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
| | | | - Paula A Johnson
- Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Aimee C Brooks
- Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Lo ST, Li RHL, Georges CJ, Nguyen N, Chen CK, Stuhlmann C, Oldach MS, Rivas VN, Fousse S, Harris SP, Stern JA. Synergistic inhibitory effects of clopidogrel and rivaroxaban on platelet function and platelet-dependent thrombin generation in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:1390-1400. [PMID: 37208839 PMCID: PMC10365033 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dual antithrombotic treatment (DAT) with clopidogrel and rivaroxaban sometimes is prescribed to cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy at risk of thromboembolism. To date, no studies have evaluated their combined effects on platelet function. OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Evaluate the safety of DAT in healthy cats and compare, ex vivo, platelet-dependent thrombin generation and agonist-induced platelet activation and aggregation in cats treated with clopidogrel, rivaroxaban, or DAT. We hypothesized that DAT would safely modulate agonist-induced platelet activation and aggregation more effectively than single agent treatment. ANIMALS Nine apparently healthy 1-year-old cats selected from a research colony. METHODS Unblinded, nonrandomized ex vivo cross-over study. All cats received 7 days of rivaroxaban (0.6 ± 0.1 mg/kg PO), clopidogrel (4.7 ± 0.8 mg/kg PO), or DAT with defined washout periods between treatments. Before and after each treatment, adenosine diphosphate (ADP)- and thrombin-induced platelet P-selectin expression was evaluated using flow cytometry to assess platelet activation. Platelet-dependent thrombin generation was measured by fluorescence assay. Platelet aggregation was assessed using whole blood impedance platelet aggregometry. RESULTS No cats exhibited adverse effects. Of the 3 treatments, only DAT significantly decreased the number of activated platelets (P = .002), modulated platelet activation in response to thrombin (P = .01), dampened thrombin generation potential (P = .01), and delayed maximum reaction velocity (P = .004) in thrombin generation. Like clopidogrel, DAT inhibited ADP-mediated platelet aggregation. However, rivaroxaban alone resulted in increased aggregation and activation in response to ADP. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Treatment combining clopidogrel and rivaroxaban (DAT) safely decreases platelet activation, platelet response to agonists, and thrombin generation in feline platelets more effectively than monotherapy with either clopidogrel or rivaroxaban.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara T. Lo
- University of California Davis School of Veterinary MedicineWilliam R. Prichard Veterinary Medical Teaching HospitalDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ronald H. L. Li
- Surgical and Radiological SciencesUniversity of California, DavisDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Catherine J. Georges
- University of California Davis School of Veterinary MedicineWilliam R. Prichard Veterinary Medical Teaching HospitalDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Nghi Nguyen
- Surgical and Radiological SciencesUniversity of California Davis School of Veterinary MedicineDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Cheyenne K. Chen
- Surgical and Radiological SciencesUniversity of California Davis School of Veterinary MedicineDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Claire Stuhlmann
- University of California Davis School of Veterinary MedicineWilliam R. Prichard Veterinary Medical Teaching HospitalDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Victor Noel Rivas
- Medicine and EpidemiologyUniversity of California Davis School of Veterinary MedicineDavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Samantha Fousse
- University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine – VME, UC Davis 2108 Tupper Hall, One Shields AvenueDavis, California 95616‐5270USA
| | - Samantha P. Harris
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, College of MedicineUniversity of ArizonaTucsonArizonaUSA
| | - Joshua A. Stern
- Department of Medicine & EpidemiologyUniversity of California, Davis, 2108 Tupper Hall, One Shields AvenueDavis, California 95616USA
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Colpitts ME, Caswell JL, Monteith G, Joshua J, O'Sullivan ML, Raheb S, Fonfara S. Cardiac gene activation varies between young and adult cats and in the presence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:38-47. [PMID: 35917592 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the difference of myocardial gene transcription in young and adult cats and how transcription is further modified in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and with left atrial (LA) thrombus formation. We hypothesized that selected factors for coagulation, endothelial activation, inflammation, and remodelling are modified with age and are activated in the hearts of cats with HCM. Left atrial and ventricular (LV) samples from 12 cats with HCM (seven without (HCMwoAT] and five with LA thrombi [HCMwAT]), and six young (YC) and six adult (AC) control cats without cardiac disease were investigated for relative expression of the following genes using quantitative polymerase chain reaction: von Willebrand factor, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif member 13, platelet activating factor, E- and P-selectin, intercellular and vascular adhesion molecules-1, ß2-integrin, vascular endothelial growth factor, interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), heat shock protein-70, and myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2C. Significant differences in gene activation were found between YC and AC, and YC and cats with HCM. Compared to AC, MCP-1 and IL-6 were significantly higher in cats with HCM. The presence of an LA thrombus was associated with higher IL-6 expression. These results illustrate the relevance of age and/or lifestyle on gene expression in the feline heart. The gene transcription pattern found in AC hearts might predispose cats to their characteristic cardiac remodelling processes and thrombus formation if disease occurs. It further supports the involvement of inflammation, but not coagulation and endothelial activation, in HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E Colpitts
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Jeff L Caswell
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Gabrielle Monteith
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Jessica Joshua
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - M Lynne O'Sullivan
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Shari Raheb
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Sonja Fonfara
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Tan AWK, Li RHL, Ueda Y, Stern JA, Hussain M, Haginoya S, Sharpe AN, Gunther-Harrington CT, Epstein SE, Nguyen N. Platelet Priming and Activation in Naturally Occurring Thermal Burn Injuries and Wildfire Smoke Exposure Is Associated With Intracardiac Thrombosis and Spontaneous Echocardiographic Contrast in Feline Survivors. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:892377. [PMID: 35909698 PMCID: PMC9329816 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.892377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildfires pose a major health risk for humans, wildlife, and domestic animals. We previously discovered pathophysiologic parallels between domestic cats with naturally occurring smoke inhalation and thermal burn injuries and human beings with similar injuries; these were characterized by transient myocardial thickening, cardiac troponin I elevation and formation of intracardiac thrombosis. While the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, results from murine models suggest that platelet priming and activation may contribute to a global hypercoagulable state and thrombosis. Herein, we evaluated and compared the degree of platelet activation, platelet response to physiologic agonists and levels of platelet-derived microvesicles (PDMV) in 29 cats with naturally occurring wildfire thermal injuries (WF), 21 clinically healthy cats with subclinical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and 11 healthy cats without HCM (CC). We also quantified and compared circulating PDMVs in WF cats to CC cats. In addition, we examined the association between thrombotic events, severity of burn injuries, myocardial changes, and the degree of platelet activation in cats exposed to wildfires. Flow cytometric detection of platelet surface P-selectin expression showed that WF cats had increased platelet response to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and thrombin compared to the two control groups indicating the presence of primed platelets in circulation. In addition, cats in the WF group had increased circulating levels of PDMV, characterized by increased phosphatidylserine on the external leaflet. Cats in the WF group with documented intracardiac thrombosis had elevated platelet activation and platelet priming in the presence of ADP. While high dose arachidonic acid (AA) mostly resulted in platelet inhibition, persistent response to AA was noted among cats in the WF group with intracardiac thrombosis. Univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses demonstrated that increased platelet response to AA was independently associated with thrombotic events. This is the first study reporting the significant association between platelet priming and intracardiac thrombosis in domestic cats with naturally occurring wildfire-related injuries and smoke inhalation. Further studies are required to delineate additional mechanisms between inflammation and thrombosis, especially regarding platelet primers and the cyclooxygenase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avalene W. K. Tan
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Ronald H. L. Li
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Ronald H. L. Li
| | - Yu Ueda
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Joshua A. Stern
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Mehrab Hussain
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Satoshi Haginoya
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Ashely N. Sharpe
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Catherine T. Gunther-Harrington
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Steven E. Epstein
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Nghi Nguyen
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Fries RC, Kadotani S, Stack JP, Kruckman L, Wallace G. Prognostic Value of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Cats With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:813524. [PMID: 35359679 PMCID: PMC8964083 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.813524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveTo assess the prognostic value of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) for cardiac death in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.Study DesignProspective observation study.AnimalsNinety-six client-owned cats.MethodsComplete blood count samples were collected from 38 healthy and 58 cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and the NLR ratios were analyzed. All cats had echocardiographic measurements performed on the same day as blood collection. Spearman rank correlation was used to assess the relationship between echocardiographic measurements and NLR. Long-term outcome data were obtained, and time to cardiac death and variables associated with cardiac death were analyzed using Kaplan–Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazards models, respectively.ResultsThe NLR was significantly higher in cats with confirmed congestive heart failure. When evaluating HCM patients, cats in the third NLR tertile had a significantly higher risk of cardiac death with a hazard ratio of 10.26 (95% CI: 1.84–57.14; p = 0.0001) when compared with that of patients in the first tertile. NLR was significantly associated with echocardiographic measures of left atrial size, left auricular function, the presence of left atrial spontaneous echo contrast (SEC), and thrombus formation.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceIncreased NLR is a negative prognostic indicator in cats with HCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Fries
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Ryan C. Fries
| | - Saki Kadotani
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Jonathan P. Stack
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- VCA Loomis Basin Veterinary Clinic, Loomis, CA, United States
| | - Leah Kruckman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Gabrielle Wallace
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Pacific Northwest Pet ER and Specialty Center, Vancouver, WA, United States
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Keebaugh AE, DeMonaco SM, Panciera DL, Abbott JA, Boes KM, Menciotti G. Evaluation of hemostasis in hyperthyroid cats. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2636-2645. [PMID: 34590754 PMCID: PMC8692217 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hyperthyroid cats might have a predisposition to arterial thrombus formation. The mechanism for thrombogenesis currently is unknown but could be associated with systemic hypercoagulability as seen in hyperthyroid humans. Objective Our purpose was to evaluate markers of hemostasis in hyperthyroid cats compared to healthy cats, and in hyperthyroid cats before and after radioactive iodine treatment (RIT). Animals Twenty‐five cats with hyperthyroidism and 13 healthy euthyroid cats >8 years of age. Methods Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), fibrinogen concentration, antithrombin (AT), D‐dimers, thrombin‐antithrombin complexes (TAT), von Willebrand Factor antigen (vWF : Ag), and activity of factors VIII and IX were measured. An echocardiogram was performed in all cats. Hemostatic markers and echocardiogram were evaluated again 6 to 9 months after successful RIT in 7 cats. Results Hyperthyroid cats had higher fibrinogen concentration (P < .0001), AT activity (P < .0001), and vWF : Ag concentration (P = .01) than healthy control cats with all results decreasing significantly post‐RIT. Hyperthyroid cats were not more likely to be in a hypercoaguable state than euthyroid cats (P = .08). Serum T4 concentration was not a predictor of a hypercoagulable state (P = .53). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Hyperthyroid cats have evidence of altered hemostasis that does not appear to be solely attributable to cardiac abnormalities, but no evidence of a hypercoagulable state. Findings suggest altered hemostasis resolves after RIT. Hyperthyroid cats could have endothelial dysfunction as indicated by increased vWF : Ag which could potentiate thrombogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey E Keebaugh
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Stefanie M DeMonaco
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - David L Panciera
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Jonathan A Abbott
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Katie M Boes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Giulio Menciotti
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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A genetic polymorphism in P2RY 1 impacts response to clopidogrel in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12522. [PMID: 34131167 PMCID: PMC8206363 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91372-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clopidogrel is converted to its active metabolite by cytochrome P450 isoenzymes and irreversibly inhibits platelet activation by antagonizing the adenosine-diphosphate (ADP) receptor. It is frequently used in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) to prevent thromboembolic complications. However, significant interpatient variability of the response to clopidogrel therapy has been suspected. In this study, we assessed the impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within ADP receptor (P2RY1, P2RY12) and cytochrome P450 isoenzyme (CYP2C41) genes on platelet inhibition by clopidogrel administration in cats with HCM. Forty-nine cats completed the study, and blood samples were obtained before and after clopidogrel therapy to assess the degree of platelet inhibition based on flow cytometry and whole blood platelet aggregometry. Plasma concentrations of clopidogrel metabolites were measured after the last dose of clopidogrel. Whole blood platelet aggregometry revealed a significant reduction of platelet inhibition by clopidogrel in cats with the P2RY1:A236G and the P2RY12:V34I variants. The association with the P2RY1:A236G variant and clopidogrel resistance remained significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons. This study demonstrated that a genetic polymorphism in the P2RY1 gene altered response to clopidogrel therapy and suggests that clinicians may consider alternative or additional thromboprophylactic therapy in cats with the P2RY1:A236G variant.
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Myocardial transcription of inflammatory and remodeling markers in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and systemic diseases associated with an inflammatory phenotype. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136:484-494. [PMID: 33848803 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is characterized by macrophage-driven myocardial remodeling processes in a pro-inflammatory environment. To further investigate the mechanisms behind these processes, the myocardial transcription of cytokines and remodeling enzymes was comparatively assessed in cats with HCM and cats without cardiac diseases. Sixty-seven cats were included, 17 cats with HCM (including 5 with atrial thrombus; AT), and 50 cats without cardiac diseases. The latter comprised 10 control cats (no cardiac or relevant systemic disease), 34 cats with diseases suspected to be associated with a systemic inflammatory state of which 18 suffered from feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), and 6 cats with multicentric lymphoma. Samples from atria, ventricular free walls and interventricular septum were examined using quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. The overall highest myocardial marker transcriptions were observed in cats with multicentric lymphoma, FIP and HCM, followed by diseases likely associated with a systemic inflammatory state, and control cats. Inflammatory marker transcription predominated in the myocardium of cats with systemic inflammatory diseases, whereas in HCM the transcription of remodeling enzymes prevailed. Sex significantly influenced the myocardial transcription of several remodeling enzymes. These results suggest a versatile myocardial response depending on the disease and illustrates the relevance of sex for the cardiac response to cardiac and systemic disease in cats. A systemic inflammatory state appears to elicit an inflammatory phenotype in the myocardium, whereas in HCM, the myocardium mediates its own remodeling. In HCM, the identified markers might be involved in the ongoing remodeling processes causing structural and functional changes.
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Updates on Laboratory Evaluation of Feline Cardiac Diseases. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8030041. [PMID: 33802401 PMCID: PMC8000286 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8030041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Laboratory tests can be altered in cardiovascular diseases and the investigation of specific tests or biomarkers may provide additional information about myocardial damage. Traditional laboratory tests, such as cell blood count, serum biochemistry, and coagulation, can be useful in investigating patients, but are not specific. However, markers like Troponin and Natriuretic Peptides may possibly furnish further data on myocardium damage and can be used in both studying and monitoring cats with cardiac disease. Moreover, the evaluation of the thyroid profile is very important as hyperthyroid cats concomitant cardiovascular diseases are very common and they can also be a direct consequence of endocrinopathy. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide the widest possible overview of what is present in the literature about the feline clinical pathology of heart diseases through a rational division of the main alterations of traditional tests and biomarkers.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cats with hyperthyroidism have been reported to develop thromboembolism, with and without echocardiographic abnormalities consistent with hyperthyroidism. The objective of this study was to compare platelet function in cats with hyperthyroidism with euthyroid age-matched cats. We hypothesized that cats with hyperthyroidism have shortened collagen and adenosine diphosphate (C-ADP) closure times as measured with the platelet function analyzer (PFA-100) in comparison with healthy, age-matched controls. METHODS Sixteen hyperthyroid and nine euthyroid healthy cats >7 years of age were recruited from the hospital population. Platelet function, measured using the C-ADP closure times by the PFA-100, and platelet count were measured in healthy euthyroid cats and cats with hyperthyroidism. RESULTS Mean ± SD closure times were not significantly different between control (66.3 ± 9.6 s) and hyperthyroid cats (65.9 ± 11.5 s; P = 0.75). The mean ± SD closure times of hyperthyroid cats that either were untreated or received methimazole for ⩽3 weeks (n = 6; mean 68.5 ± 15.4 s) was not different than that of cats treated for >3 weeks (n = 10; mean 64.3 ± 8.9 s; P = 0.57). The mean automated platelet count was higher in the hyperthyroid group than in the control group (P = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Platelet function, as measured by closure time under high shear conditions using C-ADP as an agonist, was not affected by hyperthyroidism in this group of cats. Further research is needed to determine if a hypercoagulable state exists in hyperthyroid cats and the potential roles platelets and von Willebrand factor may have.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Hiebert
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia–Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - David L Panciera
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia–Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Katie M Boes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia–Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Lara Bartl
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia–Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Rosati T, Jandrey KE, Burges JW, Kent MS. Establishment of a reference interval for a novel viscoelastic coagulometer and comparison with thromboelastography in healthy cats. Vet Clin Pathol 2020; 49:660-664. [PMID: 33207006 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Viscoelastic analysis provides information on the dynamics and strength of clot formation as well as clot stability. A novel point-of-care viscoelastic test (Viscoelastic Coagulation Monitor Vet, VCM Vet) could be more cost-effective, simpler to use, and more portable than thromboelastography (TEG). OBJECTIVES The primary aim of this study was to establish a feline reference interval (RI) for the VCM Vet. A secondary aim was to compare VCM Vet analysis with TEG in healthy cats. METHODS Fifty-six healthy cats were enrolled in this study. Linear regression was completed to determine whether age and CBC parameters were associated with the VCM Vet parameters and if TEG parameters were correlated with VCM Vet data. Statistical significance was set at P < .05. RESULTS Fifty-three VCM Vet tracings were used to determine RIs for healthy cats. The determined RIs were: clot time (CT) 104-438 seconds; clot formation time (CFT) 104.5-488 seconds; alpha angle (AA) 30.5°-70°; a10 13.8-32.7 VCM units; a20 19.2-40.1 VCM units; maximum clot formation (MCF) 22.5-44.8 VCM units; Lysis Index 30 (Li30) 92.9%-100.9%; and Lysis Index 45 (Li45) 92%-100%. Linear regression identified a strong positive correlation between the CT and R-time measured using the VCM Vet and TEG methods, respectively; no other parameters were correlated. CONCLUSIONS The use of VCM Vet is feasible in cats, and we determined the first described feline RIs for this test. In general, the VCM Vet data did not correlate with TEG in healthy cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Rosati
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, USA
| | - Karl E Jandrey
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, USA
| | - Julie W Burges
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, USA
| | - Michael S Kent
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, USA
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Li RHL, Ontiveros E, Nguyen N, Stern JA, Lee E, Hardy BT. Precision medicine identifies a pathogenic variant of the ITGA2B gene responsible for Glanzmann's thrombasthenia in a cat. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2438-2446. [PMID: 32935881 PMCID: PMC7694846 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A nonpedigreed male cat presented with epistaxis, severe bladder hemorrhage, and secondary urethral obstruction after cystocentesis. Objectives To characterize the phenotype of a cat with bleeding diathesis and use a precision medicine approach to identify the molecular genetic defect by whole genome sequencing. Methods Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and arachidonic acid (AA)‐induced whole blood platelet aggregometry was performed in the affected cat and a healthy cat. Platelet activation, measured by P‐selectin expression, and surface integrin subunit β3 expression were evaluated by flow cytometry in the affected cat and healthy control. Total integrin subunit αIIb expression was assessed by western blot. Whole genome sequencing at 30× coverage was used to identify genetic variants that segregated in the affected cat compared to 194 cats from the 99 Lives Sequencing Consortium. Results Platelet aggregometry identified significant impairment in platelet aggregation in response to ADP and AA compared to the control cat. Targeted protein expression analyses by flow cytometry and immunoblot analysis determined that the surface expression and total expression of the integrin, αIIbβ3, was absent. Whole genome sequencing identified a homozygous c.1986delC frameshift variant in the integrin subunit αIIb (ITGA2B) gene that was not detected in the control population. The p.Pro662fs (ITGA2B P662X) variant terminates translation of the protein at the extracellular domain of the integrin prematurely, which is predicted to affect expression of the β3 unit. Conclusions and Clinical Importance This novel ITGA2B variant and the associated phenotype closely resemble Glanzmann's thrombasthenia, which has never been reported in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald H L Li
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Eric Ontiveros
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Nghi Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Joshua A Stern
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth Lee
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Brian T Hardy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Liu M, Eckersall PD, Mrljak V, Horvatić A, Guillemin N, Galan A, Köster L, French A. Novel biomarkers in cats with congestive heart failure due to primary cardiomyopathy. J Proteomics 2020; 226:103896. [PMID: 32652222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of feline cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure (CHF) requires further understanding. In this study, we assessed serum proteome change in feline CHF, aiming to identify novel biomarker for both research and clinical use. The study comprised 15 cats in CHF, 5 cats in preclinical cardiomyopathy and 15 cats as healthy controls. Serum proteome profiles were obtained by tandem mass tag labelling followed by mass spectrometry. Protein concentrations in CHF cats were compared with healthy controls. Western blot was performed for proteomic validation. Correlations were assessed between the altered proteins in CHF and clinical variables in cats with cardiomyopathy to evaluate protein-cardiac association. Bioinformatic analysis was employed to identify pathophysiological pathways involved in feline CHF. Sixteen serum proteins were significantly different between CHF and healthy control cats (P < .05). These included serine protease inhibitors, apolipoproteins and other proteins associated with inflammation and coagulation. Clinical parameters from cats with cardiomyopathy significantly correlated with the altered proteins (P < .05). Bioinformatic analysis identified 13 most relevant functional profiles in feline CHF, which mostly associated with extracellular matrix organization and metabolism. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD017761. SIGNIFICANCE: Cardiomyopathies affect both cats and humans, and they can cause serious consequence such as congestive heart failure (CHF). To date, the pathophysiological mechanism of CHF is not fully understood. In this study, for the first time, we used a proteomic approach combined with bioinformatic analysis to evaluate serum protein change in cats with CHF. Results indicate systemic inflammation, coagulation protein changes, innate immunity and extracellular matrix remodeling are involved in feline CHF, which are largely comparable with findings in previous human studies. Our study provides new insights into CHF and cardiomyopathy in cats, and the identified novel biomarkers and pathophysiological pathways provide valuable information for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Liu
- Small Animal Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - P David Eckersall
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK; Laboratory for Proteomics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Mrljak
- Laboratory for Proteomics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anita Horvatić
- Laboratory for Proteomics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nicolas Guillemin
- Laboratory for Proteomics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Asier Galan
- Laboratory for Proteomics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Liza Köster
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Anne French
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St Kitts & Nevis, West Indies.
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Gant P, McBride D, Humm K. Abnormal platelet activity in dogs and cats - impact and measurement. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:3-18. [PMID: 31919851 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal platelet activity can either lead to bleeding tendencies or inappropriate thrombus formation and can occur secondarily to a wide variety of disease processes, with a range of clinical consequences and severity. This article will discuss the pathophysiology of platelet function abnormalities and consider a logical diagnostic approach applicable to veterinary practice. Recent advances in platelet function testing will then be discussed, with regards to detection of platelet dysfunction and tailoring of pharmacological manipulation. Although many of these tests are still confined to research or academic institutions, techniques for indirectly assessing platelet function are starting to become more widely available. Although we still require further research to develop guidelines for the use of these tests in clinical decision-making, the recent advances in this field are an exciting step forward in being able to detect and manage platelet dysfunction in both primary care and referral practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gant
- Queen Mother Hospital for Animals (QMHA), The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - D McBride
- Queen Mother Hospital for Animals (QMHA), The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - K Humm
- Queen Mother Hospital for Animals (QMHA), The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
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Li RHL, Nguyen N, Rosati T, Jandrey K. Assessment of P2Y 12 Inhibition by Clopidogrel in Feline Platelets Using Flow Cytometry Quantification of Vasodilator-Stimulated Phosphoprotein Phosphorylation. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:267. [PMID: 32537460 PMCID: PMC7267589 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to evaluate a novel flow cytometry-based assay of quantifying platelet phosphorylation of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (P-VASP) in cats that received clopidogrel treatment. Eight healthy cats received 18.75 mg PO q24h of clopidogrel for 7 days. Prior to and after clopidogrel treatment, blood was collected for ADP-induced light transmission aggregometry (LTA) and P-VASP measurement by flow cytometry. Flow cytometry measurement of P-VASP levels was used to derive platelet reactivity index (PRI) before and after clopidogrel treatment. Based on P-VASP and LTA findings, platelet response to ADP was significantly attenuated after 7 days of clopidogrel treatment. By eliciting the competing platelet pathways of P2Y12 and cAMP using ADP and PGE1, respectively, ADP had no effect on P-VASP levels following clopidogrel treatment (p = 0.94). Clopidogrel also significantly decreased PRI from 28.84 ± 28.52% to 1.69 ± 12.39% (p = 0.0078). PRI on day 8 correlated moderately with the degree of slope inhibition on LTA (r = −0.4, p = 0.4). Flow cytometry analysis of P-VASP is effective at monitoring the inhibitory effects of clopidogrel on feline platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald H L Li
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Nghi Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Tommaso Rosati
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Karl Jandrey
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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Malkawi M, Woolcock AD, Lee PM, Court MH, Moore GE, Hogan DF. Comparison of metabolomics and platelet aggregometry between Plavix and generic clopidogrel in cats: a pilot study. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:951-958. [PMID: 30427274 PMCID: PMC11132235 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18810887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This pilot study sought to assess the metabolism of Plavix (Bristol-Myers Squibb/Sanofi) and generic clopidogrel in cats, using a novel assay for the measurement of clopidogrel, clopidogrel carboxylic acid (CCA) and clopidogrel active metabolite (CAM-D). METHODS This was a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Four healthy, skeletally mature cats were enrolled into the study. There were two treatment phases during which cats received either Plavix or generic clopidogrel at a dosage of 18.75 mg PO q24h for 7 days with a 2 week washout between phases. During each phase, plasma concentrations of parent drug and active and inactive metabolites were measured along with impedance platelet aggregometry in response to adenosine diphosphate (ADP). RESULTS The ratio of CAM-D between generic clopidogrel and Plavix was 0.83 (equivalence reference 1.00, 90% confidence interval 0.80-1.25). Inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation was variable, with two cats classified as non-responders in both treatment phases. The concentrations of CAM-D were not predictive of aggregometry-based responsiveness to either formulation of clopidogrel. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This is the first study comparing Plavix and generic clopidogrel in cats. Administration of the generic formulation resulted in comparable plasma concentrations of clopidogrel active metabolite when compared with Plavix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mays Malkawi
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Andrew D Woolcock
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Pamela M Lee
- Program in Individualized Medicine (PriMe), Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Michael H Court
- Program in Individualized Medicine (PriMe), Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - George E Moore
- Department of Veterinary Administration, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Daniel F Hogan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Li RHL, Nguyen N, Tablin F. Canine platelets express functional Toll-like receptor-4: lipopolysaccharide-triggered platelet activation is dependent on adenosine diphosphate and thromboxane A2 in dogs. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:245. [PMID: 31307465 PMCID: PMC6632210 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1997-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Functional Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been characterized in human and murine platelets indicating that platelets play a role in inflammation and hemostasis during sepsis. It is unclear whether canine platelets could express functional TLR4 by responding to its ligand, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We sought to determine if dogs express functional TLR4 and if LPS-induced platelet activation requires co-stimulation with ADP or thromboxane A2 (TxA2). Canine platelets were unstimulated (resting) or activated with thrombin or ADP prior to flow cytometric or microscopic analyses for TLR4 expression. We treated resting or ADP-primed platelets with LPS in the absence or presence of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and inhibited TLR4 with function blocking antibody or LPS from Rhodobacter sphaeroides (LPS-RS). RESULTS We discovered that dog platelets have variable TLR4 expression, which was upregulated following thrombin or ADP activation. LPS augmented P-selectin expression and thromboxane B2 secretion in ADP-primed platelets via TLR4. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase by ASA attenuated LPS-mediated P-selectin expression demonstrating that TLR4 signaling in platelets is partially dependent on TxA2 pathway. CONCLUSION Expression of functional TLR4 on canine platelets may contribute to hypercoagulability in clinical septic dogs. Cyclooxygenase and TxA2 pathways in TLR4-mediated platelet activation may present novel therapeutic targets in dogs with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald H L Li
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
| | - Nghi Nguyen
- Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Fern Tablin
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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Cremer SE, Koch J, Graversen N, Gravgaard AS, Langhorn R, Kristensen AT, Willesen JL, Nielsen LN. Analytical validation of platelet microparticle quantification in cats. Vet Clin Pathol 2018; 47:386-395. [PMID: 30199121 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiogenic embolism (CE) in cats is a devastating condition primarily associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Hypercoagulability may pose a risk for thrombus formation; however, no single test can predict CE development. Platelet microparticles (PMPs) released from platelet membranes are associated with thrombosis in humans. OBJECTIVES The aims were to validate flow cytometric PMP quantification in cats analytically and, in a pilot study, evaluate the procoagulant annexin V (AnV) positive PMP concentration in healthy cats and cats with asymptomatic HCM. METHODS With CD61 as a platelet marker, CD61+ AnV+ PMPs (0.3-1.0 μm) were quantified in citrated whole blood (WB) and platelet-poor plasma (PPP) using flow cytometry. Analyses were performed in 6 healthy cats and 5 cats with asymptomatic HCM. The coefficient of variation (CV) for duplicate (intra-assay) and parallel (inter-assay) analyses were calculated. RESULTS PMP concentrations were quantified with acceptable intra-assay CV for WB (CD61+ /AnV- ; 2.4%, 0.2%-8.4% (median, range), CD61+ /AnV+ ; 3.8%, 0.1%-12.5%) and PPP (CD61+ /AnV- ; 5.0%, 0.7%-12.8%, CD61+ /AnV+ ; 7.4%, 0.5%-15.3%), and acceptable inter-assay CV for WB in 10/11 cats (CD61+ /AnV- ; 6.2%, 1.4%-13.3%, CD61+ /AnV+ ; 6.4%, 0.7%-17.2%), but unacceptable for PPP (CD61+ /AnV- ; 15.6%, 5.8%-42.7%, CD61+ /AnV+ ; 27.8%, 8.4%-77.1%). For WB PMP concentrations, the pilot data demonstrated no differences between healthy cats and cats with asymptomatic HCM (4/5 with left ventricular outflow obstruction) for either the CD61+ /AnV- or the CD61+ /AnV+ PMPs. CONCLUSIONS Only WB PMP concentrations could be quantified reliably in cats in a clinical setting. PMP concentrations did not differ between healthy and asymptomatic HCM cats in this pilot study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe E Cremer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Koch
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nanna Graversen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne S Gravgaard
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rebecca Langhorn
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annemarie T Kristensen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jakob L Willesen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lise N Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Marly-Voquer C, Riond B, Jud Schefer R, Kutter APN. Reference values for rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) in clinically healthy cats. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2017; 27:185-192. [PMID: 28166379 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish reference intervals for rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) using feline blood. DESIGN Prospective study. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Twenty-three clinically healthy cats between 1 and 15 years. INTERVENTION For each cat, whole blood was collected via jugular or medial saphenous venipuncture, and blood was placed into a serum tube, a tube containing potassium-EDTA, and tubes containing 3.2% sodium citrate. The tubes were maintained at 37°C for a maximum of 30 minutes before coagulation testing. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS ROTEM tests included the EXTEM, INTEM, FIBTEM, and APTEM assays. In addition, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time, and fibrinogen concentration (Clauss method) were analyzed for each cat. Reference intervals for ROTEM were calculated using the 2.5-97.5th percentile for each parameter, and correlation with the standard coagulation profile was performed. Compared to people, clinically healthy cats had similar values for the EXTEM and INTEM assays, but had lower plasma fibrinogen concentrations (0.9-2.2 g/L), resulting in weaker maximum clot firmness (MCF, 3-10 mm) in the FIBTEM test. In 18 cats, maximum lysis (ML) values in the APTEM test were higher than in the EXTEM test, which seems unlikely to have occurred in the presence of aprotinin. It is possible that the observed high maximum lysis values were due to clot retraction rather than true clot lysis. Further studies will be required to test this hypothesis. CONCLUSIONS Cats have a weaker clot in the FIBTEM test, but have a similar clot strength to human blood in the other ROTEM assays, which may be due to a stronger contribution of platelets compared to that found in people. In cats, careful interpretation of the results to diagnose hyperfibrinolysis is advised, especially with the APTEM test, until further data are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Marly-Voquer
- Section of Anesthesiology, Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty of the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Riond
- the Clinical Laboratory, Vetsuisse Faculty of the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rahel Jud Schefer
- the Small Animal Department, Critical Care, Vetsuisse Faculty of the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annette P N Kutter
- Section of Anesthesiology, Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty of the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Heggem-Perry B, Smith SA, McMichael MA, O'Brien M, Saunders A, Tarricone J. Concentrations of thromboxane metabolites in feline urine. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:1340-1345. [PMID: 27901385 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.12.1340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the predominant thromboxane (TX) metabolite in urine of healthy cats, evaluate whether the method of sample collection would impact concentration of that metabolite, and propose a reference interval for that metabolite in urine of healthy cats. ANIMALS 17 cats (11 purpose-bred domestic shorthair cats, 5 client-owned domestic shorthair cats, and 1 client-owned Persian cat). PROCEDURES All cats were deemed healthy on the basis of results for physical examination, a CBC, serum biochemical analysis, urinalysis, and measurement of prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time. Voided and cystocentesis urine samples (or both) were collected. Aliquots of urine were stored at -80°C until analysis. Concentrations of TXB2, 11-dehydroTXB2, and 2,3 dinorTXB2 were measured with commercially available ELISA kits. Urinary creatinine concentration was also measured. RESULTS 11-dehydroTXB2 was the most abundant compound, representing (mean ± SD) 59 ± 18% of the total amount of TX detected. In all samples, the concentration of 11-dehydroTXB2 was greater than that of 2,3 dinorTXB2 (mean, 4.2 ± 2.7-fold as high). Mean concentration of 11-dehydroTXB2 for the 17 cats was 0.57 ± 0.47 ng/mg of creatinine. A reference interval (based on the 5% to 95% confidence interval) of 0.10 to 2.1 ng of 11-dehydroTXB2/mg of creatinine was proposed for healthy cats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In this study, 11-dehydroTXB2 was the major TX metabolite in feline urine. Measurement of this metabolite may represent a noninvasive, convenient method for monitoring in vivo platelet activation in cats at risk for thromboembolism.
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Goudie MJ, Brainard BM, Schmiedt CW, Handa H. Characterization and in vivo performance of nitric oxide-releasing extracorporeal circuits in a feline model of thrombogenicity. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 105:539-546. [PMID: 27741554 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Infection and thrombosis are the two leading complications associated with blood contacting medical devices, and have led to the development of active materials that can delivery antibiotics or antithrombotic agents. Two key characteristics of these materials are the ability to produce controlled delivery, as well as minimal systemic delivery of the agent outside of the device site. Nitric oxide (NO) releasing materials are attractive as NO plays pivotal roles in the body's natural defense against bacterial infection, as well as regulation of platelet adhesion and activation. This work characterizes an NO-releasing extracorporeal circuit (ECC) under flow conditions for the first time, examining the effect of incubation and application of the top coating on leaching of NO donor and NO-release kinetics. Top coated ECCs with incubation delivered ca. 1% of the total NO potential over the 4-h period, whereas uncoated ECCs delivered over 4.5% of the total NO. Incubated ECC loops maintained a flux of 1.83 ± 0.50 × 10-10 mol min-1 cm-2 for the full 4 h duration. The NO-releasing ECC loops significantly increased the time-to-clot as compared to the corresponding control (11 ± 3.6 min control, 132 ± 93.0 min NO-releasing) when evaluated in vivo in a feline animal model. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 539-546, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus J Goudie
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Benjamin M Brainard
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Chad W Schmiedt
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Hitesh Handa
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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Li RHL, Stern JA, Ho V, Tablin F, Harris SP. Platelet Activation and Clopidogrel Effects on ADP-Induced Platelet Activation in Cats with or without the A31P Mutation in MYBPC3. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1619-1629. [PMID: 27615120 PMCID: PMC5032873 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clopidogrel is commonly prescribed to cats with perceived increased risk of thromboembolic events, but little information exists regarding its antiplatelet effects. Objective To determine effects of clopidogrel on platelet responsiveness in cats with or without the A31P mutation in the MYBPC3 gene. A secondary aim was to characterize variability in feline platelet responses to clopidogrel. Animals Fourteen healthy cats from a Maine Coon/outbred mixed Domestic cat colony: 8 cats homozygous for A31P mutation in the MYPBC3 gene and 6 wild‐type cats without the A31P mutation. Methods Ex vivo study. All cats received clopidogrel (18.75 mg PO q24h) for 14 days. Before and after clopidogrel treatment, adenosine diphosphate (ADP)‐induced P‐selectin expression was evaluated. ADP‐ and thrombin‐induced platelet aggregation was measured by optical aggregometry (OA). Platelet pVASP and ADP receptor response index (ARRI) were measured by Western blot analysis. Results Platelet activation from cats with the A31P mutation was significantly (P = .0095) increased [35.55% (18.58–48.55) to 58.90% (24.85–69.90)], in response to ADP. Clopidogrel treatment attenuated ADP‐induced P‐selectin expression and platelet aggregation. ADP‐ and PGE1‐treated platelets had a similar level of pVASP as PGE1‐treated platelets after clopidogrel treatment. Clopidogrel administration resulted in significantly lower ARRI [24.13% (12.46–35.50) to 11.30% (−7.383 to 23.27)] (P = .017). Two of 13 cats were nonresponders based on OA and flow cytometry. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Clopidogrel is effective at attenuating platelet activation and aggregation in some cats. Cats with A31P mutation had increased platelet activation relative to the variable response seen in wild‐type cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H L Li
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA.
| | - J A Stern
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - V Ho
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - F Tablin
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA
| | - S P Harris
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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Ho KK, Abrams-Ogg ACG, Wood RD, O’Sullivan ML, Kirby GM, Blois SL. Assessment of platelet function in healthy cats in response to commonly prescribed antiplatelet drugs using three point-of-care platelet function tests. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 19:638-647. [DOI: 10.1177/1098612x16648182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The objective was to determine if decreased platelet function could be detected after treatment with aspirin and/or clopidogrel in healthy cats using three point-of-care platelet function tests that evaluate platelet function by different methods: Multiplate (by impedance), Platelet Function Analyzer 100 (by mechanical aperture closure) and Plateletworks (by platelet counting). Methods Thirty-six healthy cats were randomly assigned to receive one of three oral treatments over an 8 day period: (1) aspirin 5 mg q72h; (2) aspirin 20.25 mg q72h; or (3) clopidogrel 18.75 mg q24h. Cats treated with 5 and 20.25 mg aspirin also received clopidogrel on days 4–8. Platelet aggregation in response to adenosine diphosphate and collagen ± arachidonic acid was assessed on days 1 (baseline), 4 and 8. Aspirin and clopidogrel metabolites were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Platelet function in response to treatment was analyzed by ANCOVA, linear regression and Spearman correlation. Results The only solitary aspirin effect was detected using Plateletworks with collagen in cats treated with 20.25 mg. The only effect detected by Multiplate was using arachidonic acid in cats treated with both aspirin 20.25 mg and clopidogrel. All clopidogrel treatment effects were detected by Platelet Function Analyzer 100, Plateletworks (adenosine diphosphate) and Plateletworks (collagen). Drug metabolites were present in all cats, but concentrations were minimally correlated to platelet function test results. Conclusions and relevance Platelet Function Analyzer 100 and Plateletworks using adenosine diphosphate ± collagen agonists may be used to detect decreased platelet function in response to clopidogrel treatment. Either aspirin is not as effective an antiplatelet drug as clopidogrel, or the tests used were not optimal to measure aspirin effect. Cats with heart disease are commonly prescribed antiplatelet drugs to decrease the risk of aortic thromboembolism. Platelet Function Analyzer 100 and Plateletworks may be useful for confirming clopidogrel treatment in these cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly K Ho
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony CG Abrams-Ogg
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Darren Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - M Lynne O’Sullivan
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gordon M Kirby
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shauna L Blois
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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