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Morgan MB, Williams J, Breeze B, English N, Higdon N, Onthank K, Qualley DF. Synergistic and antagonistic interactions of oxybenzone and ocean acidification: new insight into vulnerable cellular processes in non-calcifying anthozoans. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1332446. [PMID: 38274044 PMCID: PMC10808722 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1332446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cnidarians face significant threats from ocean acidification (OA) and anthropogenic pollutants such as oxybenzone (BP-3). The convergence of threats from multiple stressors is an important area to investigate because of potential significant synergistic or antagonistic interactions. Real-time quantitative PCR was performed to characterize the expression profiles of twenty-two genes of interest (GOI) in sea anemones (Exaiptasia diaphana) exposed to one of four treatments: 1) 96 h of OA conditions followed by a 4 h exposure to 20 ppb BP-3; 2) Exposure to 4 h 20 ppb BP-3 without 96 h of OA; 3) Exposure to 96 h of OA alone; or 4) laboratory conditions with no exposure to BP-3 and/or OA. These 22 GOIs represent cellular processes associated with proton-dependent transport, sodium-dependent transport, metal cation binding/transport, extracellular matrix, amino acid metabolism/transport, immunity, and/or steroidogenesis. These 22 GOIs provide new insight into vulnerable cellular processes in non-calcifying anthozoans exposed to OA and BP-3. Expression profiles were categorized as synergistic, antagonistic, or additive of BP-3 in the presence of OA. Two GOIs were synergistic. Fifteen GOIs were antagonistic and the remaining five GOIs were additive in response to BP-3 in acidified seawater. A subset of these GOIs appear to be candidate biomarkers for future in situ investigations. In human health, proton-dependent monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) are promising pharmacological targets and recognized as potential biomarkers. By comparison, these same MCTs appear to be targets of xenobiotic chemical pollutants in cnidarian physiology. In the presence of BP-3, a network of collagen synthesis genes are upregulated and antagonistic in their expression profiles. Cytochrome b561 is a critical protein required for collagen synthesis and in silico modeling demonstrates BP-3 binds in the pocket of cytochrome b561. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of "drug-like" compounds such as BP-3 may lead to a more comprehensive interpretation of transcriptional expression profiles. The collective antagonistic responses of GOIs associated with collagen synthesis strongly suggests these GOIs should be considered candidate biomarkers of effect. GOIs with synergistic and additive responses represent candidate biomarkers of exposure. Results show the effects of OA and BP-3 are interactive with respect to their impact on cnidarians. This investigation offers mechanistic data that supports the expression profiles and underpins higher order physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B. Morgan
- Department of Biology, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States
| | - Jacob Williams
- Department of Biology, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States
| | - Barrett Breeze
- Department of Biology, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States
| | - Nicholas English
- Department of Biology, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States
| | - Nathaniel Higdon
- Department of Biology, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States
| | - Kirt Onthank
- Department of Biology, Walla Walla University, College Place, WA, United States
| | - Dominic F. Qualley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States
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2
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Mihirogi Y, Kaneda M, Yamagishi D, Ishii Y, Maruyama S, Nakamura S, Shimoyama N, Oohori C, Hatta M. Establishment of a New Model Sea Anemone for Comparative Studies on Cnidarian-Algal Symbiosis. Zoolog Sci 2023; 40:235-245. [PMID: 37256571 DOI: 10.2108/zs220099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Frequent coral bleaching has drawn attention to the mechanisms of coral dinoflagellate endosymbiosis. Owing to the difficulty of rearing corals in the laboratory, model symbiosis systems are desired. The sea anemone Exaiptasia diaphana, hosting clade B1 of the genus Breviolum, has long been studied as a model system; however, a single species is insufficient for comparative studies and thus provides only limited resources for symbiosis research, especially regarding the specificity of host-symbiont associations. We established a clonal strain of the sea anemone Anthopleura atodai, whose symbiont was identified as a novel subclade of Symbiodinium (clade A) using a novel feeding method. We also developed a method to efficiently bleach various sea anemone species using a quinoclamine-based herbicide. Bleached A. atodai polyps were vital and able to reproduce asexually, exhibiting no signs of harmful effects of the drug treatment. Pilot studies have suggested that host-symbiont specificity is influenced by multiple steps differently in A. atodai and E. diaphana. RNAseq analyses of A. atodai showed that multiple NPC2 genes were expressed in the symbiotic state, which have been suggested to function in the transport of sterols from symbionts to host cells. These results reveal the usefulness of A. atodai in comparative studies of cnidarian-algal symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukie Mihirogi
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanoizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Michika Kaneda
- Department of Biology, Ochanoizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Daisuke Yamagishi
- Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yuu Ishii
- Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- Department of Biology, Miyagi University of Education, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Maruyama
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanoizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
- Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
| | - Sumika Nakamura
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanoizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Natsuno Shimoyama
- Department of Biology, Ochanoizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Chihiro Oohori
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanoizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Masayuki Hatta
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanoizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
- Department of Biology, Ochanoizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan,
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3
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Morgan MB, Ross J, Ellwanger J, Phrommala RM, Youngblood H, Qualley D, Williams J. Sea Anemones Responding to Sex Hormones, Oxybenzone, and Benzyl Butyl Phthalate: Transcriptional Profiling and in Silico Modelling Provide Clues to Decipher Endocrine Disruption in Cnidarians. Front Genet 2022; 12:793306. [PMID: 35087572 PMCID: PMC8787064 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.793306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine disruption is suspected in cnidarians, but questions remain how occurs. Steroid sex hormones are detected in corals and sea anemones even though these animals do not have estrogen receptors and their repertoire of steroidogenic enzymes appears to be incomplete. Pathways associated with sex hormone biosynthesis and sterol signaling are an understudied area in cnidarian biology. The objective of this study was to identify a suite of genes that can be linked to exposure of endocrine disruptors. Exaiptasia diaphana were exposed to nominal 20ppb concentrations of estradiol (E2), testosterone (T), cholesterol, oxybenzone (BP-3), or benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) for 4 h. Eleven genes of interest (GOIs) were chosen from a previously generated EST library. The GOIs are 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases type 14 (17β HSD14) and type 12 (17β HSD12), Niemann-Pick C type 2 (NPC2), Equistatin (EI), Complement component C3 (C3), Cathepsin L (CTSL), Patched domain-containing protein 3 (PTCH3), Smoothened (SMO), Desert Hedgehog (DHH), Zinc finger protein GLI2 (GLI2), and Vitellogenin (VTG). These GOIs were selected because of functional associations with steroid hormone biosynthesis; cholesterol binding/transport; immunity; phagocytosis; or Hedgehog signaling. Quantitative Real-Time PCR quantified expression of GOIs. In silico modelling utilized protein structures from Protein Data Bank as well as creating protein structures with SWISS-MODEL. Results show transcription of steroidogenic enzymes, and cholesterol binding/transport proteins have similar transcription profiles for E2, T, and cholesterol treatments, but different profiles when BP-3 or BBP is present. C3 expression can differentiate between exposures to BP-3 versus BBP as well as exposure to cholesterol versus sex hormones. In silico modelling revealed all ligands (E2, T, cholesterol, BBP, and BP-3) have favorable binding affinities with 17β HSD14, 17β HSD12, NPC2, SMO, and PTCH proteins. VTG expression was down-regulated in the sterol treatments but up-regulated in BP-3 and BBP treatments. In summary, these eleven GOIs collectively generate unique transcriptional profiles capable of discriminating between the five chemical exposures used in this investigation. This suite of GOIs are candidate biomarkers for detecting transcriptional changes in steroidogenesis, gametogenesis, sterol transport, and Hedgehog signaling. Detection of disruptions in these pathways offers new insight into endocrine disruption in cnidarians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Morgan
- Department of Biology, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States
| | - James Ross
- Department of Biology, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Joseph Ellwanger
- Department of Biology, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States
| | | | - Hannah Youngblood
- Department of Biology, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States.,Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Dominic Qualley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States
| | - Jacob Williams
- Department of Biology, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, United States
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4
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Lu Y, Jiang J, Zhao H, Han X, Xiang Y, Zhou W. Clade-Specific Sterol Metabolites in Dinoflagellate Endosymbionts Are Associated with Coral Bleaching in Response to Environmental Cues. mSystems 2020; 5:e00765-20. [PMID: 32994291 PMCID: PMC7527140 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00765-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cnidarians cannot synthesize sterols (which play essential roles in growth and development) de novo but often use sterols acquired from endosymbiotic dinoflagellates. While sterol availability can impact the mutualistic interaction between coral host and algal symbiont, the biosynthetic pathways (in the dinoflagellate endosymbionts) and functional roles of sterols in these symbioses are poorly understood. In this study, we found that itraconazole, which perturbs sterol metabolism by inhibiting the sterol 14-demethylase CYP51 in dinoflagellates, induces bleaching of the anemone Heteractis crispa and that bleaching perturbs sterol metabolism of the dinoflagellate. While Symbiodiniaceae have clade-specific sterol metabolites, they share features of the common sterol biosynthetic pathway but with distinct architecture and substrate specificity features of participating enzymes. Tracking sterol profiles and transcripts of enzymes involved in sterol biosynthesis across time in response to different environmental cues revealed similarities and idiosyncratic features of sterol synthesis in the endosymbiont Breviolum minutum Exposure of algal cultures to high levels of light, heat, and acidification led to alterations in sterol synthesis, including blocks through downregulation of squalene synthase transcript levels accompanied by marked growth reductions.IMPORTANCE These results indicate that sterol metabolites in Symbiodiniaceae are clade specific, that their biosynthetic pathways share architectural and substrate specificity features with those of animals and plants, and that environmental stress-specific perturbation of sterol biosynthesis in dinoflagellates can impair a key mutualistic partnership for healthy reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yandu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in the South China Sea, College of Oceanology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jiaoyun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in the South China Sea, College of Oceanology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- College of Life Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in the South China Sea, College of Oceanology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Xiao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in the South China Sea, College of Oceanology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in the South China Sea, College of Oceanology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Wenxu Zhou
- Shandong Rongchen Pharmaceuticals Inc., Qingdao, China
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5
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Sproles AE, Oakley CA, Krueger T, Grossman AR, Weis VM, Meibom A, Davy SK. Sub-cellular imaging shows reduced photosynthetic carbon and increased nitrogen assimilation by the non-native endosymbiont Durusdinium trenchii in the model cnidarian Aiptasia. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:3741-3753. [PMID: 32592285 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hosting different symbiont species can affect inter-partner nutritional fluxes within the cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis. Using nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS), we measured the spatial incorporation of photosynthetically fixed 13 C and heterotrophically derived 15 N into host and symbiont cells of the model symbiotic cnidarian Aiptasia (Exaiptasia pallida) when colonized with its native symbiont Breviolum minutum or the non-native Durusdinium trenchii. Breviolum minutum exhibited high photosynthetic carbon assimilation per cell and translocation to host tissue throughout symbiosis establishment, whereas D. trenchii assimilated significantly less carbon, but obtained more host nitrogen. These findings suggest that D. trenchii has less potential to provide photosynthetically fixed carbon to the host despite obtaining considerable amounts of heterotrophically derived nitrogen. These sub-cellular events help explain previous observations that demonstrate differential effects of D. trenchii compared to B. minutum on the host transcriptome, proteome, metabolome and host growth and asexual reproduction. Together, these differential effects suggest that the non-native host-symbiont pairing is sub-optimal with respect to the host's nutritional benefits under normal environmental conditions. This contributes to our understanding of the ways in which metabolic integration impacts the benefits of a symbiotic association, and the potential evolution of novel host-symbiont pairings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Sproles
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand.,The California Center for Algae Biotechnology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Clinton A Oakley
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
| | - Thomas Krueger
- Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Arthur R Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, California, 94305, USA
| | - Virginia M Weis
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA
| | - Anders Meibom
- Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.,Center for Advanced Surface Analysis, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Simon K Davy
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand
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6
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Maor‐Landaw K, van Oppen MJH, McFadden GI. Symbiotic lifestyle triggers drastic changes in the gene expression of the algal endosymbiont Breviolum minutum (Symbiodiniaceae). Ecol Evol 2020; 10:451-466. [PMID: 31993121 PMCID: PMC6972872 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Coral-dinoflagellate symbiosis underpins the evolutionary success of corals reefs. Successful exchange of molecules between the cnidarian host and the Symbiodiniaceae algae enables the mutualistic partnership. The algae translocate photosynthate to their host in exchange for nutrients and shelter. The photosynthate must traverse multiple membranes, most likely facilitated by transporters. Here, we compared gene expression profiles of cultured, free-living Breviolum minutum with those of the homologous symbionts freshly isolated from the sea anemone Exaiptasia diaphana, a widely used model for coral hosts. Additionally, we assessed expression levels of a list of candidate host transporters of interest in anemones with and without symbionts. Our transcriptome analyses highlight the distinctive nature of the two algal life stages, with many gene expression level changes correlating to the different morphologies, cell cycles, and metabolisms adopted in hospite versus free-living. Morphogenesis-related genes that likely underpin the metamorphosis process observed when symbionts enter a host cell were up-regulated. Conversely, many down-regulated genes appear to be indicative of the protective and confined nature of the symbiosome. Our results emphasize the significance of transmembrane transport to the symbiosis, and in particular of ammonium and sugar transport. Further, we pinpoint and characterize candidate transporters-predicted to be localized variously to the algal plasma membrane, the host plasma membrane, and the symbiosome membrane-that likely serve pivotal roles in the interchange of material during symbiosis. Our study provides new insights that expand our understanding of the molecular exchanges that underpin the cnidarian-algal symbiotic relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Maor‐Landaw
- School of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Madeleine J. H. van Oppen
- School of BioSciencesThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine ScienceTownsvilleQldAustralia
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7
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Ishii Y, Maruyama S, Takahashi H, Aihara Y, Yamaguchi T, Yamaguchi K, Shigenobu S, Kawata M, Ueno N, Minagawa J. Global Shifts in Gene Expression Profiles Accompanied with Environmental Changes in Cnidarian-Dinoflagellate Endosymbiosis. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2019; 9:2337-2347. [PMID: 31097480 PMCID: PMC6643889 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.201012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stable endosymbiotic relationships between cnidarian animals and dinoflagellate algae are vital for sustaining coral reef ecosystems. Recent studies have shown that elevated seawater temperatures can cause the collapse of their endosymbiosis, known as 'bleaching', and result in mass mortality. However, the molecular interplay between temperature responses and symbiotic states still remains unclear. To identify candidate genes relevant to the symbiotic stability, we performed transcriptomic analyses under multiple conditions using the symbiotic and apo-symbiotic (symbiont free) Exaiptasia diaphana, an emerging model sea anemone. Gene expression patterns showed that large parts of differentially expressed genes in response to heat stress were specific to the symbiotic state, suggesting that the host sea anemone could react to environmental changes in a symbiotic state-dependent manner. Comparative analysis of expression profiles under multiple conditions highlighted candidate genes potentially important in the symbiotic state transition under heat-induced bleaching. Many of these genes were functionally associated with carbohydrate and protein metabolisms in lysosomes. Symbiont algal genes differentially expressed in hospite encode proteins related to heat shock response, calcium signaling, organellar protein transport, and sugar metabolism. Our data suggest that heat stress alters gene expression in both the hosts and symbionts. In particular, heat stress may affect the lysosome-mediated degradation and transportation of substrates such as carbohydrates through the symbiosome (phagosome-derived organelle harboring symbiont) membrane, which potentially might attenuate the stability of symbiosis and lead to bleaching-associated symbiotic state transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuu Ishii
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | | | - Hiroki Takahashi
- Division of Morphogenesis, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yusuke Aihara
- Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamaguchi
- Division of Morphogenesis, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Katsushi Yamaguchi
- Functional Genomics Facility, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- Functional Genomics Facility, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masakado Kawata
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Naoto Ueno
- Division of Morphogenesis, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Jun Minagawa
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
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8
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Hambleton EA, Jones VAS, Maegele I, Kvaskoff D, Sachsenheimer T, Guse A. Sterol transfer by atypical cholesterol-binding NPC2 proteins in coral-algal symbiosis. eLife 2019; 8:43923. [PMID: 31159921 PMCID: PMC6548501 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Reef-building corals depend on intracellular dinoflagellate symbionts that provide nutrients. Besides sugars, the transfer of sterols is essential for corals and other sterol-auxotrophic cnidarians. Sterols are important cell components, and variants of the conserved Niemann-Pick Type C2 (NPC2) sterol transporter are vastly up-regulated in symbiotic cnidarians. Types and proportions of transferred sterols and the mechanism of their transfer, however, remain unknown. Using different pairings of symbiont strains with lines of Aiptasia anemones or Acropora corals, we observe both symbiont- and host-driven patterns of sterol transfer, revealing plasticity of sterol use and functional substitution. We propose that sterol transfer is mediated by the symbiosis-specific, non-canonical NPC2 proteins, which gradually accumulate in the symbiosome. Our data suggest that non-canonical NPCs are adapted to the symbiosome environment, including low pH, and play an important role in allowing corals to dominate nutrient-poor shallow tropical seas worldwide. Coral reefs are the most biodiverse marine ecosystems on our planet. Their immense productivity is driven by friendly relationships, or symbioses, between microbes called algae and the corals. Related organisms, such as anemones, also rely on these close associations. The algae use energy from sunlight to make sugars, cholesterol and other molecules that they supply to their host. In exchange, the host’s cells provide homes for the algae inside specialist, acidic structures called symbiosomes. Corals and anemones particularly need cholesterol and other ‘sterol’ molecules from the algae, because they are unable to create these building blocks themselves. In mammals, a protein known as Niemann-Pick Type C2 (NPC2) transports cholesterol out of storage structures into the main body of the cell. Corals and anemones have many different, ‘atypical’ NPC2 proteins: some are produced more during symbiosis, and these are mainly found in symbiosomes. However, it was not known what role these NPC2 proteins play during symbioses. Here, Hambleton et al. studied the symbioses that the anemone Aiptasia and the coral Acropora create with different strains of Symbiodiniaceae algae. The experiments found that the strain of algae dictated the mixture of sterols inside their hosts. The hosts could flexibly use different mixes of sterols and even replace cholesterol with other types of sterols produced by the algae. Atypical NPC2 proteins accumulated over time within the symbiosome and directly bound to cholesterol and various sterols the way other NPC2 proteins normally do. Further experiments suggest that, compared to other NPC2s, atypical NPC2 proteins may be better adapted to the acidic conditions in the symbiosome. Taken together, Hambleton et al. propose that atypical NPC2 proteins may play an important role in allowing corals to thrive in environments poor in nutrients. The first coral reefs emerged over 200 million years ago, when the Earth still only had one continent. Having built-in algae that provide the organisms with nutrients is thought to be the main driver for the formation of coral reefs and the explosion of diversity in coral species. Yet these ancient relationships are now under threat all around the world: environmental stress is causing the algae to be expelled from the corals, leading to the reefs ‘bleaching’ and starving. The more is known about the details of the symbiosis, the more we can understand how corals have evolved, and how we could help them survive the crisis that they are currently facing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ira Maegele
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Kvaskoff
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Timo Sachsenheimer
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annika Guse
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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9
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Medrano E, Merselis DG, Bellantuono AJ, Rodriguez-Lanetty M. Proteomic Basis of Symbiosis: A Heterologous Partner Fails to Duplicate Homologous Colonization in a Novel Cnidarian- Symbiodiniaceae Mutualism. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1153. [PMID: 31214134 PMCID: PMC6554683 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Reef corals and sea anemones form symbioses with unicellular symbiotic dinoflagellates. The molecular circumventions that underlie the successful intracellular colonization of hosts by symbionts are still largely unknown. We conducted proteomic analyses to determine molecular differences of Exaiptasia pallida anemones colonized by physiologically different symbiont species, in comparison with symbiont-free (aposymbiotic) anemones. We compared one homologous species, Symbiodinium linucheae, that is natively associated with the clonal Exaiptasia strain (CC7) to another heterologous species, Durusdinium trenchii, a thermally tolerant species that colonizes numerous coral species. This approach allowed the discovery of a core set of host genes that are differentially regulated as a function of symbiosis regardless of symbiont species. The findings revealed that symbiont colonization at higher densities requires circumvention of the host cellular immunological response, enhancement of ammonium regulation, and suppression of phagocytosis after a host cell in colonized. Furthermore, the heterologous symbionts failed to duplicate the same level of homologous colonization within the host, evidenced by substantially lower symbiont densities. This reduced colonization of D. trenchii correlated with its inability to circumvent key host systems including autophagy-suppressing modulators, cytoskeletal alteration, and isomerase activity. The larger capability of host molecular circumvention by homologous symbionts could be the result of a longer evolutionary history of host/symbiont interactions, which translates into a more finely tuned symbiosis. These findings are of great importance within the context of the response of reef corals to climate change since it has been suggested that coral may acclimatize to ocean warming by changing their dominant symbiont species.
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10
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Sproles AE, Oakley CA, Matthews JL, Peng L, Owen JG, Grossman AR, Weis VM, Davy SK. Proteomics quantifies protein expression changes in a model cnidarian colonised by a thermally tolerant but suboptimal symbiont. ISME JOURNAL 2019; 13:2334-2345. [PMID: 31118473 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0437-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The acquisition of thermally tolerant algal symbionts by corals has been proposed as a natural or assisted mechanism of increasing coral reef resilience to anthropogenic climate change, but the cell-level processes determining the performance of new symbiotic associations are poorly understood. We used liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to investigate the effects of an experimentally induced symbiosis on the host proteome of the model sea anemone Exaiptasia pallida. Aposymbiotic specimens were colonised by either the homologous dinoflagellate symbiont (Breviolum minutum) or a thermally tolerant, ecologically invasive heterologous symbiont (Durusdinium trenchii). Anemones containing D. trenchii exhibited minimal expression of Niemann-Pick C2 proteins, which have predicted biochemical roles in sterol transport and cell recognition, and glutamine synthetases, which are thought to be involved in nitrogen assimilation and recycling between partners. D. trenchii-colonised anemones had higher expression of methionine-synthesising betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferases and proteins with predicted oxidative stress response functions. Multiple lysosome-associated proteins were less abundant in both symbiotic treatments compared with the aposymbiotic treatment. The differentially abundant proteins are predicted to represent pathways that may be involved in nutrient transport or resource allocation between partners. These results provide targets for specific experiments to elucidate the mechanisms underpinning compensatory physiology in the coral-dinoflagellate symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Sproles
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Clinton A Oakley
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer L Matthews
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Lifeng Peng
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Jeremy G Owen
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Arthur R Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Virginia M Weis
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Simon K Davy
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand.
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11
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Urbarova I, Forêt S, Dahl M, Emblem Å, Milazzo M, Hall-Spencer JM, Johansen SD. Ocean acidification at a coastal CO2 vent induces expression of stress-related transcripts and transposable elements in the sea anemone Anemonia viridis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210358. [PMID: 31067218 PMCID: PMC6505742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification threatens to disrupt interactions between organisms throughout marine ecosystems. The diversity of reef-building organisms decreases as seawater CO2 increases along natural gradients, yet soft-bodied animals, such as sea anemones, are often resilient. We sequenced the polyA-enriched transcriptome of adult sea anemone Anemonia viridis and its dinoflagellate symbiont sampled along a natural CO2 gradient in Italy to assess stress levels in these organisms. We found that about 1.4% of the anemone transcripts, but only ~0.5% of the Symbiodinium sp. transcripts were differentially expressed. Processes enriched at high seawater CO2 were mainly linked to cellular stress, including significant up-regulation of protective cellular functions and deregulation of metabolic pathways. Transposable elements were differentially expressed at high seawater CO2, with an extreme up-regulation (> 100-fold) of the BEL-family of long terminal repeat retrotransposons. Seawater acidified by CO2 generated a significant stress reaction in A. viridis, but no bleaching was observed and Symbiodinium sp. appeared to be less affected. These observed changes indicate the mechanisms by which A. viridis acclimate to survive chronic exposure to ocean acidification conditions. We conclude that many organisms that are common in acidified conditions may nevertheless incur costs due to hypercapnia and/or lowered carbonate saturation states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Urbarova
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- * E-mail: (IU); (SDJ)
| | - Sylvain Forêt
- Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Mikael Dahl
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Åse Emblem
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marco Milazzo
- Department of Earth and Marine Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Jason M. Hall-Spencer
- School of Biological and Marine Science, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom
- Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shimoda City, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Steinar D. Johansen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Genomics Research Group, Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
- * E-mail: (IU); (SDJ)
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12
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Lin MF, Takahashi S, Forêt S, Davy SK, Miller DJ. Transcriptomic analyses highlight the likely metabolic consequences of colonization of a cnidarian host by native or non-native Symbiodinium species. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.038281. [PMID: 30814067 PMCID: PMC6451341 DOI: 10.1242/bio.038281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reef-building corals and some other cnidarians form symbiotic relationships with members of the dinoflagellate family Symbiodinaceae. As Symbiodinaceae is a highly diverse taxon, the physiological interactions between its members and their hosts are assumed to differ between associations. The presence of different symbiont types is known to affect expression levels of specific host genes, but knowledge of the effects on the transcriptome more broadly remains limited. In the present study, transcriptome profiling was conducted on the tropical corallimorpharian, Ricordea yuma, following the establishment of symbiosis with either the ‘homologous’ symbiont Symbiodinium goreaui (also known as Cladocopium goreaui; ITS2 type C1) or ‘heterologous’ symbionts (predominantly S. trenchii, which is also known as Durusdinium trenchii; ITS2 type D1a) isolated from a different corallimorpharian host (Rhodactis indosinensis). Transcriptomic analyses showed that genes encoding host glycogen biosynthesis pathway components are more highly induced during colonization by the homologous symbiont than by the heterologous symbiont. Similar patterns were also observed for several other genes thought to facilitate symbiotic nutrient exchange, including those involved in lipid translocation/storage and metabolite transport. The gene expression results presented here imply that colonization by homologous or heterologous Symbiodinium types may have very different metabolic consequences for the Ricordea host, supporting the notion that even though some cnidarians may be able to form novel symbioses after bleaching, the metabolic performance of these may be compromised. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: Colonization by the homologous symbiont, Symbiodinium goreaui, resulted in greater glycogen synthesis and ammonium assimilation capacity in the host than when it was colonized by a heterologous symbiont (S. trenchii).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Fang Lin
- Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.,Evolutionary Neurobiology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Shunichi Takahashi
- Division of Environmental Photobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Sylvain Forêt
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.,Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Simon K Davy
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Kelburn Parade, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - David J Miller
- Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia .,ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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13
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Do GWAS and studies of heterozygotes for NPC1 and/or NPC2 explain why NPC disease cases are so rare? J Appl Genet 2018; 59:441-447. [PMID: 30209687 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-018-0465-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Early onset Niemann-Pick C diseases are extremely rare, especially Niemann-Pick C2. Perhaps unusually for autosomal recessive diseases, heterozygotes for mutations in NPC1 manifest many biological variations. NPC2 deficiency has large effects on fertility. These features of NPC1 and NPC2 are reviewed in regard to possible negative selection for heterozygotes carrying null and hypomorphic alleles.
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14
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Baumgarten S, Cziesielski MJ, Thomas L, Michell CT, Esherick LY, Pringle JR, Aranda M, Voolstra CR. Evidence for miRNA-mediated modulation of the host transcriptome in cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis. Mol Ecol 2017; 27:403-418. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Baumgarten
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering; Red Sea Research Center; King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; Thuwal Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha J. Cziesielski
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering; Red Sea Research Center; King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; Thuwal Saudi Arabia
| | - Ludivine Thomas
- Bioscience Core Laboratory; King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; Thuwal Saudi Arabia
| | - Craig T. Michell
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering; Red Sea Research Center; King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; Thuwal Saudi Arabia
| | - Lisl Y. Esherick
- Department of Genetics; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford CA USA
| | - John R. Pringle
- Department of Genetics; Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford CA USA
| | - Manuel Aranda
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering; Red Sea Research Center; King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; Thuwal Saudi Arabia
| | - Christian R. Voolstra
- Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering; Red Sea Research Center; King Abdullah University of Science and Technology; Thuwal Saudi Arabia
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15
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Dani V, Priouzeau F, Mertz M, Mondin M, Pagnotta S, Lacas-Gervais S, Davy SK, Sabourault C. Expression patterns of sterol transporters NPC1 and NPC2 in the cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis. Cell Microbiol 2017; 19. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Dani
- Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV); Université Côte d'Azur; Nice France
- UMR7138, Equipe Symbiose Marine; Université Côte d'Azur; Nice France
| | - Fabrice Priouzeau
- Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV); Université Côte d'Azur; Nice France
- UMR7138, Equipe Symbiose Marine; Université Côte d'Azur; Nice France
| | - Marjolijn Mertz
- Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV); Université Côte d'Azur; Nice France
| | - Magali Mondin
- Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV); Université Côte d'Azur; Nice France
| | - Sophie Pagnotta
- Centre Commun de Microscopie Appliquée; Université Côte d'Azur; Nice France
| | | | - Simon K. Davy
- School of Biological Sciences; Victoria University of Wellington; Wellington New Zealand
| | - Cécile Sabourault
- Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV); Université Côte d'Azur; Nice France
- UMR7138, Equipe Symbiose Marine; Université Côte d'Azur; Nice France
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16
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Burns JA, Zhang H, Hill E, Kim E, Kerney R. Transcriptome analysis illuminates the nature of the intracellular interaction in a vertebrate-algal symbiosis. eLife 2017; 6:e22054. [PMID: 28462779 PMCID: PMC5413350 DOI: 10.7554/elife.22054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During embryonic development, cells of the green alga Oophila amblystomatis enter cells of the salamander Ambystoma maculatum forming an endosymbiosis. Here, using de novo dual-RNA seq, we compared the host salamander cells that harbored intracellular algae to those without algae and the algae inside the animal cells to those in the egg capsule. This two-by-two-way analysis revealed that intracellular algae exhibit hallmarks of cellular stress and undergo a striking metabolic shift from oxidative metabolism to fermentation. Culturing experiments with the alga showed that host glutamine may be utilized by the algal endosymbiont as a primary nitrogen source. Transcriptional changes in salamander cells suggest an innate immune response to the alga, with potential attenuation of NF-κB, and metabolic alterations indicative of modulation of insulin sensitivity. In stark contrast to its algal endosymbiont, the salamander cells did not exhibit major stress responses, suggesting that the host cell experience is neutral or beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Burns
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, United States
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, United States
| | - Huanjia Zhang
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, United States
| | - Elizabeth Hill
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, United States
| | - Eunsoo Kim
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, United States
- Sackler Institute for Comparative Genomics, American Museum of Natural History, New York, United States
| | - Ryan Kerney
- Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, United States
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17
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Wolfowicz I, Baumgarten S, Voss PA, Hambleton EA, Voolstra CR, Hatta M, Guse A. Aiptasia sp. larvae as a model to reveal mechanisms of symbiont selection in cnidarians. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32366. [PMID: 27582179 PMCID: PMC5007887 DOI: 10.1038/srep32366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiosis, defined as the persistent association between two distinct species, is an evolutionary and ecologically critical phenomenon facilitating survival of both partners in diverse habitats. The biodiversity of coral reef ecosystems depends on a functional symbiosis with photosynthetic dinoflagellates of the highly diverse genus Symbiodinium, which reside in coral host cells and continuously support their nutrition. The mechanisms underlying symbiont selection to establish a stable endosymbiosis in non-symbiotic juvenile corals are unclear. Here we show for the first time that symbiont selection patterns for larvae of two Acropora coral species and the model anemone Aiptasia are similar under controlled conditions. We find that Aiptasia larvae distinguish between compatible and incompatible symbionts during uptake into the gastric cavity and phagocytosis. Using RNA-Seq, we identify a set of candidate genes potentially involved in symbiosis establishment. Together, our data complement existing molecular resources to mechanistically dissect symbiont phagocytosis in cnidarians under controlled conditions, thereby strengthening the role of Aiptasia larvae as a powerful model for cnidarian endosymbiosis establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliona Wolfowicz
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Graduate Program in Areas of Basic and Applied Biology (GABBA), University of Porto, Porto 4200-465, Portugal
| | - Sebastian Baumgarten
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Philipp A. Voss
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | | | - Christian R. Voolstra
- Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Masayuki Hatta
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Annika Guse
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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18
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19
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Oakley CA, Ameismeier MF, Peng L, Weis VM, Grossman AR, Davy SK. Symbiosis induces widespread changes in the proteome of the model cnidarianAiptasia. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:1009-23. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Clinton A. Oakley
- School of Biological Sciences; Victoria University of Wellington; Wellington 6012 New Zealand
| | - Michael F. Ameismeier
- Gene Center, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Munich; Munich 81377 Germany
| | - Lifeng Peng
- School of Biological Sciences; Victoria University of Wellington; Wellington 6012 New Zealand
| | - Virginia M. Weis
- Department of Integrative Biology; Oregon State University; Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| | - Arthur R. Grossman
- Department of Plant Biology; The Carnegie Institution; Stanford CA 94305 USA
| | - Simon K. Davy
- School of Biological Sciences; Victoria University of Wellington; Wellington 6012 New Zealand
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20
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Revel J, Massi L, Mehiri M, Boutoute M, Mayzaud P, Capron L, Sabourault C. Differential distribution of lipids in epidermis, gastrodermis and hosted Symbiodinium in the sea anemone Anemonia viridis. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 191:140-151. [PMID: 26478191 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis mainly relies on nutrient recycling, thus providing both partners with a competitive advantage in nutrient-poor waters. Essential processes related to lipid metabolism can be influenced by various factors, including hyperthermal stress. This can affect the lipid content and distribution in both partners, while contributing to symbiosis disruption and bleaching. In order to gain further insight into the role and distribution of lipids in the cnidarian metabolism, we investigated the lipid composition of the sea anemone Anemonia viridis and its photosynthetic dinoflagellate endosymbionts (Symbiodinium). We compared the lipid content and fatty acid profiles of the host cellular layers, non-symbiotic epidermal and symbiont-containing gastrodermal cells, and those of Symbiodinium, in a mass spectrometry-based assessment. Lipids were more concentrated in Symbiodinium cells, and the lipid class distribution was dominated by polar lipids in all tissues. The fatty acid distribution between host cell layers and Symbiodinium cells suggested potential lipid transfers between the partners. The lipid composition and distribution was modified during short-term hyperthermal stress, mainly in Symbiodinium cells and gastrodermis. Exposure to elevated temperature rapidly caused a decrease in polar lipid C18 unsaturated fatty acids and a strong and rapid decrease in the abundance of polar lipid fatty acids relative to sterols. These lipid indicators could therefore be used as sensitive biomarkers to assess the physiology of symbiotic cnidarians, especially the effect of thermal stress at the onset of cnidarian bleaching. Overall, the findings of this study provide some insight on key lipids that may regulate maintenance of the symbiotic interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johana Revel
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR7138, Equipe Symbiose Marine, F-06000 Nice, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR7138, F-75005 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Lionel Massi
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR7272, F-06000 Nice, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Mohamed Mehiri
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR7272, F-06000 Nice, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Marc Boutoute
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Laboratoire Océanologique de Villefranche sur Mer, UMR 7093, F-06320 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Patrick Mayzaud
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Laboratoire Océanologique de Villefranche sur Mer, UMR 7093, F-06320 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Laure Capron
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR7272, F-06000 Nice, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Sabourault
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR7138, Equipe Symbiose Marine, F-06000 Nice, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, UMR7138, F-75005 Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75005 Paris, France.
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21
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Abstract
The most diverse marine ecosystems, coral reefs, depend upon a functional symbiosis between a cnidarian animal host (the coral) and intracellular photosynthetic dinoflagellate algae. The molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying this endosymbiosis are not well understood, in part because of the difficulties of experimental work with corals. The small sea anemone Aiptasia provides a tractable laboratory model for investigating these mechanisms. Here we report on the assembly and analysis of the Aiptasia genome, which will provide a foundation for future studies and has revealed several features that may be key to understanding the evolution and function of the endosymbiosis. These features include genomic rearrangements and taxonomically restricted genes that may be functionally related to the symbiosis, aspects of host dependence on alga-derived nutrients, a novel and expanded cnidarian-specific family of putative pattern-recognition receptors that might be involved in the animal-algal interactions, and extensive lineage-specific horizontal gene transfer. Extensive integration of genes of prokaryotic origin, including genes for antimicrobial peptides, presumably reflects an intimate association of the animal-algal pair also with its prokaryotic microbiome.
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22
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Bertucci A, Forêt S, Ball EE, Miller DJ. Transcriptomic differences between day and night in Acropora millepora provide new insights into metabolite exchange and light-enhanced calcification in corals. Mol Ecol 2015. [PMID: 26198296 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary success of reef-building corals is often attributed to their symbiotic relationship with photosynthetic dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium, but metabolic interactions between the partners and the molecular bases of light-enhanced calcification (LEC) are not well understood. Here, the metabolic bases of the interaction between the coral Acropora millepora and its dinoflagellate symbiont were investigated by comparing gene expression levels under light and dark conditions at the whole transcriptome level. Among the 497 differentially expressed genes identified, a suite of genes involved in cholesterol transport was found to be upregulated under light conditions, confirming the significance of this compound in the coral symbiosis. Although ion transporters likely to have roles in calcification were not differentially expressed in this study, expression levels of many genes associated with skeletal organic matrix composition and organization were higher in light conditions. This implies that the rate of organic matrix synthesis is one factor limiting calcification at night. Thus, LEC during the day is likely to be a consequence of increases in both matrix synthesis and the supply of precursor molecules as a result of photosynthetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bertucci
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, 4811, Australia
| | - S Forêt
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, 4811, Australia.,Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Bldg. 46, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
| | - E E Ball
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, 4811, Australia.,Evolution, Ecology and Genetics, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Bldg. 46, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia
| | - D J Miller
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, 4811, Australia.,Comparative Genomics Centre and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, 4811, Australia
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23
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Krediet CJ, DeNofrio JC, Caruso C, Burriesci MS, Cella K, Pringle JR. Rapid, Precise, and Accurate Counts of Symbiodinium Cells Using the Guava Flow Cytometer, and a Comparison to Other Methods. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135725. [PMID: 26291447 PMCID: PMC4546242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In studies of both the establishment and breakdown of cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbiosis, it is often necessary to determine the number of Symbiodinium cells relative to the quantity of host tissue. Ideally, the methods used should be rapid, precise, and accurate. In this study, we systematically evaluated methods for sample preparation and storage and the counting of algal cells using the hemocytometer, a custom image-analysis program for automated counting of the fluorescent algal cells, the Coulter Counter, or the Millipore Guava flow-cytometer. We found that although other methods may have value in particular applications, for most purposes, the Guava flow cytometer provided by far the best combination of precision, accuracy, and efficient use of investigator time (due to the instrument's automated sample handling), while also allowing counts of algal numbers over a wide range and in small volumes of tissue homogenate. We also found that either of two assays of total homogenate protein provided a precise and seemingly accurate basis for normalization of algal counts to the total amount of holobiont tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory J. Krediet
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jan C. DeNofrio
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Carlo Caruso
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew S. Burriesci
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Kristen Cella
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - John R. Pringle
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kopp C, Wisztorski M, Revel J, Mehiri M, Dani V, Capron L, Carette D, Fournier I, Massi L, Mouajjah D, Pagnotta S, Priouzeau F, Salzet M, Meibom A, Sabourault C. MALDI-MS and NanoSIMS imaging techniques to study cnidarian-dinoflagellate symbioses. ZOOLOGY 2014; 118:125-31. [PMID: 25447219 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cnidarian-dinoflagellate photosynthetic symbioses are fundamental to biologically diverse and productive coral reef ecosystems. The hallmark of this symbiotic relationship is the ability of dinoflagellate symbionts to supply their cnidarian host with a wide range of nutrients. Many aspects of this association nevertheless remain poorly characterized, including the exact identity of the transferred metabolic compounds, the mechanisms that control their exchange across the host-symbiont interface, and the precise subcellular fate of the translocated materials in cnidarian tissues. This lack of knowledge is mainly attributed to difficulties in investigating such metabolic interactions both in situ, i.e. on intact symbiotic associations, and at high spatial resolution. To address these issues, we illustrate the application of two in situ and high spatial resolution molecular and ion imaging techniques-matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) and the nano-scale secondary-ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) ion microprobe. These imaging techniques provide important new opportunities for the detailed investigation of many aspects of cnidarian-dinoflagellate associations, including the dynamics of cellular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kopp
- Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - M Wisztorski
- PRISM, University of Lille 1, EA 4550 - FRE3637 CNRS, Bat SN3, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - J Revel
- UMR7138 University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Faculty of Science, 28 Avenue Valrose, BP 71, F-06108 Nice Cedex 2, France; UMR7138 Sorbonne University Paris 6, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - M Mehiri
- UMR7272 University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, Faculty of Science, 28 Avenue Valrose, BP 71, F-06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - V Dani
- UMR7138 University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Faculty of Science, 28 Avenue Valrose, BP 71, F-06108 Nice Cedex 2, France; UMR7138 Sorbonne University Paris 6, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - L Capron
- UMR7272 University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, Faculty of Science, 28 Avenue Valrose, BP 71, F-06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - D Carette
- CCMA, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Faculty of Science, 28 Avenue Valrose, BP 71, F-06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - I Fournier
- PRISM, University of Lille 1, EA 4550 - FRE3637 CNRS, Bat SN3, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - L Massi
- UMR7272 University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Nice, Faculty of Science, 28 Avenue Valrose, BP 71, F-06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - D Mouajjah
- PRISM, University of Lille 1, EA 4550 - FRE3637 CNRS, Bat SN3, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - S Pagnotta
- CCMA, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Faculty of Science, 28 Avenue Valrose, BP 71, F-06108 Nice Cedex 2, France
| | - F Priouzeau
- UMR7138 University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Faculty of Science, 28 Avenue Valrose, BP 71, F-06108 Nice Cedex 2, France; UMR7138 Sorbonne University Paris 6, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France
| | - M Salzet
- PRISM, University of Lille 1, EA 4550 - FRE3637 CNRS, Bat SN3, F-59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - A Meibom
- Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Center for Advanced Surface Analysis, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C Sabourault
- UMR7138 University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, Faculty of Science, 28 Avenue Valrose, BP 71, F-06108 Nice Cedex 2, France; UMR7138 Sorbonne University Paris 6, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, 7 quai Saint Bernard, 75005 Paris, France.
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