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Elliott TL, Spalink D, Larridon I, Zuntini AR, Escudero M, Hackel J, Barrett RL, Martín-Bravo S, Márquez-Corro JI, Granados Mendoza C, Mashau AC, Romero-Soler KJ, Zhigila DA, Gehrke B, Andrino CO, Crayn DM, Vorontsova MS, Forest F, Baker WJ, Wilson KL, Simpson DA, Muasya AM. Global analysis of Poales diversification - parallel evolution in space and time into open and closed habitats. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:727-743. [PMID: 38009920 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Poales are one of the most species-rich, ecologically and economically important orders of plants and often characterise open habitats, enabled by unique suites of traits. We test six hypotheses regarding the evolution and assembly of Poales in open and closed habitats throughout the world, and examine whether diversification patterns demonstrate parallel evolution. We sampled 42% of Poales species and obtained taxonomic and biogeographic data from the World Checklist of Vascular Plants database, which was combined with open/closed habitat data scored by taxonomic experts. A dated supertree of Poales was constructed. We integrated spatial phylogenetics with regionalisation analyses, historical biogeography and ancestral state estimations. Diversification in Poales and assembly of open and closed habitats result from dynamic evolutionary processes that vary across lineages, time and space, most prominently in tropical and southern latitudes. Our results reveal parallel and recurrent patterns of habitat and trait transitions in the species-rich families Poaceae and Cyperaceae. Smaller families display unique and often divergent evolutionary trajectories. The Poales have achieved global dominance via parallel evolution in open habitats, with notable, spatially and phylogenetically restricted divergences into strictly closed habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy L Elliott
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa
| | - Daniel Spalink
- Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, TX, 77843-2258, USA
| | - Isabel Larridon
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK
- Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Lab, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | | | - Marcial Escudero
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Reina Mercedes 6, Seville, 41012, Spain
| | - Jan Hackel
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK
- Department of Biology, University of Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Russell L Barrett
- National Herbarium of New South Wales, Botanic Gardens of Sydney, Australian Botanic Garden, Locked Bag 6002, Mount Annan, NSW, 2567, Australia
| | - Santiago Martín-Bravo
- Botany Area, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, ctra. de Utrera km 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Márquez-Corro
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK
- Botany Area, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemical Engineering, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, ctra. de Utrera km 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Carolina Granados Mendoza
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Aluoneswi C Mashau
- Foundational Research and Services, South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI), Private Bag X101, Pretoria, 0184, South Africa
| | - Katya J Romero-Soler
- Departamento de Botánica, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Daniel A Zhigila
- Department of Botany, Gombe State University, Tudun Wada, Gombe, 760001, Nigeria
| | - Berit Gehrke
- Universitetet i Bergen, Universitetsmuseet, Postboks 7800, NO-5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Caroline Oliveira Andrino
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, CEP 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Darren M Crayn
- Sir Robert Norman Building (E2), James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, QLD, 4870, Australia
| | | | - Félix Forest
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK
| | | | - Karen L Wilson
- National Herbarium of New South Wales, Botanic Gardens of Sydney, Australian Botanic Garden, Locked Bag 6002, Mount Annan, NSW, 2567, Australia
| | - David A Simpson
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK
- Botany Department, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College, The University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - A Muthama Muasya
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa
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Yuan Y, Gao Y. Lilium liangiae, a new species in the genus Lilium (Liliaceae) that reveals parallel evolution within morphology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1371237. [PMID: 38601309 PMCID: PMC11004424 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1371237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The former genus Nomocharis, which has been merged as a clade within the genus Lilium (Liliaceae), represents one of the most complicated and unclear groups included in the latter. Research on members of the Nomocharis clade has been quite limited due to the sampling difficulties caused by its selective environmental preferences. In this study, we propose a new species within this clade, Lilium liangiae, as a further bridge connecting the former genus Nomocharis with other members of the genus Lilium. We conducted morphological clustering, phylogenetic, and comparative genomics analyses of nuclear internal spacers and the newly generated complete chloroplast genome, in conjunction with previously published sequences, and performed ancestral state reconstruction to clarify the evolutionary pattern of important traits in Lilium. The clustering results of 38 morphological traits indicated that the new species is allied to Nomocharis, further increasing the morphological polymorphism in the latter. The phylogenetic results and morphological clustering both supported L. liangiae belonging to the subclade Ecristata in Nomocharis, its closest affinity being Lilium gongshanense. Inconsistencies in phylogenetic relationships were detected between nuclear and plastid datasets, possibly due to ancient hybridization and ongoing introgression. Comparative genomics revealed the conservation and similarity of their chloroplast genomes, with variations observed in the expansion and contraction of the IR regions. A/T and palindromic repeat sequences were the most abundant. Seven highly variable regions (Pi≥0.015) were identified as potential molecular markers based on the chloroplast genomes of 47 species within Lilium. Both nuclear and plastid genes exhibited very low variability within the Nomocharis clade, contrasting with their highly variable morphological appearance. The ancestral state reconstruction analysis suggests that the campanulate flower form, as in L. liangiae, arose at least three times within the genus Lilium, revealing parallel evolution in the latter. Overall, this study adds important genetic and morphological evidence for understanding the phylogenetic relationships and parallel evolution patterns of species within the genus Lilium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yundong Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Fu PC, Twyford AD, Hao YT, Zhang Y, Chen SL, Sun SS. Hybridization and divergent climatic preferences drive divergence of two allopatric Gentiana species on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:1271-1288. [PMID: 37963010 PMCID: PMC10902892 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Exploring how species diverge is vital for understanding the drivers of speciation. Factors such as geographical separation and ecological selection, hybridization, polyploidization and shifts in mating system are all major mechanisms of plant speciation, but their contributions to divergence are rarely well understood. Here we test these mechanisms in two plant species, Gentiana lhassica and G. hoae, with the goal of understanding recent allopatric species divergence on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). METHODS We performed Bayesian clustering, phylogenetic analysis and estimates of hybridization using 561 302 nuclear genomic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We performed redundancy analysis, and identified and annotated species-specific SNPs (ssSNPs) to explore the association between climatic preference and genetic divergence. We also estimated genome sizes using flow cytometry to test for overlooked polyploidy. KEY RESULTS Genomic evidence confirms that G. lhassica and G. hoae are closely related but distinct species, while genome size estimates show divergence occurred without polyploidy. Gentiana hoae has significantly higher average FIS values than G. lhassica. Population clustering based on genomic SNPs shows no signature of recent hybridization, but each species is characterized by a distinct history of hybridization with congeners that has shaped genome-wide variation. Gentiana lhassica has captured the chloroplast and experienced introgression with a divergent gentian species, while G. hoae has experienced recurrent hybridization with related taxa. Species distribution modelling suggested range overlap in the Last Interglacial Period, while redundancy analysis showed that precipitation and temperature are the major climatic differences explaining the separation of the species. The species differ by 2993 ssSNPs, with genome annotation showing missense variants in genes involved in stress resistance. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the distinctiveness of these species on the QTP is driven by a combination of hybridization, geographical isolation, mating system differences and evolution of divergent climatic preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Cheng Fu
- School of Life Science, Luoyang Normal University, 6 Jiqing Road, Luoyang 471934, P. R. China
| | - Alex D Twyford
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, UK
| | - Yu-Tong Hao
- School of Life Science, Luoyang Normal University, 6 Jiqing Road, Luoyang 471934, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Life Science, Luoyang Normal University, 6 Jiqing Road, Luoyang 471934, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 810001 Xining, P. R. China
| | - Shan-Shan Sun
- School of Life Science, Luoyang Normal University, 6 Jiqing Road, Luoyang 471934, P. R. China
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Barnbrook M, Durán‐Castillo M, Critchley J, Wilson Y, Twyford A, Hudson A. Recent parallel speciation in Antirrhinum involved complex haplotypes and multiple adaptive characters. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:5305-5322. [PMID: 37602497 PMCID: PMC10947308 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
A role of ecological adaptation in speciation can be obscured by stochastic processes and differences that species accumulate after genetic isolation. One way to identify adaptive characters and their underlying genes is to study cases of speciation involving parallel adaptations. Recently resolved phylogenies reveal that alpine morphology has evolved in parallel in the genus Antirrhinum (snapdragons): first in an early split of an alpine from a lowland lineage and, more recently, from within the lowland lineage to produce closely related sympatric species with contrasting alpine and lowland forms. Here, we find that two of these later diverged sympatric species are differentiated by only around 2% of nuclear loci. Though showing evidence of recent gene flow, the species remain distinct for a suite of morphological characters typical of earlier-diverged alpine or lowland lineages and their morphologies correlate with features of the local landscape, as expected of ecological adaptations. Morphological differences between the two species involve multiple, unlinked genes so that parental character combinations are readily broken up by recombination in hybrids. We detect little evidence for post-pollination barriers to gene flow or recombination, suggesting that genetic isolation related to ecological adaptation is important in maintaining character combinations and might have contributed to parallel speciation. We also find evidence that genes involved in the earlier alpine-lowland split were reused in parallel evolution of alpine species, consistent with introgressive hybridisation, and speculate that many non-ecological barriers to gene flow might have been purged during the process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jo Critchley
- University of Edinburgh School of Biological SciencesEdinburghUK
| | - Yvette Wilson
- University of Edinburgh School of Biological SciencesEdinburghUK
| | - Alex Twyford
- University of Edinburgh School of Biological SciencesEdinburghUK
- Royal Botanic Garden EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Andrew Hudson
- University of Edinburgh School of Biological SciencesEdinburghUK
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Lu WX, Hu XY, Wang ZZ, Rao GY. Hyb-Seq provides new insights into the phylogeny and evolution of the Chrysanthemum zawadskii species complex in China. Cladistics 2022; 38:663-683. [PMID: 35766338 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A species complex is an assemblage of closely related species with blurred boundaries, and from which species could arise from different speciation processes and/or a speciation continuum. Such a complex can provide an opportunity to investigate evolutionary mechanisms acting on speciation. The Chrysanthemum zawadskii species complex in China, a monophyletic group of Chrysanthemum, consists of seven species with considerable morphological variation, diverse habitats and different distribution patterns. Here, we used Hyb-Seq data to construct a well-resolved phylogeny of the C. zawadskii complex. Then, we performed comparative analyses of variation patterns in morphology, ecology and distribution to investigate the roles of geography and ecology in this complex's diversification. Lastly, we implemented divergence time estimation, species distribution modelling and ancestral area reconstruction to trace the evolutionary history of this complex. We concluded that the C. zawadskii complex originated in the Qinling-Daba mountains during the early Pliocene and then spread west and northward along the mountain ranges to northern China. During this process, geographical and ecological factors imposing different influences resulted in the current diversification and distribution patterns of this species complex, which is composed of both well-diverged species and diverging lineages on the path of speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xun Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Ying Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Zhao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Yuan Rao
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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6
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Valderrama E, Landis JB, Skinner D, Maas PJM, Maas-van de Kramer H, André T, Grunder N, Sass C, Pinilla-Vargas M, Guan CJ, Phillips HR, de Almeida AMR, Specht CD. The genetic mechanisms underlying the convergent evolution of pollination syndromes in the Neotropical radiation of Costus L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:874322. [PMID: 36161003 PMCID: PMC9493542 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.874322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Selection together with variation in floral traits can act to mold floral form, often driven by a plant's predominant or most effective pollinators. To investigate the evolution of traits associated with pollination, we developed a phylogenetic framework for evaluating tempo and mode of pollination shifts across the genus Costus L., known for its evolutionary toggle between traits related to bee and bird pollination. Using a target enrichment approach, we obtained 957 loci for 171 accessions to expand the phylogenetic sampling of Neotropical Costus. In addition, we performed whole genome resequencing for a subset of 20 closely related species with contrasting pollination syndromes. For each of these 20 genomes, a high-quality assembled transcriptome was used as reference for consensus calling of candidate loci hypothesized to be associated with pollination-related traits of interest. To test for the role these candidate genes may play in evolutionary shifts in pollinators, signatures of selection were estimated as dN/dS across the identified candidate loci. We obtained a well-resolved phylogeny for Neotropical Costus despite conflict among gene trees that provide evidence of incomplete lineage sorting and/or reticulation. The overall topology and the network of genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) indicate that multiple shifts in pollination strategy have occurred across Costus, while also suggesting the presence of previously undetected signatures of hybridization between distantly related taxa. Traits related to pollination syndromes are strongly correlated and have been gained and lost in concert several times throughout the evolution of the genus. The presence of bract appendages is correlated with two traits associated with defenses against herbivory. Although labellum shape is strongly correlated with overall pollination syndrome, we found no significant impact of labellum shape on diversification rates. Evidence suggests an interplay of pollination success with other selective pressures shaping the evolution of the Costus inflorescence. Although most of the loci used for phylogenetic inference appear to be under purifying selection, many candidate genes associated with functional traits show evidence of being under positive selection. Together these results indicate an interplay of phylogenetic history with adaptive evolution leading to the diversification of pollination-associated traits in Neotropical Costus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Valderrama
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Jacob B. Landis
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- BTI Computational Biology Center, Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Dave Skinner
- Le Jardin Ombragé, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Paul J. M. Maas
- Section Botany, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Thiago André
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Nikolaus Grunder
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA, United States
| | - Chodon Sass
- University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | - Maria Pinilla-Vargas
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Clarice J. Guan
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Heather R. Phillips
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | | | - Chelsea D. Specht
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology and the L.H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Bhargav VV, Freeland JR, Dorken ME. Evidence of hybrid breakdown among invasive hybrid cattails (Typha × glauca). Heredity (Edinb) 2022; 129:195-201. [PMID: 35933492 PMCID: PMC9411187 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-022-00557-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Interspecific hybridization has varied consequences for offspring fitness, with implications for the maintenance of species integrity. Hybrid vigour, when it occurs, can peak in first-generation (F1) hybrids and then decline in advanced-generation (F2+) hybrids. This hybrid breakdown, together with the processes affecting patterns of hybridization and hybrid fitness, determine the evolutionary stability of hybrid zones. An extensive hybrid zone in North America involving the cattails Typha latifolia, T. angustifolia, and their invasive hybrid T. × glauca is characterized by hybrid vigour among F1s, but the fitness of advanced-generation hybrids has not been studied. We compared seed germination and plant growth of T. latifolia (parental L), F1 T. × glauca (F1), hybrid backcrosses to T. angustifolia (bcA) and T. latifolia (bcL), and advanced-generation (F2) hybrids. Consistent with expectations under hybrid breakdown, we found reduced plant growth for F2 hybrids in comparison with F1s (plant height and above-ground biomass) and parental Ls (above-ground biomass). Backcrossed hybrids had intermediate measures of plant growth and bcLs were characterized by reduced seed germination in comparison with parental Ls. Hybrid breakdown could make the formation of F1s in North America finite because (1) hybridization among cattails is asymmetric, with T. angustifolia but not T. latifolia subject to genetic swamping, and (2) T. angustifolia is less common and subject to competitive displacement by F1s. Hybrid breakdown is therefore expected to reduce hybrid frequencies over time, contributing to the long-term maintenance of T. latifolia - the only native cattail in the study region.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Vikram Bhargav
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Joanna R Freeland
- Department of Biology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Marcel E Dorken
- Department of Biology, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada.
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Toji T, Hirota SK, Ishimoto N, Suyama Y, Itino T. Intraspecific independent evolution of floral spur length in response to local flower visitor size in Japanese Aquilegia in different mountain regions. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8668. [PMID: 35261751 PMCID: PMC8888250 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Geographic differences in floral traits may reflect geographic differences in effective pollinator assemblages. Independent local adaptation to pollinator assemblages in multiple regions would be expected to cause parallel floral trait evolution, although sufficient evidence for this is still lacking. Knowing the intraspecific evolutionary history of floral traits will reveal events that occur in the early stages of trait diversification. In this study, we investigated the relationship between flower spur length and pollinator size in 16 populations of Aquilegia buergeriana var. buergeriana distributed in four mountain regions in the Japanese Alps. We also examined the genetic relationship between yellow- and red-flowered individuals, to see if color differences caused genetic differentiation by pollinator isolation. Genetic relationships among 16 populations were analyzed based on genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Even among populations within the same mountain region, pollinator size varied widely, and the average spur length of A. buergeriana var. buergeriana in each population was strongly related to the average visitor size of that population. Genetic relatedness between populations was not related to the similarity of spur length between populations; rather, it was related to the geographic proximity of populations in each mountain region. Our results indicate that spur length in each population evolved independently of the population genetic structure but in parallel in response to local flower visitor size in different mountain regions. Further, yellow- and red-flowered individuals of A. buergeriana var. buergeriana were not genetically differentiated. Unlike other Aquilegia species in Europe and America visited by hummingbirds and hawkmoths, the Japanese Aquilegia species is consistently visited by bumblebees. As a result, genetic isolation by flower color may not have occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa Toji
- Graduate School of Medicine, Science and TechnologyShinshu UniversityMatsumotoJapan
| | - Shun K. Hirota
- Field Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTohoku UniversityOsakiJapan
| | | | - Yoshihisa Suyama
- Field Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural ScienceTohoku UniversityOsakiJapan
| | - Takao Itino
- Faculty of ScienceShinshu UniversityMatsumotoJapan
- Department of Biology and Institute of Mountain ScienceShinshu UniversityMatsumotoJapan
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Gibert A, Marin S, Mouginot P, Archambeau J, Illes M, Ollivier G, Gandara A, Pujol B. Non-reproducible signals of adaptation to elevation between open and understorey microhabitats in snapdragon plants. J Evol Biol 2021; 35:322-332. [PMID: 34897875 PMCID: PMC9299861 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Experimental studies on local adaptation rarely investigate how different environmental variables might modify signals of adaptation or maladaptation. In plant common garden experiments, signals of adaptation or maladaptation to elevation are usually investigated in open habitats under full light. However, most plants inhabit heterogeneous habitats where environmental conditions differ. Understorey microhabitats are common and differ in terms of tree shade, temperature, water availability, microbiota, allelochemicals etc. Germination is a fitness-related trait of major importance for the adaptation of plants to contrasted climate conditions. It is affected by shade in snapdragon plants (Antirrhinum majus) and many other plant species. Here, we tested for the reproducibility of signals extrapolated from germination results between open and understorey microhabitats in two parapatric snapdragon plant subspecies (A. m. striatum and A. m. pseudomajus) characterized by a similar elevation range by using common garden experiments at different elevations. Signals observed under one microhabitat systematically differed in the other. Most scenarios could be inferred, with signals either shifting, appearing or disappearing between different environments. Our findings imply that caution should be taken when extrapolating the evolutionary significance of these types of experimental signals because they are not stable from one local environmental condition to the next. Forecasting the ability of plants to adapt to environmental changes based on common garden and reciprocal transplant experiments must account for the multivariate nature of the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Gibert
- PSL Université Paris, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan Cedex, France
| | - Sara Marin
- PSL Université Paris, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan Cedex, France.,Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, CNRS, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierick Mouginot
- PSL Université Paris, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan Cedex, France
| | | | - Morgane Illes
- Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, CNRS, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Gabriel Ollivier
- Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, CNRS, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Alice Gandara
- Laboratoire Évolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB UMR 5174), Université Fédérale de Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, CNRS, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Benoit Pujol
- PSL Université Paris, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan, Perpignan Cedex, France
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