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Brennan N, Burns L, Mattick K, Mitchell A, Henderson T, Walker K, Gale T. How prepared are newly qualified allied health professionals for practice in the UK? A systematic review. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e081518. [PMID: 38749689 PMCID: PMC11097844 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-081518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It is important that allied health professionals (AHPs) are prepared for clinical practice from the very start of their working lives to provide quality care for patients, for their personal well-being and for retention of the workforce. The aim of this study was to understand how well newly qualified AHPs were prepared for practice in the UK. DESIGN Systematic review. DATA SOURCES Embase, MEDLINE, CINAHL, ERIC and BEI were searched from 2012 to 2024. Grey literature searching and citation chasing were also conducted. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA We included primary studies reporting the preparedness for practice of UK graduates across 15 professions; all study types; participants included graduates who were up to 2 years postgraduation, their supervisors, trainers, practice educators and employers; and all outcome measures. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS A standardised data extraction form was used. Studies were quality assessed using the Quality Appraisal for Diverse Studies tool. 10% of articles were independently double-screened, extracted and quality assessed; 90% was completed by one researcher. RESULTS 14 reports were included (9 qualitative, 3 mixed-method and 2 quantitative). Six papers focused on radiographers, three on a mixture of professions, two on paramedics, and one each on physiotherapists, clinical psychologists and orthotists. An important finding of the review is the paucity and low-medium quality of research on the topic. The narrative synthesis tentatively suggests that graduates are adequately prepared for practice with different professions having different strengths and weaknesses. Common areas of underpreparedness across the professions were responsibility and decision-making, leadership and research. Graduates were generally well prepared in terms of their knowledge base. CONCLUSION High-quality in-depth research is urgently needed across AHPs to elucidate the specific roles, their nuances and the areas of underpreparedness. Further work is also needed to understand the transition into early clinical practice, ongoing learning opportunities through work, and the supervision and support structures in place. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42022382065.
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Araújo-Neto FDC, Santos LGD, Tavares TMA, Fonseca FLD, Prado FO, Silva RDOS, Mesquita AR, Lyra DPD. Teaching Strategies for Professional Identity Education in Pharmacy: A Scoping Review. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2024; 88:100597. [PMID: 37805042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2023.100597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize which strategies of professional identity formation and professionalism are being used in Pharmacy. FINDINGS We gathered 5004 articles from 5 databases with the descriptors "pharmacy" "professionalism," "professional identity" and their synonyms. The professional identity is a set of values and behaviors common among professionals. Professionalism is the moral compass of these values, used as a strategy to own social authenticity. After excluding duplicate texts, analyzing titles, abstracts, and full articles, 17 studies met the inclusion criteria and presented strategies for the formation of professional identity and professionalism in pharmacy students. We did not find studies with pharmacists. The quality of reports was assessed using 2 instruments recommended by the literature. All studies were conducted from 2007 onwards, and the United States is the country with the most publications. The identified strategies consisted of extracurricular activities, thematic courses, lectures, and counseling sessions and did not follow standards of theoretical reference, method, execution, duration, and effectiveness of evaluation. SUMMARY The interest of Pharmacy about professional identity and professionalism has grown substantially in recent years. Teaching strategies are essential alternatives to improve professionalism, reinforce its importance, and acknowledge its heterogeneity and differences. For that, they must be in line with the aims of the profession in society. This review highlights the need to develop standardized and reproducible teaching strategies to guarantee the effectiveness of students' professional socialization during graduation, as well as to instruct professionals to deal with the changes in the profession, increasing the influence of Pharmacy in society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando de Castro Araújo-Neto
- Federal University of Sergipe, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil; Hospital Universitary of Sergipe - Federal University of Sergipe - Campus Aracaju, Health Science Postgraduate Program, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Lívia Gois Dos Santos
- Federal University of Sergipe, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Thaís Maria Araújo Tavares
- Federal University of Sergipe, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Francielly Lima da Fonseca
- Federal University of Sergipe, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil; Federal University of Sergipe - Campus São Cristóvão, Pharmacy Science Postgraduate Program, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Oliveira Prado
- Federal University of Sergipe, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil; Hospital Universitary of Sergipe - Federal University of Sergipe - Campus Aracaju, Health Science Postgraduate Program, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Rafaella de Oliveira Santos Silva
- Federal University of Sergipe, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Rezende Mesquita
- Federal University of Sergipe, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Divaldo Pereira de Lyra
- Federal University of Sergipe, Department of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy (LEPFS), São Cristóvão, Brazil.
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Hill L, Eaton G. Exploring paramedic professional identity. Br Paramed J 2023; 8:42-51. [PMID: 38046791 PMCID: PMC10690486 DOI: 10.29045/14784726.2023.12.8.3.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The notion of a paramedic (as a title protected in law) has recently entered its third decade, but the history of the paramedic is considerably older than that. Who are we as a profession? What does it mean to be a paramedic? What makes us who we are? These intriguing and yet seldom asked philosophical questions are at the heart of this article, which is intended to provoke discussion and serve as a foundation for further inquiry into questions of identity and philosophy in paramedicine. Literature pertaining to paramedic professional identity was explored and contextualised within current paramedic practice. Although the overall picture is complex, four key areas for discussion emerged: the history of the paramedic profession; role diversity; the influence of ambulance work; and the education and training of paramedics. The influence of ambulance work permeates all areas, suggesting that it is central to the development of paramedic professional identity. This discussion article is an exploration of the unique contexts and experiences that are associated with the process of being and becoming for paramedics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Hill
- University of East Anglia ORCID iD https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9147-0934
| | - Georgette Eaton
- University of Oxford; London Ambulance Service NHS Trust ORCID iD: http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9421-2845
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Perceptions of undergraduate allied health students of the clinical learning environment and clinical educators’ attributes at the University of Ghana. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH PROFESSIONS EDUCATION 2022. [DOI: 10.7196/ajhpe.2022.v14i4.1218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Clinical education is a vital aspect of the education of health sciences students and consists of two components, i.e. the clinical learning environment and supervision.Objectives. To determine the undergraduate allied health sciences students’ perceptions regarding clinical educators’ attributes and the clinical learning environment.
Methods. This cross-sectional study included 169 undergraduate students, randomly recruited from various allied health professions programmes of the University of Ghana. The McGill clinical teacher evaluation tool and the clinical learning environment inventory were used to determine students’ perceptions of clinical educators’ attributes and the clinical learning environment, respectively. The Kruskal-Wallis test and independent t-tests were used to test for relationships between students’ level and programme of study and their perceptions. The level of significance was set at 95%.
Results. Of the 169 participants, there were 99 (58.6%) male students, 79 (46.7%) third-year students and 82 (48.5%) medical laboratory science students. Only 16 (9.5%) participants indicated visits by lecturers during clinical rotations. The third-year students had a statistically significant perception of their clinical learning environment (p=0.000), while the differences between perceptions of clinical learning environment among the various programmes were also statistically significant (p=0.028), but not for clinical educators’ attributes (p=0.261).
Conclusion. Allied health sciences students have positive perceptions of their clinical learning environment and clinical educators’ attributes. More frequent visits by lecturers to students during clinical rotations may ensure that student innovation is achieved in accordance with their classroom tuition.
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Guttormsen S, Gogollari A, Huynh-Do U, Schaufelberger M, Huwendiek S, Kunz A, Lahner FM. Developing an Instrument to Evaluate Undergraduate Healthcare Students' Professionalism. PRAXIS 2022; 111:863-870. [PMID: 36415987 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a003934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Professionalism is a multidimensional quality acquired over time. Undergraduate years lay a foundation for the development of professionalism. Tools monitoring the students' professional development are needed. Our tool development followed three phases: 1) identifying meaningful criteria for professionalism adapted to the education level, 2) developing an evaluation instrument in a process maximising construct validity, 3) testing the evaluation instrument in an interprofessional study. The evaluation instrument proved to be applicable in the field and it meets validity standards. Some differences between professions were found and discussed. Professionality starts to develop during the education, and early monitoring is important to support students' optimal development. The evaluation instrument supports both self- and expert evaluation of healthcare students' professional development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sissi Guttormsen
- Institute for Medical Education, Medical Faculty University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Artemisa Gogollari
- Institute for Medical Education, Medical Faculty University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Uyen Huynh-Do
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Hospital Bern Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Sören Huwendiek
- Institute for Medical Education, Medical Faculty University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Kunz
- Institute for Medical Education, Medical Faculty University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Amt für Justizvollzug of Canton Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Finn GM, Crampton P, Buchanan JA, Balogun AO, Tiffin PA, Morgan JE, Taylor E, Soto C, Kehoe A. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the research activity and working experience of clinical academics, with a focus on gender and ethnicity: a qualitative study in the UK. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e057655. [PMID: 35676023 PMCID: PMC9184994 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the research activity and working experience of clinical academics, with a focus on gender and ethnicity. DESIGN Qualitative study based on interviews and audio/written diary data. SETTING UK study within clinical academia. PARTICIPANTS Purposive sample of 82 clinical academics working in medicine and dentistry across all career stages ranging from academic clinical fellows and doctoral candidates to professors. METHODS Qualitative semistructured interviews (n=68) and audio diary data (n=30; including 16 participants who were also interviewed) collected over an 8-month period (January-September 2020), thematically analysed. RESULTS 20 of 30 (66.6%) audio diary contributors and 40 of 68 (58.8%) interview participants were female. Of the participants who disclosed ethnicity, 5 of 29 (17.2%) audio diary contributors and 19/66 (28.8%) interview participants identified as Black, Asian or another minority (BAME). Four major themes were identified in relation to the initial impact of COVID-19 on clinical academics: opportunities, barriers, personal characteristics and social identity, and fears and uncertainty. COVID-19 presented opportunities for new avenues of research. Barriers included access to resources to conduct research and the increasing teaching demands. One of the most prominent subthemes within 'personal characteristics' was that of the perceived negative impact of the pandemic on the work of female clinical academics. This was attributed to inequalities experienced in relation to childcare provision and research capacity. Participants described differential experiences based upon their gender and ethnicity, noting intersectional identities. CONCLUSIONS While there have been some positives afforded to clinical academics, particularly for new avenues of research, COVID-19 has negatively impacted workload, future career intentions and mental health. BAME academics were particularly fearful due to the differential impact on health. Our study elucidates the direct and systemic discrimination that creates barriers to women's career trajectories in clinical academia. A flexible, strategic response that supports clinical academics in resuming their training and research is required. Interventions are needed to mitigate the potential lasting impact on capacity from the pandemic, and the potential for the loss of women from this valuable workforce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle M Finn
- Division of Medical Education, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Paul Crampton
- Health Professions Education Unit, Hull York Medical School, York, UK
| | - John Ag Buchanan
- Centre for Education and Innovation, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | | | | | - Jessica Elizabeth Morgan
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
| | - Ellie Taylor
- Health Professions Education Unit, Hull York Medical School, York, UK
| | | | - Amelia Kehoe
- Health Professions Education Unit, Hull York Medical School, York, UK
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Dart J, McCall L, Ash S, Rees C. Conceptualising professionalism in dietetics: an Australasian qualitative study. J Acad Nutr Diet 2022; 122:2087-2096.e7. [PMID: 35202846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2022.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Professionalism is a vital aspect of healthcare and multidisciplinary teamwork. While there is substantive professionalism literature in medicine and an expanding healthcare professions literature, there is a significant gap in understanding professionalism in dietetics. There are very few research papers in the dietetics literature on this issue compared with other health professions. Given the multidisciplinary nature of healthcare, it is important to understand what professionalism means within each profession to develop shared understandings across healthcare teams. OBJECTIVE The study aim was to explore how dietetics professionalism is conceptualised by dietetic practitioners/preceptors, faculty and new graduates. DESIGN A constructionist exploratory qualitative interview study was conducted. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING One hundred participants (dietetic graduates, faculty and practitioners/preceptors), associated with 17 universities across Australia and New Zealand and from diverse geographical and work settings, participated in 27 group and 24 individual interviews from March 2018 to June 2019. ANALYSIS PERFORMED Thematic framework analysis was used to examine participants' understandings of professionalism. RESULTS Twenty-three dimensions of dietetics professionalism were identified, with the most common being communication and including four novel dimensions of professionalism (generational, emotion management, cultural capability and advocacy) not previously described in other professions. Professionalism as emotion management and generational adds new insights to the professionalism literature, expanding understandings of this vital aspect of healthcare. While high levels of consistency in professionalism understandings existed across the three stakeholder groups, some interesting differences were found. The profession of dietetics shares similarities with other professions in the ways professionalism is conceptualised. CONCLUSIONS Using these dimensions of professionalism as a framework for teaching and learning about professionalism will help in clarifying expectations and expand shared understandings about professionalism for dietitians, other health professions and across multidisciplinary teams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janeane Dart
- Advanced Accredited Practicing Dietitian (AdvAPD), Dietitians Australia, Senior Lecturer / Doctoral Candidate, Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC, 3168, AUSTRALIA.
| | - Louise McCall
- Adjunct Professor, Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC, 3168, AUSTRALIA
| | - Susan Ash
- Master Health Planning, Postgrad Dip Nut & Diet., BSc, Fellow, Dietitians Australia, Adjunct Professor, Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Level 1, 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, VIC, 3168, AUSTRALIA
| | - Charlotte Rees
- Professor, Head of School, School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, AUSTRALIA, Adjunct Professor, Monash Centre for Scholarship in Health Education (MCSHE), 27 Rainforest Walk, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, AUSTRALIA
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The personal dimension of allied health professional identity: A scoping review in health sciences literature / Die persönliche Dimension der beruflichen Identität von Gesundheitsfachkräften: ein Scoping-Review in der gesundheitswissenschaftlichen Literatur. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH PROFESSIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/ijhp-2022-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
With a shift in healthcare from diagnosis-centered to human- and interprofessional-centered work, allied health professionals (AHPs) may encounter dilemmas in daily work because of discrepancies between values of learned professional protocols and their personal values, the latter being a component of the personal dimension. The personal dimension can be defined as a set of personal components that have a substantial impact on professional identity. In this study, we aim to improve the understanding of the role played by the personal dimension, by answering the following research question: What is known about the personal dimension of the professional identity of AHPs in (allied) health literature?
Methods
In the scoping review, databases, CINAHL, ERIC, Medline, PubMed, and PsychINFO were searched for studies focusing on what is regarded as ‘the personal dimension of professional identity’ of AHPs in the health literature; 81 out of 815 articles were included and analyzed in this scoping review. A varying degree of attention for the personal dimension within the various allied health professions was observed.
Result
After analysis, we introduce the concept of four aspects in the personal dimension of AHPs. We explain how these aspects overlap to some degree and feed into each other. The first aspect encompasses characteristics like gender, age, nationality, and ethnicity. The second aspect consists of the life experiences of the professional. The third involves character traits related to resilience and virtues. The fourth aspect, worldview, is formed by the first three aspects and consists of the core beliefs and values of AHPs, paired with personal norms.
Discussion
These four aspects are visualized in a conceptual model that aims to make AHPs more aware of their own personal dimension, as well as the personal dimension of their colleagues intra- and interprofessionally. It is recommended that more research be carried out to examine how the personal dimension affects allied health practice.
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Lecours A, Baril N, Drolet MJ. What is Professionalism in Occupational Therapy? A Concept Analysis: Qu'est-ce que le professionnalisme en ergothérapie? Analyse de ce concept. Can J Occup Ther 2021; 88:117-130. [PMID: 33678035 PMCID: PMC8239974 DOI: 10.1177/0008417421994377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND. Professionalism has been given different definitions over time. These are, commonly theoretical and difficult to operationalize. PURPOSE. This study aimed to provide an operational definition of the concept of professionalism in occupational therapy. METHOD. Based on a concept analysis design, a meta-narrative review was conducted to extract information from 30 occupational therapy manuscripts. FINDINGS. Professionalism is a complex competence defined by the manifestation of distinct attitudes and behaviours that support excellence in the occupational therapy practice. In addition, professionalism is forged and evolves according to personal and environmental characteristics. The manifestation of professionalism can lead to positive consequences for occupational therapists, clients, and the discipline, notably contributing to a positive and strong professional identity. Moreover, professionalism is also subject to cultural influences, which leads to variations in its development, manifestations, and consequences. IMPLICATIONS. This study offers a contemporary operational definition of professionalism and levers to promote its development and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Lecours
- Alexandra Lecours, Université Laval, Pavillon Ferdinand Vandry, Département de readaptation, 1050 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec (Qc) G1V 0A6, Canada. E-mail:
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Wilbur K, Teunissen PW, Scheele F, Driessen EW. Team member expectations of trainee communicator and collaborator competencies - so shines a good deed in a weary world? MEDICAL TEACHER 2021; 43:531-537. [PMID: 33476215 DOI: 10.1080/0142159x.2021.1874325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Workplace-based assessment may be further optimized by drawing upon the perspectives of multiple assessors, including those outside the trainee's discipline. Interprofessional competencies like communication and collaboration are often considered suitable for team input. AIM We sought to characterize multidisciplinary expectations of communicator and collaborator competency roles. METHODS We adopted a constructivist grounded theory approach to explore perspectives of multidisciplinary team members on a clinical teaching unit. In semi-structured interviews, participants described expectations for competent collaboration and communication of trainees outside their own discipline. Data were analyzed to identify recurring themes, underlying concepts and their interactions using constant comparison. RESULTS Three main underlying perspectives influenced interprofessional characterization of competent communication and collaboration: (1) general expectations of best practice; (2) specific expectations of supportive practice; and (3) perceived commitment to teaching practice. However, participants seemingly judged trainees outside their discipline according to how competencies were exercised to advance their own professional patient care decision-making, with minimal attention to the trainee's specific skillset demonstrated. CONCLUSION While team members expressed commitment to supporting interprofessional competency development of trainees outside their discipline, service-oriented judgement of performance loomed large. The potential impact on the credibility of multidisciplinary sources for workplace-based assessment requires consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Wilbur
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Pim W Teunissen
- School of Health Professions Education, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Fedde Scheele
- Health Systems Innovation and Education, Amsterdam UMC and the Athena Institute of the VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik W Driessen
- School of Health Professions Education, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Fu YL, Yang CL, Yu SC, Lin YH, Hsu HP, Huang CM. Nursing Students' Perceptions of Menstrual Distress during Clinical Practice: A Q-Methodology Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18063160. [PMID: 33803905 PMCID: PMC8003260 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the cluster patterns of female nursing students’ perceptions of the effects of menstrual distress during clinical practice. This study adopted the Q-methodology study design. We recruited female nursing students from a college in northern Taiwan. Forty-seven Q-statements were constructed to explore participants’ experiences of the impact of menstrual distress on clinical learning. In total, 58 participants subjectively ranked Q-statements concerning menstrual distress experiences during clinical practice and were classified. After Q-sorting, the subjective ranking process PQ Method (version 2.35, Schmolck, Emmendingen, Germany) was employed for factor analysis. Four patterns of shared perspectives, accounting for 46.6% of the total variance, were identified: (a) influencing clinical learning and making good use of painkillers; (b) responsible attitudes and diversified relief of discomfort; (c) seeking peer support and effect on mood; (d) negative impact on learning ability and conservative self-care. Clinical practice is a major component of nursing education; menstrual distress affects female nursing students’ clinical learning and performance. The exploration of clustering different nursing students’ perceptions may facilitate customized strategies to enable more appropriate assistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Lin Fu
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (Y.-L.F.); (H.-P.H.)
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Ling Yang
- Department of Nursing, MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Shu-Chuan Yu
- Yonghe Cardinal Tien Hospital, New Taipei 231, Taiwan;
| | - Yun-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Nursing, Ching Kuo Institute of Management and Health, Keelung 203, Taiwan;
| | - Hsiao-Pei Hsu
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (Y.-L.F.); (H.-P.H.)
- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Chiu-Mieh Huang
- Institute of Clinical Nursing, College of Nursing, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Nursing, School of Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2826-7362
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Wyatt TR, Balmer D, Rockich-Winston N, Chow CJ, Richards J, Zaidi Z. 'Whispers and shadows': A critical review of the professional identity literature with respect to minority physicians. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2021; 55:148-158. [PMID: 33448459 DOI: 10.1111/medu.14295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Professional identity formation (PIF) is a growing area of research in medical education. However, it is unclear whether the present research base is suitable for understanding PIF in physicians considered to be under-represented in medicine (URM). This meta-ethnography examined the qualitative PIF literature from 2012 to 2019 to assess its capacity to shine light on the experiences of minoritised physicians. METHODS Data were gathered using a search of six well-known medical education journals for the term 'professional identit*' in titles, keywords, abstracts and subheadings, delineated with the date range of 2012-2019. All non-relevant abstracts were removed and papers were then further reduced to those that focused only on learners' experiences. This left 67 articles in the final dataset, which were analysed using a collaborative approach among a team of researchers. The team members used their professional expertise as qualitative researchers and personal experiences as minoritised individuals to synthesise and interpret the PIF literature. RESULTS Four conceptual categories were identified as impacting PIF: Individual versus Sociocultural Influences; the Formal versus the Hidden Curriculum; Institutional versus Societal Values; and Negotiation of Identity versus Dissonance in Identity. However, a major gap was identified; only one study explored experiences of PIF in URM physicians and there was an almost complete absence of critical stances used to study PIF. Combined, these findings suggest that PIF research is building on existing theories without questioning their validity with reference to minoritised physicians. CONCLUSIONS From a post-colonial perspective, the fact that race and ethnicity have been largely absent, invisible or considered irrelevant within PIF research is problematic. A new line of inquiry is needed, one that uses alternative frameworks, such as critical theory, to account for the ways in which power and domination influence PIF for URM physicians in order to foreground how larger sociohistorical issues influence and shape the identities of minoritised physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasha R Wyatt
- Educational Innovation Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dorene Balmer
- Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicole Rockich-Winston
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Candace J Chow
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Joslyn Richards
- Educational Innovation Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Zareen Zaidi
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Aylott LME, Tiffin PA, Brown S, Finn GM. Great expectations: views and perceptions of professionalism amongst mental health services staff, patients and carers. J Ment Health 2020; 31:139-146. [PMID: 32909854 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2020.1818195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have explored the concept of 'professionalism' in medicine, yet little attention has been paid to the concept in a mental health services context. AIMS This study sought to determine how the lived experience of patients, carers and healthcare professionals in mental health services align with medically defined, generic, professionalism standards. METHOD Interviews and focus groups were conducted with patients, carers, nurses, occupational therapists, psychiatrists and psychologists. A framework analysis approach was used to analyse the data, based on the 'Improving Selection to the Foundation Programmes' Professional Attributes Framework. RESULTS Fifty-six individuals participated. Data aligned to all nine attributes of the Professional Attributes Framework, however the expectations within each attribute varied from that originally cited. A tenth attribute was devised during the process of analysis; Working with Carers. This attribute acknowledges the need to liaise with, and support carers in mental health services. Situational examples included both online and offline behaviours and the topic of 'black humour' emerged. CONCLUSIONS Compared to a conventional medical definition of professionalism, additional themes and differing emphases were observed for mental health and learning disability services. These findings should be used to inform the teaching and evaluation of professionalism, especially for staff pursuing mental health service careers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M E Aylott
- Health Professions Education Unit, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, England
| | - Paul A Tiffin
- Health Professions Education Unit, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, England.,Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, England
| | - Sally Brown
- Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Gabrielle M Finn
- Health Professions Education Unit, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, England
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Abstract
The purpose of this study is to give clarity to the concept of professional identity, drawing from health-related fields to help provide a common language and understanding for research and practice. Professional identity, professionalism, professional socialization, and other related terms are often used without a clear definition or with conflicting definitions. This can lead to misunderstandings and assumptions that complicate research and confuse educators and professionals in guiding novice members. Concept analysis. Initially, 737 articles were identified by searching CINAHL, PubMed Central, Google Scholar, Academic Search Complete, PsyINFO, and SocINDEX for the period 2000 to 2019. Finally, 68 studies met the inclusion criteria, 60 of which are discussed in this concept analysis. This concept analysis uses the method described by Walker and Avant. This concept analysis clarifies the definition of professional identity, using literature from health and related professions, as containing the attributes: skills and functions; knowledge values and ethics; personal identity; group identity; and the influence of the context of care. A more clear definition of professional identity will help researchers to have more precision in their analyses and provide mentors and educators with a clear goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Fitzgerald
- School of Nursing, California State University, Long Beach, California
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15
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Professional decision-making in medicine: Development of a new measure and preliminary evidence of validity. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228450. [PMID: 32032394 PMCID: PMC7006897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study developed a new Professional Decision-Making in Medicine Measure that assesses the use of effective decision-making strategies: seek help, manage emotions, recognize consequences and rules, and test assumptions and motives. The aim was to develop a content valid measure and obtain initial evidence for construct validity so that the measure could be used in future research or educational assessment. Methods Clinical scenario-based items were developed based on a review of the literature and interviews with physicians. For each item, respondents are tasked with selecting two responses (out of six plausible options) that they would choose in that situation. Three of the six options reflect a decision-making strategy; these responses are scored as correct. Data were collected from a sample of 318 fourth-year medical students in the United States. They completed a 16-item version of the measure (Form A) and measures of social desirability, moral disengagement, and professionalism attitudes. Professionalism ratings from clerkships were also obtained. A sub-group (n = 63) completed a second 16-item measure (Form B) to pilot test the instrument, as two test forms are useful for pre-posttest designs. Results Scores on the new measure indicated that, on average, participants answered 75% of items correctly. Evidence for construct validity included the lack of correlation between scores on the measure and socially desirable responding, negative correlation with moral disengagement, and modest to low correlations with professionalism attitudes. A positive correlation was observed with a clerkship rating focused on professionalism in peer interactions. Conclusions These findings demonstrate modest proficiency in the use of decision-making strategies among fourth-year medical students. Additional research using the Professional Decision-Making Measure should explore scores among physicians in various career stages, and the causes and correlates of scores. Educators could utilize the measure to assess courses that teach decision-making strategies.
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Cusack L, Drioli-Phillips PG, Brown JA, Hunter S. Re-engaging Concepts of Professionalism to Inform Regulatory Practices in Nursing. JOURNAL OF NURSING REGULATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/s2155-8256(19)30144-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Aylott LME, Tiffin PA, Saad M, Llewellyn AR, Finn GM. Defining professionalism for mental health services: a rapid systematic review. J Ment Health 2018; 28:546-565. [PMID: 30501138 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2018.1521933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: Efforts have been made to define professionalism across the professions, yet little attention has been paid to the concept in mental health services, where patients' needs differ to that in other healthcare specialties. Aims: To derive a definition of professionalism for mental health services using the existing literature. Method: A rapid, systematic review was conducted to identify empirical and non-empirical records that described professionalism in a mental health service context from 2006 to 2017. Studies were synthesised narratively using thematic analysis. Results: Seventy records were included in the review. Professionalism was described on two levels; at a societal level, a dynamic social contract between professions and society, and; at an individual level, having intrapersonal, interpersonal, and working professionalism. Utilising emerging themes, an operationalised definition of professionalism, suitable for a mental health service context was derived. Conclusions: Within mental health services, emphasis is placed on the interpersonal aspects of practice such as communication skills, maintaining boundaries and humanity. Themes relating to the vulnerability of patients and the challenge of supporting autonomy and choice whilst maintaining safety and acting in a client's best interest are also evident. 'Practical wisdom' and a flexible approach to working are needed to manage these challenging situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M E Aylott
- Health Professions Education Unit, Hull York Medical School, University of York , York , UK
| | - Paul A Tiffin
- Health Professions Education Unit, Hull York Medical School, University of York , York , UK.,Department of Health Sciences, University of York , York , UK
| | - Mona Saad
- Health Professions Education Unit, Hull York Medical School, University of York , York , UK
| | | | - Gabrielle M Finn
- Health Professions Education Unit, Hull York Medical School, University of York , York , UK
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18
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Orienting to Medicine: Scripting Professionalism, Hierarchy, and Social Difference at the Start of Medical School. Cult Med Psychiatry 2018; 42:654-683. [PMID: 29687188 DOI: 10.1007/s11013-018-9580-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Nascent medical students' first view into medical school orients them toward what is considered important in medicine. Based on ethnography conducted over 18 months at a New England medical school, this article explores themes which emerged during a first-year student orientation and examines how these scripts resurface across a four-year curriculum, revealing dynamics of enculturation into an institution and the broader profession. We analyze orientation activities as discursive and embodied fields which serve "practical" purposes of making new social geographies familiar, but which also frame institutional values surrounding "soft" aspects of medicine: professionalism; dynamics of hierarchy and vulnerability; and social difference. By examining orientation and connecting these insights to later, discerning educational moments, we argue that orientation reveals tensions between the overt and hidden curricula within medical education, including what being a good doctor means. Our findings are based on data from semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and participant-observation in didactic and clinical settings. This article answers calls within medical anthropology and medical education literature to recognize implicit values at play in producing physicians, unearthing ethnographically how these values are learned longitudinally via persisting gaps between formal and hidden curricula. Assumptions hidden in plain sight call for ongoing medical education reform.
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Noble LM, Scott-Smith W, O'Neill B, Salisbury H. Consensus statement on an updated core communication curriculum for UK undergraduate medical education. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2018; 101:1712-1719. [PMID: 29706382 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Clinical communication is a core component of undergraduate medical training. A consensus statement on the essential elements of the communication curriculum was co-produced in 2008 by the communication leads of UK medical schools. This paper discusses the relational, contextual and technological changes which have affected clinical communication since then and presents an updated curriculum for communication in undergraduate medicine. METHOD The consensus was developed through an iterative consultation process with the communication leads who represent their medical schools on the UK Council of Clinical Communication in Undergraduate Medical Education. RESULTS The updated curriculum defines the underpinning values, core components and skills required within the context of contemporary medical care. It incorporates the evolving relational issues associated with the more prominent role of the patient in the consultation, reflected through legal precedent and changing societal expectations. The impact on clinical communication of the increased focus on patient safety, the professional duty of candour and digital medicine are discussed. CONCLUSION Changes in the way medicine is practised should lead rapidly to adjustments to the content of curricula. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS The updated curriculum provides a model of best practice to help medical schools develop their teaching and argue for resources.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wesley Scott-Smith
- Division of Medical Education, Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | | | - Helen Salisbury
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Schwartz A, Ruble M, Sellers KC, Rodriguez-Snapp N, Hill A, Tipparaju S. Incorporation of Professionalism Expectations and Evaluative Processes Within a College of Pharmacy. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION 2018; 82:6478. [PMID: 30013245 PMCID: PMC6041487 DOI: 10.5688/ajpe6478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To determine professionalism factors of interest to the University of South Florida (USF) College of Pharmacy (COP) and develop a programmatic plan to monitor the professionalization of students, faculty, preceptors and staff. Methods. In 2013, the USF COP began investigating how best to incorporate processes to capture professionalism across all aspects of the program. A Professionalism Task Force was convened to identify key professionalism factors valued by faculty and preceptors to be incorporated in pharmacy practice experiences, didactic courses, faculty, and preceptor performance evaluations. A factor analysis was performed to identify items for inclusion in professional practice experience evaluations, course syllabi, faculty, preceptor and staff evaluations. Results. The analysis identified 11 factors for practice experiences, three for syllabi, and five for performance evaluations. The information from the factor analysis spurred additional discussion that led to the development of a programmatic plan for professionalization. Conclusion. A brief description of the programmatic professionalization plan is provided, including possible assessment processes. The goal of this endeavor was to ensure appropriate support and development of professionalization across the COP community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Schwartz
- University of South Florida College of Pharmacy, Tampa, Florida
| | - Melissa Ruble
- University of South Florida College of Pharmacy, Tampa, Florida
| | - Kevin C Sellers
- University of South Florida College of Pharmacy, Tampa, Florida
| | | | - Angela Hill
- University of South Florida College of Pharmacy, Tampa, Florida
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Graduating student nurses' and student podiatrists' wound care competence - An integrative literature review. Nurse Educ Pract 2017; 29:1-7. [PMID: 29136543 DOI: 10.1016/j.nepr.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this literature review is to describe graduating student nurses' and student podiatrists' wound care competence. This integrative literature review has been conducted with a systematic search process. Original studies were analysed by qualitative content analysis with the following stages: open coding, creating categories and abstraction. The literature search was conducted on May 2016 and reconducted on October 2016 using the Medline/Pubmed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus and National Medic databases and 12 original studies were found. All the studies addressed graduating student nurses' wound care competence. According to original studies, graduating student nurses' wound care competence was inadequate. However, the students showed a positive attitude towards wound care. Subthemes of this literature review were: 1) Wound care knowledge, 2) Attitudes towards wound care, 3) Wound care preparedness and 4) Wound care education which created the main theme Graduating nurses' wound care competence. No studies were found about graduating student podiatrists' wound care competence. Graduating student nurses' wound care knowledge was deficient. Wound care education seemed to have a positive relation to students' wound care competence. The findings indicate that more information about graduating student nurses', and especially graduating podiatrists', wound care competence is needed.
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Kärreman D, Levay C. The interplay of text, meaning and practice: methodological considerations on discourse analysis in medical education. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2017; 51:72-80. [PMID: 27981655 DOI: 10.1111/medu.13212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The study of discourses (i.e. verbal interactions or written accounts) is increasingly used in social sciences to gain insight into issues connected to discourse, such as meanings, behaviours and actions. This paper situates discourse analysis in medical education, based on a framework developed in organisational discourse analysis and widely deployed in other social science disciplines. OBJECTIVES This paper aims to examine the constructs of 'discourse' and 'discourse analysis', and how various understandings of discourse and discourse analysis may play out in empirical and analytical settings, with a particular focus on the field of medical education. METHODS The study is based on a literature analysis of discourse analysis approaches published in Medical Education. RESULTS Findings suggest that empirical studies through discourse analysis can be heuristically understood in terms of the links between text, practices and meaning. CONCLUSIONS Discourse analysis provides a more strongly supported argument when it is possible to defend claims on three levels: practice, using observational data; meaning, using ethnographic data, and text, using conversational and textual data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Kärreman
- Department of Intercultural Communication and Management, Copenhagen Business School, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of School of Management, Faculty of Royal Holloway, Royal Holloway University of London, London, UK
| | - Charlotta Levay
- Department of Business Administration, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
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Brandling J, Rhys M, Thomas M, Voss S, Davies SE, Benger J. An exploration of the views of paramedics regarding airway management. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 2016; 24:56. [PMID: 27121111 PMCID: PMC4847260 DOI: 10.1186/s13049-016-0243-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paramedics are a skilled group of clinicians with expertise in airway management. Our research group has completed a trial comparing supraglottic airway devices with tracheal intubation during out of hospital cardiac arrest. This is a contentious topic amongst paramedics in the United Kingdom (UK). We explored the customs and beliefs of UK paramedics in relation to airway management, and whether tracheal intubation contributes to and sustains paramedic professional identity. METHODS The study took place within South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust. We used a qualitative approach, conducting interviews and focus groups with paramedics. The themes arising from interviews were discussed in focus groups, developing a deeper understanding and providing insight and recommendations for future research and policy. Purposive sampling accounted for differing training and for participation in the main trial. There were 17interviews and five focus groups with a further 17 participants. Data saturation was achieved. RESULTS Four domains were identified. Pride - The ability to use a life-saving skill in austere conditions. Utility - Different training routes and experience have led to different attitudes towards airway management. Inconsistent expectations - Paramedics felt that there were different perceptions of their abilities amongst hospital staff and the general public. Professionalization - Debate over airway management is not founded on good evidence. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated that UK paramedics have a wide range of views regarding airway management, and that these are based on evidence and experience rather than dogma. Airway management contributes to paramedics' professional identity, but is not reliant on this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Brandling
- Department of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Megan Rhys
- Research Paramedic, South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Matthew Thomas
- Anaesthesia and Critical Care, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK.
| | - Sarah Voss
- Department of Health and Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Jonathan Benger
- Emergency Care, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
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Chandratilake M. From the professionalism of a profession to the professionalism of a multiprofessional team. MEDICAL EDUCATION 2014; 48:345-347. [PMID: 24606616 DOI: 10.1111/medu.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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