1
|
Thapa A, Hasan MR, Kabir AH. Trichoderma afroharzianum T22 Induces Rhizobia and Flavonoid-Driven Symbiosis to Promote Tolerance to Alkaline Stress in Garden Pea. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2025. [PMID: 40298200 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2025] [Accepted: 04/17/2025] [Indexed: 04/30/2025]
Abstract
Soil alkalinity is a limiting factor for crops, yet the role of beneficial fungi in mitigating this abiotic stress in garden pea is understudied. In this study, Trichoderma afroharzianum T22 colonised the roots of garden pea cultivars exposed to soil alkalinity in a host-specific manner. In alkaline-exposed Sugar Snap, T22 improved growth parameters, consistent with increased tissue mineral content, particularly Fe and Mn, as well as enhanced rhizosphere siderophore levels. The split-root assay demonstrated that the beneficial effects of T22 on alkaline stress mitigation are the result of a whole-plant association rather than localised root-specific effects. RNA-seq analysis showed 575 and 818 differentially expressed genes upregulated and downregulated in the roots inoculated with T22 under alkaline conditions. The upregulated genes were mostly involved in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway (monooxygenase activity, ammonia-lyase activity, 4-coumarate-CoA ligase), along with genes related to mineral transport and redox homoeostasis. Further, a flavonoid precursor restored plant health even in the absence of T22, confirming the role of microbial symbiosis in mitigating alkaline stress. Interestingly, T22 restored the abundance of rhizobia, particularly Rhizobium leguminosarum and Rhizobium indicum, along with the induction of NifA, NifD, and NifH in nodules, suggesting a connection between T22 and rhizobia under soil alkalinity. Further, the elevated rhizosphere siderophore, root flavonoid, expression of PsCoA (4-coumarate-CoA ligase) as well as the relative abundance of TaAOX1 and R. leguminosarum diminished when T22 was substituted with exogenous Fe. This suggests that exogenous Fe eliminates the need for microbiome-driven mineral mobilisation, while T22-mediated alkaline stress mitigation depends on flavonoid-driven symbiosis and R. leguminosarum abundance. It was further supported by the positive interaction of T22 on R. leguminosarum growth in alkaline media. Thus, the beneficial effect of T22 on rhizobia likely stems from their interactions, not solely from the improved mineral status, particularly Fe, in plants. This study provides the first mechanistic insights into T22 interactions with host and rhizobia, advancing microbiome strategies to alleviate soil alkalinity in peas and other legumes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asha Thapa
- School of Sciences, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, USA
| | - Md Rokibul Hasan
- School of Sciences, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ahmad H Kabir
- School of Sciences, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tan X, Wang D, Zhang X, Zheng S, Jia X, Liu H, Liu Z, Yang H, Dai H, Chen X, Qian Z, Wang R, Ma M, Zhang P, Yu N, Wang E. A pair of LysM receptors mediates symbiosis and immunity discrimination in Marchantia. Cell 2025; 188:1330-1348.e27. [PMID: 39855200 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 12/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2025]
Abstract
Most land plants form symbioses with microbes to acquire nutrients but also must restrict infection by pathogens. Here, we show that a single pair of lysin-motif-containing receptor-like kinases, MpaLYR and MpaCERK1, mediates both immunity and symbiosis in the liverwort Marchantia paleacea. MpaLYR has a higher affinity for long-chain (CO7) versus short-chain chitin oligomers (CO4). Although both CO7 and CO4 can activate symbiosis-related genes, CO7 triggers stronger immune responses than CO4 in a dosage-dependent manner. CO4 can inhibit CO7-induced strong immune responses, recapitulating the early response to inoculation with the symbiont arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. We show that phosphate starvation of plants increases their production of strigolactone, which stimulates CO4/CO5 secretion from mycorrhizal fungi, thereby prioritizing symbiosis over immunity. Thus, a single pair of LysM receptors mediates dosage-dependent perception of different chitin oligomers to discern symbiotic and pathogenic microbes in M. paleacea, which may facilitate terrestrialization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinhang Tan
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Dapeng Wang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shuang Zheng
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xiaojie Jia
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Zilin Liu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Hao Yang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Huiling Dai
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xi Chen
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Zhixin Qian
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Ran Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Miaolian Ma
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Nan Yu
- College of Life and Environment Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Ertao Wang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Plant Carbon Capture, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; School of Life Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
He J, Huang R, Xie X. A gap in the recognition of two mycorrhizal factors: new insights into two LysM-type mycorrhizal receptors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1418699. [PMID: 39372858 PMCID: PMC11452846 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1418699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are crucial components of the plant microbiota and can form symbioses with 72% of land plants. Researchers have long known that AM symbioses have dramatic effects on plant performance and also provide multiple ecological services in terrestrial environments. The successful establishment of AM symbioses relies on the host plant recognition of the diffusible mycorrhizal (Myc) factors, lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) and chitooligosaccharides (COs). Among them, the short-chain COs such as CO4/5 secreted by AM fungi are the major Myc factors in COs. In this review, we summarize current advances, develop the concept of mycorrhizal biceptor complex (double receptor complexes for Myc-LCOs and CO4/5 in the same plant), and provide a perspective on the future development of mycorrhizal receptors. First, we focus on the distinct perception of two Myc factors by different host plant species, highlighting the essential role of Lysin-Motif (LysM)-type mycorrhizal receptors in perceiving them. Second, we propose the underlying molecular mechanisms by which LysM-type mycorrhizal receptors in various plants recognize both the Myc-LCOs and -COs. Finally, we explore future prospects for studies on the biceptor complex (Myc-LCO and -CO receptors) in dicots to facilitate the utilization of them in cereal crops (particularly in modern cultivated rice). In conclusion, our understanding of the precise perception processes during host plant interacting with AM fungi, where LysM-type mycorrhizal receptors act as recruiters, provides the tools to design biotechnological applications addressing agricultural challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junliang He
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Renliang Huang
- National Engineering Research Center of Rice, Key Laboratory of Rice Physiology and Genetics of Jiangxi Province, Rice Research Institute, Jiangxi Academy of Agriculture Science, Nanchang, China
| | - Xianan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Somoza SC, Bonfante P, Giovannetti M. Breaking barriers: improving time and space resolution of arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis with single-cell sequencing approaches. Biol Direct 2024; 19:67. [PMID: 39154166 PMCID: PMC11330620 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-024-00501-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The cell and molecular bases of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis, a crucial plant-fungal interaction for nutrient acquisition, have been extensively investigated by coupling traditional RNA sequencing techniques of roots sampled in bulk, with methods to capture subsets of cells such as laser microdissection. These approaches have revealed central regulators of this complex relationship, yet the requisite level of detail to effectively untangle the intricacies of temporal and spatial development remains elusive.The recent adoption of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) techniques in plant research is revolutionizing our ability to dissect the intricate transcriptional profiles of plant-microbe interactions, offering unparalleled insights into the diversity and dynamics of individual cells during symbiosis. The isolation of plant cells is particularly challenging due to the presence of cell walls, leading plant researchers to widely adopt nuclei isolation methods. Despite the increased resolution that single-cell analyses offer, it also comes at the cost of spatial perspective, hence, it is necessary the integration of these approaches with spatial transcriptomics to obtain a comprehensive overview.To date, few single-cell studies on plant-microbe interactions have been published, most of which provide high-resolution cell atlases that will become crucial for fully deciphering symbiotic interactions and addressing future questions. In AM symbiosis research, key processes such as the mutual recognition of partners during arbuscule development within cortical cells, or arbuscule senescence and degeneration, remain poorly understood, and these advancements are expected to shed light on these processes and contribute to a deeper understanding of this plant-fungal interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, 10125, Italy
| | - Marco Giovannetti
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, 35131, Italy.
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, 10125, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Daignan-Fornier S, Keita A, Boyer FD. Chemistry of Strigolactones, Key Players in Plant Communication. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400133. [PMID: 38607659 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Today, the use of artificial pesticides is questionable and the adaptation to global warming is a necessity. The promotion of favorable natural interactions in the rhizosphere offers interesting perspectives for changing the type of agriculture. Strigolactones (SLs), the latest class of phytohormones to be discovered, are also chemical mediators in the rhizosphere. We present in this review the diversity of natural SLs, their analogs, mimics, and probes essential for the biological studies of this class of compounds. Their biosynthesis and access by organic synthesis are highlighted especially concerning noncanonical SLs, the more recently discovered natural SLs. Organic synthesis of analogs, stable isotope-labeled standards, mimics, and probes are also reviewed here. In the last part, the knowledge about the SL perception is described as well as the different inhibitors of SL receptors that have been developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Daignan-Fornier
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Antoinette Keita
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - François-Didier Boyer
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Giovannetti M, Genre A. Plant-fungus symbiosis: One receptor to switch on the green light. Curr Biol 2024; 34:R507-R509. [PMID: 38772340 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhiza, an ancient symbiosis with soil fungi, support mineral nutrition in most plants. How roots recognize such symbiotic fungi has long been debated. Recent research identifies a Medicago truncatula receptor as a key player in triggering symbiont accommodation responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Giovannetti
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | - Andrea Genre
- Department of Life Science and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Giovannetti M, Binci F, Navazio L, Genre A. Fungal signals and calcium-mediated transduction pathways along the plant defence-symbiosis continuum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1404-1407. [PMID: 38659109 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
This article is a Commentary on Giovannetti et al., 241: 1393–1400.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Giovannetti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10125, Torino, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Filippo Binci
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorella Navazio
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Genre
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10125, Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Martin FM, Öpik M, Dickie IA. Mycorrhizal research now: from the micro- to the macro-scale. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:1399-1403. [PMID: 38659112 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Francis M Martin
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRAE Grand Est-Nancy, Champenoux, 54280, France
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Maarja Öpik
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, 50409, Estonia
| | - Ian A Dickie
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|