Plasma and synovial fluid pharmacokinetics of cefquinome following the administration of multiple doses in horses

Pharmacokinetics and relative bioavailability study of two cefquinome sulfate intramammary infusions in cow milk

In this study, two intramammary infusions of cefquinome sulfate were investigated for pharmacokinetics and bioavailability. Twelve lactating cows for each group were administered an effective dose of 75 mg/gland for cefquinome, with milk samples collected at various time intervals. The concentrations of cefquinome in milk at different times were determined by the UPLC-MS/MS method. Analyses of noncompartmental pharmacokinetics were conducted on the concentration of cefquinome in milk. Mean pharmacokinetic parameters of group A and group B following intramammary administration were as follows: AUClast 300558.57 ± 25052.78 ng/mL and 266551.3 ± 50654.85 ng/mL, Cmax 51786.35 ± 11948.4 ng/mL and 59763.7 ± 8403.2 ng/mL, T1/2 5.69 ± 0.62 h and 5.25 ± 1.62 h, MRT 7.43 ± 0.79 h and 4.8 ± 0.78 h, respectively. Pharmacokinetic experiments showed that the relative bioavailability of group B was 88.69% that of group A. From our findings, group B (3 g: 75 mg) shows a quicker drug elimination process than group A (8 g: 75 mg), which suggests that the withdrawal period for the new formulation may be shorter.

Ceftiofur use and antimicrobial stewardship in the horse

Equine practitioners require recommendations that support antimicrobial stewardship and avoid generating resistance to medically important antibiotics. This review examines current inadequacies in antimicrobial stewardship standards within the veterinary community, related to antimicrobial categorisation and prescribing practices. Resistance to cephalosporin antibiotics in horses is also described. Properties of cephalosporin antibiotics are outlined and equine-specific studies of ceftiofur, a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with medical importance, are detailed. Readers are provided with recommendations that encourage appropriate use of ceftiofur, citing the evidence available in horses.

Elimination of Cefquinome Sulfate Residue in Cow’s Milk after Intrauterine Infusion

As set in the maximum residue limit regulations of the European Commission, this study aimed to obtain the residual parameters in milk with optimized UPLC-MS/MS conditions and to determine the conclusive drug withdrawal period to ensure food safety. In this research, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed to study cefquinome sulfate’s residue elimination in milk and to calculate cefquinome’s withdrawal period. Twelve healthy cows free of endometritis were selected for the experiment. Before using the drug, the vaginal orifice and perineum of each cow was disinfected. One dose of intrauterine perfusion was used for each cow, followed by an additional dose after 72 h. Before administration and 12 h, 18 h, 24 h, 36 h, 42 h, 48 h, 60 h, 66 h, 72 h, 84 h, 90 h, and 96 h after the last dose, milk (10 mL) was gathered from each cow’s teat and pooled. For the measurement of cefquinome concentrations in milk, UPLC-MS/MS was performed. A calibration curve was generated using linear regression as follows: Y = 250.86X − 102.29, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9996; the limits of detection and the limits of quantitation were 0.1 μg·kg−1 and 0.2 μg·kg−1, respectively. The average recovery of cefquinome was 88.60 ± 16.33% at 0.2 μg·kg−1, 100.95 ± 2.54% at 10 μg·kg−1, and 97.29 ± 1.77% at 50 μg·kg−1. For 5 consecutive days at the three spiking levels, the intra and inter-day relative standard deviations (RSD) were 1.28%–13.73% and 1.81%–18.44%, respectively; the residual amount of cefquinome was less than the maximum residue limit of 20 μg·kg−1, 36 h after administration; and the residual amount was less than the limit of detection (0.1 μg·kg−1) 48 h after administration. The withdrawal time of cefquinome in cow’s milk was 39.8 h, as calculated using WTM1.4 software. In terms of clinical practical use, the withdrawal period of milk was temporarily set at 48 h after the administration of the cefquinome sulfate uterus injection to cows, in accordance with the recommended dose and course.

Pharmacokinetic Assessment of Staphylococcal Phage K Following Parenteral and Intra-articular Administration in Rabbits

The therapeutic value of phage as an alternative to antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial infections is being considered in the wake of mounting antibiotic resistance. In this study, the pharmacokinetic properties of Staphylococcus aureus phage K following intravenous and intra-articular administration were investigated in a rabbit model. Using a traditional plaque assay and a novel quantitative PCR assay to measure phage levels in specimens over time, it was found that intra-articularly administered phage enters the systemic circulation; that phage may be detected in synovial fluid up to 24 h following the intra-articular, but not intravenous, administration; and that qPCR-based enumeration is generally more sensitive than plaque enumeration, with fair to moderate correlation between the two methods. Findings presented should inform the design of phage therapy experiments and therapeutic drug monitoring in preclinical and human phage studies.

Disposition of Cefquinome in Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) Following Intravenous and Intramuscular Administration

The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics in turkeys of cefquinome (CFQ), a broad-spectrum 4th-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, were explored after a single injection of 2 mg/kg body weight by intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) routes. In a crossover design and 3-weeks washout interval, seven turkeys were assigned for this objective. Blood samples were collected prior to and at various time intervals following each administration. The concentration of CFQ in plasma was measured using HPLC with a UV detector set at 266 nm. For pharmacokinetic analysis, non-compartmental methods have been applied. Following IV administration, the elimination half-life (t1/2ʎz), distribution volume at steady state (Vdss), and total body clearance (Cltot) of CFQ were 1.55 h, 0.54 L/kg, and 0.32 L/h/kg, respectively. Following the IM administration, CFQ was speedily absorbed with an absorption half-life (t1/2ab) of 0.25 h, a maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of 2.71 μg/mL, attained (Tmax) at 0.56 h. The bioavailability (F) and in vitro plasma protein binding of CFQ were 95.56% and 11.5%, respectively. Results indicated that CFQ was speedily absorbed with a considerable bioavailability after IM administration. In conclusion, CFQ has a favorable disposition in turkeys that can guide to estimate optimum dosage regimes and eventually lead to its usage to eradicate turkey's susceptible bacterial infections.

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic integration for optimal dosage of cefquinome against Streptococcus equi subsp. equi in foals

Cefquinome is administered in horses for the treatment of respiratory infection caused by Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, and septicemia caused by Escherichia coli. However, there have been no attempts to use cefquinome against Streptococcus equi subsp. equi (S. equi), the causative agent of strangles. Hence the objective of this study was to calculate an optimal dosage of cefquinome against S. equi based on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics integration. Cefquinome (1.0 mg/kg) was administered by intravenous and intramuscular routes to six healthy thoroughbred foals. Serum cefquinome concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The in vitro and ex vivo antibacterial activity were determined from minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and bacterial killing curves. The optimal dosage was calculated from the integration of pharmacokinetic parameters and area under the curve (AUC_24h/MIC) values. Total body clearance and volume of distribution of cefquinome after intravenous administration were 0.06 L/h/kg and 0.09 L/kg, respectively. Following intramuscular administration, a maximum concentration of 0.73 μg/mL at 1.52 h (T_max) and a systemic bioavailability of 37.45% were observed. The MIC of cefquinome against S. equi was 0.016 μg/mL. The ex vivo AUC_24h/MIC values representing bacteriostatic, and bactericidal activity were 113.11, and 143.14 h, respectively. Whereas the %T > MIC for bactericidal activity was 153.34%. In conclusion, based on AUC_24h/MIC values and pharmacokinetic parameters, cefquinome when administered by intramuscularly at a dosage of 0.53 mg/kg every 24 h, would be effective against infection caused by S. equi in foals. Further studies may be necessary to confirm its therapeutic efficacy in a clinical environment.

Effect of ketoprofen co-administration on pharmacokinetics of cefquinome following repeated administration in goats

The pharmacokinetics of cefquinome (2 mg/kg every 24 hr for 5 days) was determined following intramuscular administration alone and co-administration with ketoprofen (3 mg/kg every 24 hr for 5 days) in goats. Six goats were used for the study. In the study, the crossover pharmacokinetics design with 20-day washout period was performed in two periods. Plasma concentrations of cefquinome were assayed using high-performance liquid chromatography by ultraviolet detection. The mean terminal elimination half-life (t_1/2ʎz ), area under the concentration-time curve (AUC_0-24 ), peak concentration (C_max ), apparent volume of distribution (V_darea /F), and total body clearance (CL/F) of cefquinome after the administration alone were 4.85 hr, 11.06 hr*µg/ml, 2.37 µg/mL, 1.23 L/kg, and 0.17 L/h/kg after the first dose, and 5.88 hr, 17.01 hr*µg/mL, 3.04 µg/mL, 0.95 L/kg, and 0.11 L/h/kg after the last dose. Ketoprofen significantly prolonged t_1/2ʎz of cefquinome, increased AUC_0-24 and C_max , and decreased V_darea /F and CL/F. Cefquinome exhibited low accumulation after the administration alone and in combination with ketoprofen. These results indicated that ketoprofen prolonged the elimination of cefquinome in goats. The 24-hr dosing intervals at 2 mg/kg dose of cefquinome, which co-administered with ketoprofen, may maintain T> minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values above 40% in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible pathogens with the MIC value of ≤0.75 μg/ml in goats with an inflammatory condition.

A pilot study on the pharmacokinetics of a single intramuscular injection of cefquinome in Arabian camel calves

This study was conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of cefquinome in camel calves after a single intramuscular injection in a dose of 2 mg/kg body weight (kg b. w.). Cefquinome concentrations were measured by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). A non-compartmental pharmacokinetic model was used to fit the time-concentration curve and estimate the pharmacokinetic parameters. The peak serum concentration (Cmax) was 28.4 μg/mL at the time of maximum concentration (Tmax) of 25 min. The elimination half-life (t1/2) was 17.4 h. The area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-∞) was 103.7 μg/ml-1h and the mean residence time (MRT0-∞) was 21.3 h. In comparison with other animal species, the pharmacokinetics of cefquinome in Arabian camel calves showed faster absorption from the site of injection and slower elimination. Since cefquinome, as other beta-lactams, is a time-dependent antimicrobial agent, a single dose of 2 mg/kg b. w. might be sufficient against the most sensitive organisms in camel calves owing to its prolonged elimination phase. However, dose readjustment is required for cases needing concentrations above 2 µg/mL for 12 h or above 1 µg/mL for 24 h.

Review on the Characteristic, Properties and Analytical Methods of Cefquinomesulphate: ß-lactam Veterinary Drug

BACKGROUND

Chemotherapy as a science began within the 1st decade of the twentieth century with understanding of the principles of selective toxicity, the particular chemical relationships between microorganism pathogens and medicines, the event of drug resistance, and also the role of combined medical aid.

OBJECTIVES

This review aims to highlight the characteristics, specifically the pharmacokinetic parameters and the analytical methods reported in literature for the determination of Cefquinome, a fourth generation cephalosporine used to treat Gram-positive and Gram-negative caused infections.

CONCLUSION

Analysis of such drugs, whether used for the treatment of human or animal illness, is essential in understanding the bioavailability and therapeutic control which will ensure their activity and safety.