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Pellow C, Pichardo S, Pike GB. A systematic review of preclinical and clinical transcranial ultrasound neuromodulation and opportunities for functional connectomics. Brain Stimul 2024:S1935-861X(24)00103-7. [PMID: 38880207 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2024.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low-intensity transcranial ultrasound has surged forward as a non-invasive and disruptive tool for neuromodulation with applications in basic neuroscience research and the treatment of neurological and psychiatric conditions. OBJECTIVE To provide a comprehensive overview and update of preclinical and clinical transcranial low intensity ultrasound for neuromodulation and emphasize the emerging role of functional brain mapping to guide, better understand, and predict responses. METHODS A systematic review was conducted by searching the Web of Science and Scopus databases for studies on transcranial ultrasound neuromodulation, both in humans and animals. RESULTS 187 relevant studies were identified and reviewed, including 116 preclinical and 71 clinical reports with subjects belonging to diverse cohorts. Milestones of ultrasound neuromodulation are described within an overview of the broader landscape. General neural readouts and outcome measures are discussed, potential confounds are noted, and the emerging use of functional magnetic resonance imaging is highlighted. CONCLUSION Ultrasound neuromodulation has emerged as a powerful tool to study and treat a range of conditions and its combination with various neural readouts has significantly advanced this platform. In particular, the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging has yielded exciting inferences into ultrasound neuromodulation and has the potential to advance our understanding of brain function, neuromodulatory mechanisms, and ultimately clinical outcomes. It is anticipated that these preclinical and clinical trials are the first of many; that transcranial low intensity focused ultrasound, particularly in combination with functional magnetic resonance imaging, has the potential to enhance treatment for a spectrum of neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Pellow
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Samuel Pichardo
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - G Bruce Pike
- Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
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2
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Liu W, Gao T, Li N, Shao S, Liu B. Vesicle fusion and release in neurons under dynamic mechanical equilibrium. iScience 2024; 27:109793. [PMID: 38736547 PMCID: PMC11088343 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Vesicular fusion plays a pivotal role in cellular processes, involving stages like vesicle trafficking, fusion pore formation, content release, and membrane integration or separation. This dynamic process is regulated by a complex interplay of protein assemblies, osmotic forces, and membrane tension, which together maintain a mechanical equilibrium within the cell. Changes in cellular mechanics or external pressures prompt adjustments in this equilibrium, highlighting the system's adaptability. This review delves into the synergy between intracellular proteins, structural components, and external forces in facilitating vesicular fusion and release. It also explores how cells respond to mechanical stress, maintaining equilibrium and offering insights into vesicle fusion mechanisms and the development of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Liu
- Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang 110042, China
| | - Tianyu Gao
- Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang 110042, China
| | - Na Li
- Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang 110042, China
- Faculty of Medicine, Liaoning Key Lab of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Shuai Shao
- Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang 110042, China
- Faculty of Medicine, Liaoning Key Lab of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Cancer Hospital of Dalian University of Technology, Shenyang 110042, China
- Faculty of Medicine, Liaoning Key Lab of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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3
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Jagielnicki M, Kucharska I, Bennett BC, Harris AL, Yeager M. Connexin Gap Junction Channels and Hemichannels: Insights from High-Resolution Structures. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:298. [PMID: 38785780 PMCID: PMC11117596 DOI: 10.3390/biology13050298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Connexins (Cxs) are a family of integral membrane proteins, which function as both hexameric hemichannels (HCs) and dodecameric gap junction channels (GJCs), behaving as conduits for the electrical and molecular communication between cells and between cells and the extracellular environment, respectively. Their proper functioning is crucial for many processes, including development, physiology, and response to disease and trauma. Abnormal GJC and HC communication can lead to numerous pathological states including inflammation, skin diseases, deafness, nervous system disorders, and cardiac arrhythmias. Over the last 15 years, high-resolution X-ray and electron cryomicroscopy (cryoEM) structures for seven Cx isoforms have revealed conservation in the four-helix transmembrane (TM) bundle of each subunit; an αβ fold in the disulfide-bonded extracellular loops and inter-subunit hydrogen bonding across the extracellular gap that mediates end-to-end docking to form a tight seal between hexamers in the GJC. Tissue injury is associated with cellular Ca2+ overload. Surprisingly, the binding of 12 Ca2+ ions in the Cx26 GJC results in a novel electrostatic gating mechanism that blocks cation permeation. In contrast, acidic pH during tissue injury elicits association of the N-terminal (NT) domains that sterically blocks the pore in a "ball-and-chain" fashion. The NT domains under physiologic conditions display multiple conformational states, stabilized by protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions, which may relate to gating mechanisms. The cryoEM maps also revealed putative lipid densities within the pore, intercalated among transmembrane α-helices and between protomers, the functions of which are unknown. For the future, time-resolved cryoEM of isolated Cx channels as well as cryotomography of GJCs and HCs in cells and tissues will yield a deeper insight into the mechanisms for channel regulation. The cytoplasmic loop (CL) and C-terminal (CT) domains are divergent in sequence and length, are likely involved in channel regulation, but are not visualized in the high-resolution X-ray and cryoEM maps presumably due to conformational flexibility. We expect that the integrated use of synergistic physicochemical, spectroscopic, biophysical, and computational methods will reveal conformational dynamics relevant to functional states. We anticipate that such a wealth of results under different pathologic conditions will accelerate drug discovery related to Cx channel modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Jagielnicki
- The Phillip and Patricia Frost Institute for Chemistry and Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1201 Memorial Drive, Miami, FL 33146, USA; (M.J.); (I.K.)
| | - Iga Kucharska
- The Phillip and Patricia Frost Institute for Chemistry and Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1201 Memorial Drive, Miami, FL 33146, USA; (M.J.); (I.K.)
| | - Brad C. Bennett
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Howard College of Arts and Sciences, Samford University, Birmingham, AL 35229, USA;
| | - Andrew L. Harris
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Newark, NJ 07103, USA;
| | - Mark Yeager
- The Phillip and Patricia Frost Institute for Chemistry and Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, 1201 Memorial Drive, Miami, FL 33146, USA; (M.J.); (I.K.)
- The Phillip and Patricia Frost Institute for Chemistry and Molecular Science, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33146, USA
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4
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Duan X, Liu R, Xi Y, Tian Z. The mechanisms of exercise improving cardiovascular function by stimulating Piezo1 and TRP ion channels: a systemic review. Mol Cell Biochem 2024:10.1007/s11010-024-05000-5. [PMID: 38625513 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-024-05000-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Mechanosensitive ion channels are widely distributed in the heart, lung, bladder and other tissues, and plays an important role in exercise-induced cardiovascular function promotion. By reviewing the PubMed databases, the results were summarized using the terms "Exercise/Sport", "Piezo1", "Transient receptor potential (TRP)" and "Cardiovascular" as the keywords, 124-related papers screened were sorted and reviewed. The results showed that: (1) Piezo1 and TRP channels play an important role in regulating blood pressure and the development of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and cardiac fibrosis; (2) Exercise promotes cardiac health, inhibits the development of pathological heart to heart failure, regulating the changes in the characterization of Piezo1 and TRP channels; (3) Piezo1 activates downstream signaling pathways with very broad pathways, such as AKT/eNOS, NF-κB, p38MAPK and HIPPO-YAP signaling pathways. Piezo1 and Irisin regulate nuclear localization of YAP and are hypothesized to act synergistically to regulate tissue mechanical properties of the cardiovascular system and (4) The cardioprotective effects of exercise through the TRP family are mostly accomplished through Ca2+ and involve many signaling pathways. TRP channels exert their important cardioprotective effects by reducing the TRPC3-Nox2 complex and mediating Irisin-induced Ca2+ influx through TRPV4. It is proposed that exercise stimulates the mechanosensitive cation channel Piezo1 and TRP channels, which exerts cardioprotective effects. The activation of Piezo1 and TRP channels and their downstream targets to exert cardioprotective function by exercise may provide a theoretical basis for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and the rehabilitation of clinical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Duan
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Renhan Liu
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yue Xi
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
| | - Zhenjun Tian
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
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Petersen EN, Pavel MA, Hansen SS, Gudheti M, Wang H, Yuan Z, Murphy KR, Ja W, Ferris HA, Jorgensen E, Hansen SB. Mechanical activation of TWIK-related potassium channel by nanoscopic movement and rapid second messenger signaling. eLife 2024; 12:RP89465. [PMID: 38407149 PMCID: PMC10942622 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Rapid conversion of force into a biological signal enables living cells to respond to mechanical forces in their environment. The force is believed to initially affect the plasma membrane and then alter the behavior of membrane proteins. Phospholipase D2 (PLD2) is a mechanosensitive enzyme that is regulated by a structured membrane-lipid site comprised of cholesterol and saturated ganglioside (GM1). Here we show stretch activation of TWIK-related K+ channel (TREK-1) is mechanically evoked by PLD2 and spatial patterning involving ordered GM1 and 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) clusters in mammalian cells. First, mechanical force deforms the ordered lipids, which disrupts the interaction of PLD2 with the GM1 lipids and allows a complex of TREK-1 and PLD2 to associate with PIP2 clusters. The association with PIP2 activates the enzyme, which produces the second messenger phosphatidic acid (PA) that gates the channel. Co-expression of catalytically inactive PLD2 inhibits TREK-1 stretch currents in a biological membrane. Cellular uptake of cholesterol inhibits TREK-1 currents in culture and depletion of cholesterol from astrocytes releases TREK-1 from GM1 lipids in mouse brain. Depletion of the PLD2 ortholog in flies results in hypersensitivity to mechanical force. We conclude PLD2 mechanosensitivity combines with TREK-1 ion permeability to elicit a mechanically evoked response.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nicholas Petersen
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, ScrippsJupiterUnited States
- Scripps Research Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Science, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps,JupiterUnited States
| | - Mahmud Arif Pavel
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, ScrippsJupiterUnited States
| | - Samuel S Hansen
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, ScrippsJupiterUnited States
| | - Manasa Gudheti
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Hao Wang
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, ScrippsJupiterUnited States
- Scripps Research Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Science, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps,JupiterUnited States
| | - Zixuan Yuan
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, ScrippsJupiterUnited States
- Scripps Research Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Science, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps,JupiterUnited States
| | - Keith R Murphy
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, ScrippsJupiterUnited States
- Center on Aging,The Scripps Research Institute, ScrippsJupiterUnited States
| | - William Ja
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, ScrippsJupiterUnited States
- Center on Aging,The Scripps Research Institute, ScrippsJupiterUnited States
| | - Heather A Ferris
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, Department of Neuroscience, University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleUnited States
| | - Erik Jorgensen
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Scott B Hansen
- Departments of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, ScrippsJupiterUnited States
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6
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Lim XR, Harraz OF. Mechanosensing by Vascular Endothelium. Annu Rev Physiol 2024; 86:71-97. [PMID: 37863105 PMCID: PMC10922104 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-042022-030946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical forces influence different cell types in our bodies. Among the earliest forces experienced in mammals is blood movement in the vascular system. Blood flow starts at the embryonic stage and ceases when the heart stops. Blood flow exposes endothelial cells (ECs) that line all blood vessels to hemodynamic forces. ECs detect these mechanical forces (mechanosensing) through mechanosensors, thus triggering physiological responses such as changes in vascular diameter. In this review, we focus on endothelial mechanosensing and on how different ion channels, receptors, and membrane structures detect forces and mediate intricate mechanotransduction responses. We further highlight that these responses often reflect collaborative efforts involving several mechanosensors and mechanotransducers. We close with a consideration of current knowledge regarding the dysregulation of endothelial mechanosensing during disease. Because hemodynamic disruptions are hallmarks of cardiovascular disease, studying endothelial mechanosensing holds great promise for advancing our understanding of vascular physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Rui Lim
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine and Vermont Center for Cardiovascular and Brain Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA;
| | - Osama F Harraz
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine and Vermont Center for Cardiovascular and Brain Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA;
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7
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Mitrokhin V, Bilichenko A, Kazanski V, Schobik R, Shileiko S, Revkova V, Kalsin V, Kamkina O, Kamkin A, Mladenov M. Transcriptomic profile of the mechanosensitive ion channelome in human cardiac fibroblasts. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:2341-2350. [PMID: 38158807 PMCID: PMC10903254 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231218488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Human cardiac fibroblasts (HCFs) have mRNA transcripts that encode different mechanosensitive ion channels and channel regulatory proteins whose functions are not known yet. The primary goal of this work was to define the mechanosensitive ion channelome of HCFs. The most common type of cationic channel is the transient receptor potential (TRP) family, which is followed by the TWIK-related K+ channel (TREK), transmembrane protein 63 (TMEM63), and PIEZO channel (PIEZO) families. In the sodium-dependent NON-voltage-gated channel (SCNN) subfamily, only SCNN1D was shown to be highly expressed. Particular members of the acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC) (ASIC1 and ASIC3) subfamilies were also significantly expressed. The transcripts per kilobase million (TPMs) for Piezo 2 were almost 100 times less abundant than those for Piezo 1. The tandem of P domains in a weak inward rectifying K+ channel (TWIK)-2 channel, TWIK-related acid-sensitive K+ channel (TASK)-5, TASK-1, and the TWIK-related K1 (TREK-1) channel were the four most prevalent types in the K2P subfamily. The highest expression in the TRPP subfamily was found for PKD2 and PKD1, while in the TRPM subfamily, it was found for TRPM4, TRPM7, and TRPM3. TRPV2, TRPV4, TRPV3, and TRPV6 (all members of the TRPV subfamily) were also substantially expressed. A strong expression of the TRPC1, TRPC4, TRPC6, and TRPC2 channels and all members of the TRPML subfamily (MCOLN1, MCOLN2, and MCOLN3) was also shown. In terms of the transmembrane protein 16 (TMEM16) family, the HCFs demonstrated significant expression of the TMEM16H, TMEM16F, TMEM16J, TMEM16A, and TMEM16G channels. TMC3 is the most expressed channel in HCFs of all known members of the transmembrane channel-like protein (TMC) family. This analysis of the mechanosensitive ionic channel transcriptome in HCFs: (1) agrees with previously documented findings that all currently identified mechanosensitive channels play a significant and well recognized physiological function in elucidating the mechanosensitive characteristics of HCFs; (2) supports earlier preliminary reports that point to the most common expression of the TRP mechanosensitive family in HCFs; and (3) points to other new mechanosensitive channels (TRPC1, TRPC2, TWIK-2, TMEM16A, ASIC1, and ASIC3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Mitrokhin
- Department of Physiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Andrei Bilichenko
- Department of Physiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Viktor Kazanski
- Department of Physiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Roman Schobik
- Department of Physiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Stanislav Shileiko
- Department of Physiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Veronika Revkova
- Department of Physiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Vladimir Kalsin
- Department of Physiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Olga Kamkina
- Department of Physiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Andre Kamkin
- Department of Physiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Mitko Mladenov
- Department of Physiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia
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8
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Yu F, Müller WS, Ehnholm G, Okada Y, Lin JW. Ultrasound-Induced Membrane Hyperpolarization in Motor Axons and Muscle Fibers of the Crayfish Neuromuscular Junction. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2023; 49:2527-2536. [PMID: 37758529 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2023.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Focused ultrasound (FUS) can modulate neuronal activity by depolarization or hyperpolarization. Although FUS-evoked depolarization has been studied extensively, the mechanisms underlying FUS-evoked hyperpolarization (FUSH) have received little attention. In the study described here, we developed a procedure using FUS to selectively hyperpolarize motor axons in crayfish. As a previous study had reported that these axons express mechano- and thermosensitive two-pore domain potassium (K2P) channels, we tested the hypothesis that K2P channels underlie FUSH. METHODS Intracellular recordings from a motor axon and a muscle fiber were obtained simultaneously from the crayfish opener neuromuscular preparation. FUSH was examined while K2P channel activities were modulated by varying temperature or by K2P channel blockers. RESULTS FUSH in the axons did not exhibit a coherent temperature dependence, consistent with predicted K2P channel behavior, although changes in the resting membrane potential of the same axons indicated well-behaved K2P channel temperature dependence. The same conclusion was supported by pharmacological data; namely, FUSH was not suppressed by K2P channel blockers. Comparison between the FUS-evoked responses recorded in motor axons and muscle fibers revealed that the latter exhibited very little FUSH, indicating that the FUSH was specific to the axons. CONCLUSION It is not likely that K2P channels are the underlying mechanism for FUSH in motor axons. Alternative mechanisms such as sonophore and axon-specific potassium channels were considered. Although the sonophore hypothesis could account for electrophysiological features of axonal recordings, it is not consistent with the lack of FUSH in muscle fibers. An axon-specific and mechanosensitive potassium channel is also a possible explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyuan Yu
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Gösta Ehnholm
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland
| | - Yoshio Okada
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jen-Wei Lin
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
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9
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Moschetta M, Vurro V, Sesti V, Bertarelli C, Paternò GM, Lanzani G. Modulation of Mechanosensitive Potassium Channels by a Membrane-targeted Nongenetic Photoswitch. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:8869-8878. [PMID: 37815392 PMCID: PMC10591468 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c04551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Mechanosensitive ion channels are present in the plasma membranes of all cells. They play a fundamental role in converting mechanical stimuli into biochemical signals and are involved in several physiological processes such as touch sensation, hearing, and blood pressure regulation. This protein family includes TWIK-related arachidonic acid-stimulated K+ channel (TRAAK), which is specifically implicated in the maintenance of the resting membrane potential and in the regulation of a variety of important neurobiological functions. Dysregulation of these channels has been linked to various diseases, including blindness, epilepsy, cardiac arrhythmia, and chronic pain. For these reasons, mechanosensitive channels are targets for the treatment of several diseases. Here, we propose a new approach to investigate TRAAK ion channel modulation that is based on nongenetic photostimulation. We employed an amphiphilic azobenzene, named Ziapin2. In the dark, Ziapin2 preferentially dwells in the plasma membrane, causing a thinning of the membrane. Upon light irradiation, an isomerization occurs, breaking the dimers and inducing membrane relaxation. To study the effect of Ziapin2 on the mechanosensitive channels, we expressed human TRAAK (hTRAAK) channels in HEK293T cells. We observed that Ziapin2 insertion in the membrane is able per se to recruit hTRAAK, permitting the exit of K+ ions outside the cells with a consequent hyperpolarization of the cell membrane. During light stimulation, membrane relaxation induces hTRAAK closure, generating a consistent and compensatory depolarization. These results add information to the Ziapin2 mechanism and suggest that membrane deformation can be a tool for the nonselective modulation of mechanosensitive channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Moschetta
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy
| | - Vito Vurro
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy
| | - Valentina Sesti
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Bertarelli
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maria Paternò
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy
- Department
of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Lanzani
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Rubattino, 81, 20134 Milano, Italy
- Department
of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
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10
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Zheng W, Rawson S, Shen Z, Tamilselvan E, Smith HE, Halford J, Shen C, Murthy SE, Ulbrich MH, Sotomayor M, Fu TM, Holt JR. TMEM63 proteins function as monomeric high-threshold mechanosensitive ion channels. Neuron 2023; 111:3195-3210.e7. [PMID: 37543036 PMCID: PMC10592209 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
OSCA/TMEM63s form mechanically activated (MA) ion channels in plants and animals, respectively. OSCAs and related TMEM16s and transmembrane channel-like (TMC) proteins form homodimers with two pores. Here, we uncover an unanticipated monomeric configuration of TMEM63 proteins. Structures of TMEM63A and TMEM63B (referred to as TMEM63s) revealed a single highly restricted pore. Functional analyses demonstrated that TMEM63s are bona fide mechanosensitive ion channels, characterized by small conductance and high thresholds. TMEM63s possess evolutionary variations in the intracellular linker IL2, which mediates dimerization in OSCAs. Replacement of OSCA1.2 IL2 with TMEM63A IL2 or mutations to key variable residues resulted in monomeric OSCA1.2 and MA currents with significantly higher thresholds. Structural analyses revealed substantial conformational differences in the mechano-sensing domain IL2 and gating helix TM6 between TMEM63s and OSCA1.2. Our studies reveal that mechanosensitivity in OSCA/TMEM63 channels is affected by oligomerization and suggest gating mechanisms that may be shared by OSCA/TMEM63, TMEM16, and TMC channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Zheng
- Departments of Otolaryngology & Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Shaun Rawson
- Harvard Cryo-Electron Microscopy Center for Structural Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhangfei Shen
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Elakkiya Tamilselvan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Biophysics Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Harper E Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Biophysics Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Julia Halford
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Chen Shen
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Swetha E Murthy
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Maximilian H Ulbrich
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Internal Medicine IV, University of Freiburg Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marcos Sotomayor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Biophysics Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Tian-Min Fu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Jeffrey R Holt
- Departments of Otolaryngology & Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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11
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Park SJ, Zides CG, Beyak MJ. Mechanical activation of vagal afferents involves opposing cation and TREK1 currents and NO regulation. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2023; 101:521-528. [PMID: 37311256 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2022-0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Vagal afferents convey signals of mechanical stimulation in the gut to the brain, which is essential for the regulation of food intake. However, ion channels sensing mechanical stimuli are not fully understood. This study aimed to examine the ionic currents activated by mechanical stimulation and a possible neuro-modulatory role of nitric oxide on vagal afferents. Nodose neuronal currents and potentials, and intestinal afferent firing by mechanical stimulation were measured by whole-cell patch clamp, and in vitro afferent recording, respectively. Osmotically activated cation and two-pore domain K+ currents were identified in nodose neurons. The membrane potential displayed a biphasic change under hypotonic stimulation. Cation channel-mediated depolarization was followed by a hyperpolarization mediated by K+ channels. The latter was inhibited by l-methionine (TREK1 channel inhibitor) and l-NNA (nitric oxide synthase inhibitor). Correspondingly, mechanical stimulation activated opposing cation and TREK1 currents. NOS inhibition decreased TREK1 currents and potentiated jejunal afferent nerve firing induced by mechanical stimuli. This study suggested a novel activation mechanism of ion channels underlying adaptation under mechanical distension in vagal afferent neurons. The guts' ability to perceive mechanical stimuli is vital in determining how it responds to food intake. The mechanosensation through ion channels could initiate and control gut function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Jin Park
- Gastrointestinal Disease Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L2V7, Canada
| | - Carter G Zides
- Gastrointestinal Disease Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L2V7, Canada
| | - Michael J Beyak
- Gastrointestinal Disease Research Unit, Kingston General Hospital, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, K7L2V7, Canada
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12
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Fok A, Brissette B, Hallacy T, Ahamed H, Ho E, Ramanathan S, Ringstad N. High-fidelity encoding of mechanostimuli by tactile food-sensing neurons requires an ensemble of ion channels. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112452. [PMID: 37119137 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The nematode C. elegans uses mechanosensitive neurons to detect bacteria, which are food for worms. These neurons release dopamine to suppress foraging and promote dwelling. Through a screen of genes highly expressed in dopaminergic food-sensing neurons, we identify a K2P-family potassium channel-TWK-2-that damps their activity. Strikingly, loss of TWK-2 restores mechanosensation to neurons lacking the NOMPC-like channel transient receptor potential 4 (TRP-4), which was thought to be the primary mechanoreceptor for tactile food sensing. The alternate mechanoreceptor mechanism uncovered by TWK-2 mutation requires three Deg/ENaC channel subunits: ASIC-1, DEL-3, and UNC-8. Analysis of cell-physiological responses to mechanostimuli indicates that TRP and Deg/ENaC channels work together to set the range of analog encoding of stimulus intensity and to improve signal-to-noise characteristics and temporal fidelity of food-sensing neurons. We conclude that a specialized mechanosensory modality-tactile food sensing-emerges from coordination of distinct force-sensing mechanisms housed in one type of sensory neuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Fok
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, and Neuroscience Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Benjamin Brissette
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, and Neuroscience Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Tim Hallacy
- Harvard University, Departments of Molecular and Cell Biology, Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and Applied Physics, Cambridge, MA 10238, USA
| | - Hassan Ahamed
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, and Neuroscience Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Elver Ho
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, and Neuroscience Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sharad Ramanathan
- Harvard University, Departments of Molecular and Cell Biology, Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and Applied Physics, Cambridge, MA 10238, USA
| | - Niels Ringstad
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, and Neuroscience Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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13
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Elastic properties and shape of the Piezo dome underlying its mechanosensory function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2208034119. [PMID: 36166476 PMCID: PMC9546593 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2208034119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, structural biology has provided much insight into the shape of membrane proteins. Beyond shape, however, membrane protein function can also depend on the protein’s elastic properties. It has been difficult to characterize protein elastic properties in freestanding, unperturbed lipid bilayer membranes, which is the scenario most relevant for cell membranes. Here we show that, through a physical understanding of how proteins deform lipid bilayer membranes, it is possible to deduce elastic properties of membrane proteins solely from observations of membrane shape. On this basis, we provide the biophysical principles and mechanisms underlying the tension-dependent activation of the mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo, which mediates the sensation of touch and many other important biological processes. We show in the companion paper that the free membrane shape of lipid bilayer vesicles containing the mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo can be predicted, with no free parameters, from membrane elasticity theory together with measurements of the protein geometry and vesicle size [C. A. Haselwandter, Y. R. Guo, Z. Fu, R. MacKinnon, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 10.1073/pnas.2208027119 (2022)]. Here we use these results to determine the force that the Piezo dome exerts on the free membrane and hence, that the free membrane exerts on the Piezo dome, for a range of vesicle sizes. From vesicle shape measurements alone, we thus obtain a force–distortion relationship for the Piezo dome, from which we deduce the Piezo dome’s intrinsic radius of curvature, 42±12 nm, and bending stiffness, 18±2.1 kBT, in freestanding lipid bilayer membranes mimicking cell membranes. Applying these estimates to a spherical cap model of Piezo embedded in a lipid bilayer, we suggest that Piezo’s intrinsic curvature, surrounding membrane footprint, small stiffness, and large area are the key properties of Piezo that give rise to low-threshold, high-sensitivity mechanical gating.
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14
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Zhuo SY, Li GF, Gong HQ, Qiu WB, Zheng HR, Liang PJ. Low-frequency, low-intensity ultrasound modulates light responsiveness of mouse retinal ganglion cells. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 35772385 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac7d75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ultrasound modulates the firing activity of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), but the effects of lower-frequency, lower-intensity ultrasound on RGCs and underlying mechanism(s) remain poorly understood. This study aims to address these questions. APPROACH Multi-electrode recordings were used in this study to record the firing sequences of RGCs in isolated mouse retinas. RGCs' background firing activities as well as their light responses were recorded with or without ultrasound stimulation. Cross-correlation analyses were performed to investigate the possible cellular/circuitry mechanism(s) underlying ultrasound modulation. MAIN RESULTS It was found that ultrasound stimulation of isolated mouse retina enhanced the background activity of ON-RGCs and OFF-RGCs. In addition, background ultrasound stimulation shortened the light response latency of both ON-RGCs and OFF-RGCs, while enhancing part of the RGCs' (both ON- and OFF-subtypes) light response and decreasing that of the others. In some ON-OFF RGCs, the ON- and OFF-responses of an individual cell were oppositely modulated by the ultrasound stimulation, which suggests that ultrasound stimulation does not necessarily exert its effect directly on RGCs, but rather via its influence on other type(s) of cells. By analyzing the cross-correlation between the firing sequences of RGC pairs, it was found that concerted activity occurred during ultrasound stimulation differed from that occurred during light stimulation, in both spatial and temporal aspects. These results suggest that the cellular circuits involved in ultrasound- and light-induced concerted activities are different and glial cells may be involved in the circuit in response to ultrasound. SIGNIFICANCE These findings demonstrate that ultrasound affects neuronal background activity and light responsiveness, which are critical for visual information processing. These results may also imply a hitherto unrecognized role of glial cell activation in the bidirectional modulation effects of RGCs and may be critical for the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Yi Zhuo
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, CHINA
| | - Guo-Feng Li
- Guangdong Medical University, Songshan Lake Science and Technology Park, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523000, CHINA
| | - Hai-Qing Gong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan 800 road, Shanghai, 200240, CHINA
| | - Wei-Bao Qiu
- Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Ave.,, Nanshan, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, CHINA
| | - Hai-Rong Zheng
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Centre for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen, P.R.China, Shenzhen, 518055, CHINA
| | - Pei-Ji Liang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China, Shanghai, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, Shanghai, 200240, CHINA
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15
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Wang B, Lane BJ, Kapsalis C, Ault JR, Sobott F, El Mkami H, Calabrese AN, Kalli AC, Pliotas C. Pocket delipidation induced by membrane tension or modification leads to a structurally analogous mechanosensitive channel state. Structure 2022; 30:608-622.e5. [PMID: 34986323 PMCID: PMC9033278 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The mechanosensitive ion channel of large conductance MscL gates in response to membrane tension changes. Lipid removal from transmembrane pockets leads to a concerted structural and functional MscL response, but it remains unknown whether there is a correlation between the tension-mediated state and the state derived by pocket delipidation in the absence of tension. Here, we combined pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, coupled with molecular dynamics simulations under membrane tension, to investigate the structural changes associated with the distinctively derived states. Whether it is tension- or modification-mediated pocket delipidation, we find that MscL samples a similar expanded subconducting state. This is the final step of the delipidation pathway, but only an intermediate stop on the tension-mediated path, with additional tension triggering further channel opening. Our findings hint at synergistic modes of regulation by lipid molecules in membrane tension-activated mechanosensitive channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolin Wang
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Benjamin J Lane
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Charalampos Kapsalis
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
| | - James R Ault
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Frank Sobott
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Hassane El Mkami
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Antonio N Calabrese
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Antreas C Kalli
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9NL, UK
| | - Christos Pliotas
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK; Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK.
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16
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Sancho M, Fletcher J, Welsh DG. Inward Rectifier Potassium Channels: Membrane Lipid-Dependent Mechanosensitive Gates in Brain Vascular Cells. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:869481. [PMID: 35419431 PMCID: PMC8995785 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.869481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral arteries contain two primary and interacting cell types, smooth muscle (SMCs) and endothelial cells (ECs), which are each capable of sensing particular hemodynamic forces to set basal tone and brain perfusion. These biomechanical stimuli help confer tone within arterial networks upon which local neurovascular stimuli function. Tone development is intimately tied to arterial membrane potential (VM) and changes in intracellular [Ca2+] driven by voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs). Arterial VM is in turn set by the dynamic interplay among ion channel species, the strongly inward rectifying K+ (Kir) channel being of special interest. Kir2 channels possess a unique biophysical signature in that they strongly rectify, display negative slope conductance, respond to elevated extracellular K+ and are blocked by micromolar Ba2+. While functional Kir2 channels are expressed in both smooth muscle and endothelium, they lack classic regulatory control, thus are often viewed as a simple background conductance. Recent literature has provided new insight, with two membrane lipids, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and cholesterol, noted to (1) stabilize Kir2 channels in a preferred open or closed state, respectively, and (2) confer, in association with the cytoskeleton, caveolin-1 (Cav1) and syntrophin, hemodynamic sensitivity. It is these aspects of vascular Kir2 channels that will be the primary focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sancho
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, United States
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Maria Sancho,
| | - Jacob Fletcher
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Donald G. Welsh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Donald G. Welsh,
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17
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Jordan T, Newcomb JM, Hoppa MB, Luke GP. Focused Ultrasound Stimulation of an ex-vivo Aplysia Abdominal Ganglion Preparation. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 372:109536. [PMID: 35227740 PMCID: PMC8978332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of research demonstrates that focused ultrasound stimulates activity in human and other mammalian nervous systems. However, there is no consensus on which sonication parameters are optimal. Furthermore, the mechanism of action behind ultrasound neurostimulation remains poorly understood. An invertebrate model greatly reduces biological complexity, permitting a systematic evaluation of sonication parameters suitable for ultrasound neurostimulation. NEW METHOD Here, we describe the use of focused ultrasound stimulation with an ex-vivo abdominal ganglion preparation of the California sea hare, Aplysia californica, a long-standing model system in neurobiology. We developed a system for stimulating an isolated ganglion preparation while obtaining extracellular recordings from nerves. The focused ultrasound stimulation uses one of two single-element transducers, enabling stimulation at four distinct carrier frequencies (0.515 MHz, 1.l MHz, 1.61 MHz, 3.41 MHz). RESULTS Using continuous wave ultrasound, we stimulated the ganglion at all four frequencies, and we present quantitative evaluation of elicited activation at four different sonication durations and three peak pressure levels, eliciting up to a 57-fold increase in spiking frequency. COMPARISON WITH ELECTRICAL STIMULATION We demonstrated that ultrasound-induced activation is repeatable, and the response consistency is comparable to electrical stimulation. CONCLUSIONS Due to the relative ease of long-term recordings for many hours, this ex-vivo ganglion preparation is suitable for investigating sonication parameters and the effects of focused ultrasound stimulation on neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Jordan
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - James M Newcomb
- Department of Biology and Health Science, New England College, Henniker, NH 03242, USA
| | - Michael B Hoppa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Geoffrey P Luke
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
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18
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Jia Q, Yang Y, Chen X, Yao S, Hu Z. Emerging roles of mechanosensitive ion channels in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome. Respir Res 2022; 23:366. [PMID: 36539808 PMCID: PMC9764320 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-022-02303-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS) is a devastating respiratory disorder with high rates of mortality and morbidity, but the detailed underlying mechanisms of ALI/ARDS remain largely unknown. Mechanosensitive ion channels (MSCs), including epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), Piezo channels, transient receptor potential channels (TRPs), and two-pore domain potassium ion (K2P) channels, are highly expressed in lung tissues, and the activity of these MSCs can be modulated by mechanical forces (e.g., mechanical ventilation) and other stimuli (e.g., LPS, hyperoxia). Dysfunction of MSCs has been found in various types of ALI/ARDS, and MSCs play a key role in regulating alveolar fluid clearance, alveolar epithelial/endothelial barrier function, the inflammatory response and surfactant secretion in ALI/ARDS lungs. Targeting MSCs exerts therapeutic effects in the treatment of ALI/ARDS. In this review, we summarize the structure and functions of several well-recognized MSCs, the role of MSCs in the pathogenesis of ALI/ARDS and recent advances in the pharmacological and molecular modulation of MSCs in the treatment of ALI/ARDS. According to the current literature, targeting MSCs might be a very promising therapeutic approach against ALI/ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jia
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiyi Yang
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangdong Chen
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shanglong Yao
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Hu
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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19
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Liu S, Lin Z. Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Mechanosensitive Regulators and Vascular Remodeling. J Vasc Res 2021; 59:90-113. [PMID: 34937033 DOI: 10.1159/000519845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood vessels are subjected to mechanical loads of pressure and flow, inducing smooth muscle circumferential and endothelial shear stresses. The perception and response of vascular tissue and living cells to these stresses and the microenvironment they are exposed to are critical to their function and survival. These mechanical stimuli not only cause morphological changes in cells and vessel walls but also can interfere with biochemical homeostasis, leading to vascular remodeling and dysfunction. However, the mechanisms underlying how these stimuli affect tissue and cellular function, including mechanical stimulation-induced biochemical signaling and mechanical transduction that relies on cytoskeletal integrity, are unclear. This review focuses on signaling pathways that regulate multiple biochemical processes in vascular mesangial smooth muscle cells in response to circumferential stress and are involved in mechanosensitive regulatory molecules in response to mechanotransduction, including ion channels, membrane receptors, integrins, cytoskeletal proteins, nuclear structures, and cascades. Mechanoactivation of these signaling pathways is closely associated with vascular remodeling in physiological or pathophysiological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangmin Liu
- Ji Hua Institute of Biomedical Engineering Technology, Ji Hua Laboratory, Foshan, China, .,Medical Research Center, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China,
| | - Zhanyi Lin
- Ji Hua Institute of Biomedical Engineering Technology, Ji Hua Laboratory, Foshan, China.,Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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20
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Williams ES, Gneid H, Marshall SR, González MJ, Mandelbaum JA, Busschaert N. A supramolecular host for phosphatidylglycerol (PG) lipids with antibacterial activity. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 20:5958-5966. [PMID: 34935024 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02298a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipids fulfill a variety of important physiological functions, such as energy storage, providing a hydrophobic barrier, and signal transduction. Despite this plethora of biological roles, lipids are rarely considered a potential target for medical applications. Here, we report a set of neutral small molecules that contain boronic acid and urea functionalities to selectively recognize the bacterial lipid phosphatidylglycerol (PG). The affinity and selectivity was determined using 1H NMR titrations and a liposome-based Alizarin Red S assay. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined to assess antibacterial activity. The most potent compounds display an association constant with PG in liposomes of at least 5 × 103 M-1, function as antibacterial agents against Gram-positive bacteria (MIC = 12.5-25 μM), and show little hemolytic activity. Mode of action studies suggest that the boronic acids bind to the headgroup of the PG lipids, which leads to a change in membrane fluidity and ultimately causes membrane depolarization and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot S Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA.
| | - Hassan Gneid
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA.
| | - Sarah R Marshall
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA.
| | - Mario J González
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA.
| | - Jorgi A Mandelbaum
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA.
| | - Nathalie Busschaert
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA.
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21
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Sharma B, Moghimianavval H, Hwang SW, Liu AP. Synthetic Cell as a Platform for Understanding Membrane-Membrane Interactions. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:912. [PMID: 34940413 PMCID: PMC8706075 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11120912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In the pursuit of understanding life, model membranes made of phospholipids were envisaged decades ago as a platform for the bottom-up study of biological processes. Micron-sized lipid vesicles have gained great acceptance as their bilayer membrane resembles the natural cell membrane. Important biological events involving membranes, such as membrane protein insertion, membrane fusion, and intercellular communication, will be highlighted in this review with recent research updates. We will first review different lipid bilayer platforms used for incorporation of integral membrane proteins and challenges associated with their functional reconstitution. We next discuss different methods for reconstitution of membrane fusion and compare their fusion efficiency. Lastly, we will highlight the importance and challenges of intercellular communication between synthetic cells and synthetic cells-to-natural cells. We will summarize the review by highlighting the challenges and opportunities associated with studying membrane-membrane interactions and possible future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bineet Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (B.S.); (H.M.)
| | - Hossein Moghimianavval
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (B.S.); (H.M.)
| | - Sung-Won Hwang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Allen P. Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (B.S.); (H.M.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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22
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Activity of TREK-2-like Channels in the Pyramidal Neurons of Rat Medial Prefrontal Cortex Depends on Cytoplasmic Calcium. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10111119. [PMID: 34827112 PMCID: PMC8614805 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The pyramidal neurons of rat prefrontal cortex express potassium channels identified as a non-canonical splice variant of the TREK-2 channel. The main function of TREK channels is to regulate the resting membrane potential. We showed that cytoplasmic Ca2+ upregulates the activity of TREK-2-like channels. Previous studies have indicated that the activation of TREK-2 channels is mediated by PI(4,5)P2, a polyanionic lipid in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. While TREK channels are believed to not be regulated by calcium, our work shows otherwise. We propose a model in which calcium ions enable the formation of PI(4,5)P2 nanoclusters, which stabilize active conformation of the channel. Abstract TREK-2-like channels in the pyramidal neurons of rat prefrontal cortex are characterized by a wide range of spontaneous activity—from very low to very high—independent of the membrane potential and the stimuli that are known to activate TREK-2 channels, such as temperature or membrane stretching. The aim of this study was to discover what factors are involved in high levels of TREK-2-like channel activity in these cells. Our research focused on the PI(4,5)P2-dependent mechanism of channel activity. Single-channel patch clamp recordings were performed on freshly dissociated pyramidal neurons of rat prefrontal cortexes in both the cell-attached and inside-out configurations. To evaluate the role of endogenous stimulants, the activity of the channels was recorded in the presence of a PI(4,5)P2 analogue (PI(4,5)P2DiC8) and Ca2+. Our research revealed that calcium ions are an important factor affecting TREK-2-like channel activity and kinetics. The observation that calcium participates in the activation of TREK-2-like channels is a new finding. We showed that PI(4,5)P2-dependent TREK-2 activity occurs when the conditions for PI(4,5)P2/Ca2+ nanocluster formation are met. We present a possible model explaining the mechanism of calcium action.
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Uray IP, Uray K. Mechanotransduction at the Plasma Membrane-Cytoskeleton Interface. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11566. [PMID: 34768998 PMCID: PMC8584042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical cues are crucial for survival, adaptation, and normal homeostasis in virtually every cell type. The transduction of mechanical messages into intracellular biochemical messages is termed mechanotransduction. While significant advances in biochemical signaling have been made in the last few decades, the role of mechanotransduction in physiological and pathological processes has been largely overlooked until recently. In this review, the role of interactions between the cytoskeleton and cell-cell/cell-matrix adhesions in transducing mechanical signals is discussed. In addition, mechanosensors that reside in the cell membrane and the transduction of mechanical signals to the nucleus are discussed. Finally, we describe two examples in which mechanotransduction plays a significant role in normal physiology and disease development. The first example is the role of mechanotransduction in the proliferation and metastasis of cancerous cells. In this system, the role of mechanotransduction in cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, and motility, is described. In the second example, the role of mechanotransduction in a mechanically active organ, the gastrointestinal tract, is described. In the gut, mechanotransduction contributes to normal physiology and the development of motility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván P. Uray
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Karen Uray
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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24
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Das R, Lin LC, Català-Castro F, Malaiwong N, Sanfeliu-Cerdán N, Porta-de-la-Riva M, Pidde A, Krieg M. An asymmetric mechanical code ciphers curvature-dependent proprioceptor activity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg4617. [PMID: 34533987 PMCID: PMC8448456 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg4617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A repetitive gait cycle is an archetypical component within the behavioral repertoire of many animals including humans. It originates from mechanical feedback within proprioceptors to adjust the motor program during locomotion and thus leads to a periodic orbit in a low-dimensional space. Here, we investigate the mechanics, molecules, and neurons responsible for proprioception in Caenorhabditis elegans to gain insight into how mechanosensation shapes the orbital trajectory to a well-defined limit cycle. We used genome editing, force spectroscopy, and multiscale modeling and found that alternating tension and compression with the spectrin network of a single proprioceptor encodes body posture and informs TRP-4/NOMPC and TWK-16/TREK2 homologs of mechanosensitive ion channels during locomotion. In contrast to a widely accepted model of proprioceptive “stretch” reception, we found that proprioceptors activated locally under compressive stresses in-vivo and in-vitro and propose that this property leads to compartmentalized activity within long axons delimited by curvature-dependent mechanical stresses.
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25
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Iwamoto M, Oiki S. Hysteresis of a Tension-Sensitive K + Channel Revealed by Time-Lapse Tension Measurements. JACS AU 2021; 1:467-474. [PMID: 34467309 PMCID: PMC8395652 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.0c00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Various types of channels vary their function by membrane tension changes upon cellular activities, and lipid bilayer methods allow elucidation of direct interaction between channels and the lipid bilayer. However, the dynamic responsiveness of the channel to the membrane tension remains elusive. Here, we established a time-lapse tension measurement system. A bilayer is formed by docking two monolayer-lined water bubbles, and tension is evaluated via measuring intrabubble pressure as low as <100 Pa (Young-Laplace principle). The prototypical KcsA potassium channel is tension-sensitive, and single-channel current recordings showed that the activation gate exhibited distinct tension sensitivity upon stretching and relaxing. The mechanism underlying the hysteresis is discussed in the mode shift regime, in which the channel protein bears short "memory" in their conformational changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Iwamoto
- Department
of Molecular Neuroscience, University of
Fukui Faculty of Medical Science, 910-1193 Fukui, Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Oiki
- Biomedical
Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, 910-1193 Fukui, Japan
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26
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Stewart L, Turner NA. Channelling the Force to Reprogram the Matrix: Mechanosensitive Ion Channels in Cardiac Fibroblasts. Cells 2021; 10:990. [PMID: 33922466 PMCID: PMC8145896 DOI: 10.3390/cells10050990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts (CF) play a pivotal role in preserving myocardial function and integrity of the heart tissue after injury, but also contribute to future susceptibility to heart failure. CF sense changes to the cardiac environment through chemical and mechanical cues that trigger changes in cellular function. In recent years, mechanosensitive ion channels have been implicated as key modulators of a range of CF functions that are important to fibrotic cardiac remodelling, including cell proliferation, myofibroblast differentiation, extracellular matrix turnover and paracrine signalling. To date, seven mechanosensitive ion channels are known to be functional in CF: the cation non-selective channels TRPC6, TRPM7, TRPV1, TRPV4 and Piezo1, and the potassium-selective channels TREK-1 and KATP. This review will outline current knowledge of these mechanosensitive ion channels in CF, discuss evidence of the mechanosensitivity of each channel, and detail the role that each channel plays in cardiac remodelling. By better understanding the role of mechanosensitive ion channels in CF, it is hoped that therapies may be developed for reducing pathological cardiac remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neil A. Turner
- Discovery and Translational Science Department, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
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27
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Xu BY, Jin Y, Ma XH, Wang CY, Guo Y, Zhou D. The potential role of mechanically sensitive ion channels in the physiology, injury, and repair of articular cartilage. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong) 2021; 28:2309499020950262. [PMID: 32840428 DOI: 10.1177/2309499020950262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomechanical factors play an extremely important role in regulating the function of articular chondrocytes. Understanding the mechanical factors that drive chondrocyte biological responses is at the heart of our interpretation of cascade events leading to changes in articular cartilage osteoarthritis. The mechanism by which mechanical load is transduced into intracellular signals that can regulate chondrocyte gene expression remains largely unknown. The mechanically sensitive ion channel (MSC) may be one of its specific mechanisms. This review focuses on four ion channels involved in the mechanotransduction of chondrocytes, exploring their properties and the main factors that activate the associated pathways. The upstream and downstream potential relationships between the protein pathways were also explored. The specific biophysical mechanism of the chondrocyte mechanical microenvironment is becoming the focus of research. Elucidating the mechanotransduction mechanism of MSC is essential for the research of biophysical pathogenesis and targeted drugs in cartilage injury-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yang Xu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, 58301Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Jin
- School of Chinese Medicine, 58301Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Hui Ma
- School of Culture and Health Communication, 58301Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi-Yu Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, 1438University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yi Guo
- School of Chinese Medicine, 58301Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, 58301Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhou
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, 58301Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Research Center of Experimental Acupuncture Science, 58301Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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28
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Gripp KW, Smithson SF, Scurr IJ, Baptista J, Majumdar A, Pierre G, Williams M, Henderson LB, Wentzensen IM, McLaughlin H, Leeuwen L, Simon MEH, van Binsbergen E, Dinulos MBP, Kaplan JD, McRae A, Superti-Furga A, Good JM, Kutsche K. Syndromic disorders caused by gain-of-function variants in KCNH1, KCNK4, and KCNN3-a subgroup of K + channelopathies. Eur J Hum Genet 2021; 29:1384-1395. [PMID: 33594261 PMCID: PMC8440610 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-021-00818-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreased or increased activity of potassium channels caused by loss-of-function and gain-of-function (GOF) variants in the corresponding genes, respectively, underlies a broad spectrum of human disorders affecting the central nervous system, heart, kidney, and other organs. While the association of epilepsy and intellectual disability (ID) with variants affecting function in genes encoding potassium channels is well known, GOF missense variants in K+ channel encoding genes in individuals with syndromic developmental disorders have only recently been recognized. These syndromic phenotypes include Zimmermann–Laband and Temple–Baraitser syndromes, caused by dominant variants in KCNH1, FHEIG syndrome due to dominant variants in KCNK4, and the clinical picture associated with dominant variants in KCNN3. Here we review the presentation of these individuals, including five newly reported with variants in KCNH1 and three additional individuals with KCNN3 variants, all variants likely affecting function. There is notable overlap in the phenotypic findings of these syndromes associated with dominant KCNN3, KCNH1, and KCNK4 variants, sharing developmental delay and/or ID, coarse facial features, gingival enlargement, distal digital hypoplasia, and hypertrichosis. We suggest to combine the phenotypes and define a new subgroup of potassium channelopathies caused by increased K+ conductance, referred to as syndromic neurodevelopmental K+ channelopathies due to dominant variants in KCNH1, KCNK4, or KCNN3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen W Gripp
- Division of Medical Genetics, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Sarah F Smithson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston, Bristol, UK
| | - Ingrid J Scurr
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston, Bristol, UK
| | - Julia Baptista
- Exeter Genomics Laboratory, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK.,College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Anirban Majumdar
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
| | - Germaine Pierre
- Department of Paediatric Metabolic Medicine, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
| | - Maggie Williams
- Bristol Genetics Laboratory, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | | | | | | | - Lisette Leeuwen
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen E H Simon
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen van Binsbergen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mary Beth P Dinulos
- Section of Genetics and Child Development, Children's Hospital at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Julie D Kaplan
- Division of Medical Genetics, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Anne McRae
- Division of Genetics, Birth Defects and Metabolism, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrea Superti-Furga
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Good
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Kutsche
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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29
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Rajeshwar T R, Anishkin A, Sukharev S, Vanegas JM. Mechanical Activation of MscL Revealed by a Locally Distributed Tension Molecular Dynamics Approach. Biophys J 2020; 120:232-242. [PMID: 33333032 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.11.2274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane tension perceived by mechanosensitive (MS) proteins mediates cellular responses to mechanical stimuli and osmotic stresses, and it also guides multiple biological functions including cardiovascular control and development. In bacteria, MS channels function as tension-activated pores limiting excessive turgor pressure, with MS channel of large conductance (MscL) acting as an emergency release valve preventing cell lysis. Previous attempts to simulate gating transitions in MscL by either directly applying steering forces to the protein or by increasing the whole-system tension were not fully successful and often disrupted the integrity of the system. We present a novel, to our knowledge, locally distributed tension molecular dynamics (LDT-MD) simulation method that allows application of forces continuously distributed among lipids surrounding the channel using a specially constructed collective variable. We report reproducible and reversible transitions of MscL to the open state with measured parameters of lateral expansion and conductivity that exactly satisfy experimental values. The LDT-MD method enables exploration of the MscL-gating process with different pulling velocities and variable tension asymmetry between the inner and outer membrane leaflets. We use LDT-MD in combination with well-tempered metadynamics to reconstruct the tension-dependent free-energy landscape for the opening transition in MscL. The flexible definition of the LDT collective variable allows general application of our method to study mechanical activation of any membrane-embedded protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andriy Anishkin
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Sergei Sukharev
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Juan M Vanegas
- Department of Physics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont.
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30
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Thompson MJ, Baenziger JE. Ion channels as lipid sensors: from structures to mechanisms. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:1331-1342. [PMID: 33199909 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-00693-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ion channels play critical roles in cellular function by facilitating the flow of ions across the membrane in response to chemical or mechanical stimuli. Ion channels operate in a lipid bilayer, which can modulate or define their function. Recent technical advancements have led to the solution of numerous ion channel structures solubilized in detergent and/or reconstituted into lipid bilayers, thus providing unprecedented insight into the mechanisms underlying ion channel-lipid interactions. Here, we describe how ion channel structures have evolved to respond to both lipid modulators and lipid activators to control the electrical activities of cells, highlighting diverse mechanisms and common themes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie J Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - John E Baenziger
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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31
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Discoveries in structure and physiology of mechanically activated ion channels. Nature 2020; 587:567-576. [PMID: 33239794 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2933-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The ability to sense physical forces is conserved across all organisms. Cells convert mechanical stimuli into electrical or chemical signals via mechanically activated ion channels. In recent years, the identification of new families of mechanosensitive ion channels-such as PIEZO and OSCA/TMEM63 channels-along with surprising insights into well-studied mechanosensitive channels have driven further developments in the mechanotransduction field. Several well-characterized mechanosensory roles such as touch, blood-pressure sensing and hearing are now linked with primary mechanotransducers. Unanticipated roles of mechanical force sensing continue to be uncovered. Furthermore, high-resolution structures representative of nearly every family of mechanically activated channel described so far have underscored their diversity while advancing our understanding of the biophysical mechanisms of pressure sensing. Here we summarize recent discoveries in the physiology and structures of known mechanically activated ion channel families and discuss their implications for understanding the mechanisms of mechanical force sensing.
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32
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Structural basis for pH gating of the two-pore domain K+ channel TASK2. Nature 2020; 586:457-462. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2770-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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33
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Ma Y, Luo Q, Fu J, Che Y, Guo F, Mei L, Zhang Q, Li Y, Yang H. Discovery of an Inhibitor for the TREK-1 Channel Targeting an Intermediate Transition State of Channel Gating. J Med Chem 2020; 63:10972-10983. [PMID: 32877186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qichao Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
- Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Big Data Precision Healthcare, Big Data Decision Institute (BDDI), Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jie Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yanxin Che
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lianghe Mei
- Suzhou Institute of Drug Innovation, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 108 Yuxin Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Qiansen Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huaiyu Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China
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34
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Winkeljohn CM, Himberg B, Vanegas JM. Balance of Solvent and Chain Interactions Determines the Local Stress State of Simulated Membranes. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:6963-6971. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c03937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Conner M. Winkeljohn
- Department of Physics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Benjamin Himberg
- Materials Science Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
| | - Juan M. Vanegas
- Department of Physics, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
- Materials Science Graduate Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, United States
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35
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Wiedmann F, Rinné S, Donner B, Decher N, Katus HA, Schmidt C. Mechanosensitive TREK-1 two-pore-domain potassium (K 2P) channels in the cardiovascular system. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 159:126-135. [PMID: 32553901 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
TWIK-related K+ channel (TREK-1) two-pore-domain potassium (K2P) channels mediate background potassium currents and regulate cellular excitability in many different types of cells. Their functional activity is controlled by a broad variety of different physiological stimuli, such as temperature, extracellular or intracellular pH, lipids and mechanical stress. By linking cellular excitability to mechanical stress, TREK-1 currents might be important to mediate parts of the mechanoelectrical feedback described in the heart. Furthermore, TREK-1 currents might contribute to the dysregulation of excitability in the heart in pathophysiological situations, such as those caused by abnormal stretch or ischaemia-associated cell swelling, thereby contributing to arrhythmogenesis. In this review, we focus on the functional role of TREK-1 in the heart and its putative contribution to cardiac mechanoelectrical coupling. Its cardiac expression among different species is discussed, alongside with functional evidence for TREK-1 currents in cardiomyocytes. In addition, evidence for the involvement of TREK-1 currents in different cardiac arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia, is summarized. Furthermore, the role of TREK-1 and its interaction partners in the regulation of the cardiac heart rate is reviewed. Finally, we focus on the significance of TREK-1 in the development of cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Wiedmann
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; HCR, Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Rinné
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Vegetative Physiology and Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior - Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Donner
- Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital Basel (UKBB), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Niels Decher
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Vegetative Physiology and Marburg Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior - Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hugo A Katus
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; HCR, Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Constanze Schmidt
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; HCR, Heidelberg Center for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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36
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Jin P, Jan LY, Jan YN. Mechanosensitive Ion Channels: Structural Features Relevant to Mechanotransduction Mechanisms. Annu Rev Neurosci 2020; 43:207-229. [PMID: 32084327 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Activation of mechanosensitive ion channels underlies a variety of fundamental physiological processes that require sensation of mechanical force. Different mechanosensitive channels adapt distinctive structures and mechanotransduction mechanisms to fit their biological roles. How mechanosensitive channels work, especially in animals, has been extensively studied in the past decade. Here we review key findings in the functional and structural characterizations of these channels and highlight the structural features relevant to the mechanotransduction mechanism of each specific channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Jin
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA;
| | - Lily Yeh Jan
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA; .,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Yuh-Nung Jan
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA; .,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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37
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Petersen EN, Pavel MA, Wang H, Hansen SB. Disruption of palmitate-mediated localization; a shared pathway of force and anesthetic activation of TREK-1 channels. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183091. [PMID: 31672538 PMCID: PMC6907892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.183091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
TWIK related K+ channel (TREK-1) is a mechano- and anesthetic sensitive channel that when activated attenuates pain and causes anesthesia. Recently the enzyme phospholipase D2 (PLD2) was shown to bind to the channel and generate a local high concentration of phosphatidic acid (PA), an anionic signaling lipid that gates TREK-1. In a biological membrane, the cell harnesses lipid heterogeneity (lipid compartments) to control gating of TREK-1 using palmitate-mediated localization of PLD2. Here we discuss the ability of mechanical force and anesthetics to disrupt palmitate-mediated localization of PLD2 giving rise to TREK-1's mechano- and anesthetic-sensitive properties. The likely consequences of this indirect lipid-based mechanism of activation are discussed in terms of a putative model for excitatory and inhibitory mechano-effectors and anesthetic sensitive ion channels in a biological context. Lastly, we discuss the ability of locally generated PA to reach mM concentrations near TREK-1 and the biophysics of localized signaling. Palmitate-mediated localization of PLD2 emerges as a central control mechanism of TREK-1 responding to mechanical force and anesthetic action. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Molecular biophysics of membranes and membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nicholas Petersen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Mahmud Arif Pavel
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Scott B Hansen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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Reddy B, Bavi N, Lu A, Park Y, Perozo E. Molecular basis of force-from-lipids gating in the mechanosensitive channel MscS. eLife 2019; 8:50486. [PMID: 31880537 PMCID: PMC7299334 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Prokaryotic mechanosensitive (MS) channels open by sensing the physical state of the membrane. As such, lipid-protein interactions represent the defining molecular process underlying mechanotransduction. Here, we describe cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of the E. coli small-conductance mechanosensitive channel (MscS) in nanodiscs (ND). They reveal a novel membrane-anchoring fold that plays a significant role in channel activation and establish a new location for the lipid bilayer, shifted ~14 Å from previous consensus placements. Two types of lipid densities are explicitly observed. A phospholipid that ‘hooks’ the top of each TM2-TM3 hairpin and likely plays a role in force sensing, and a bundle of acyl chains occluding the permeation path above the L105 cuff. These observations reshape our understanding of force-from-lipids gating in MscS and highlight the key role of allosteric interactions between TM segments and phospholipids bound to key dynamic components of the channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Reddy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Navid Bavi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Allen Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Yeonwoo Park
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Eduardo Perozo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States.,Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
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Decreased expression of TRAAK channels in Hirschsprung's disease: a possible cause of postoperative dysmotility. Pediatr Surg Int 2019; 35:1431-1435. [PMID: 31542828 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-019-04572-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Potassium (K+) channels with a two-pore domain (K2P) are a large family of hyperpolarising ion channels which play a key role in cell excitability. This family comprises three members: TREK-1, TREK-2 and TRAAK. TRAAK channels have previously been reported to be expressed in murine enteric ganglia. To date, no data exist regarding TRAAK channel expression in the human colon. Thus, we designed this study to investigate TRAAK gene expression in the normal human colon and in Hirschsprung's disease (HSCR). METHODS HSCR tissue specimens (n = 6) were collected at the time of pull-through surgery, while control samples were obtained at the time of colostomy closure in patients with imperforate anus (n = 6). qRT-PCR analysis was undertaken to quantify TRAAK gene expression, and immunolabelling of TRAAK proteins was visualized using confocal microscopy. MAIN RESULTS Confocal microscopy revealed TRAAK protein expression within both neurons and interstitial cells of Cajal in the myenteric plexus, with a reduction in both ganglionic HSCR colon and aganglionic HSCR colon, compared to controls. qRT-PCR analysis revealed a significant downregulation of the TRAAK gene in both aganglionic and ganglionic HSCR specimens compared to controls (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS TRAAK gene expression is significantly downregulated in HSCR colon, suggesting a role for these ion channels in colonic neurotransmission. TRAAK downregulation within ganglionic specimens highlights the dysfunctional nature of ganglia in this region.
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Brohawn SG, Wang W, Handler A, Campbell EB, Schwarz JR, MacKinnon R. The mechanosensitive ion channel TRAAK is localized to the mammalian node of Ranvier. eLife 2019; 8:50403. [PMID: 31674909 PMCID: PMC6824864 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TRAAK is a membrane tension-activated K+ channel that has been associated through behavioral studies to mechanical nociception. We used specific monoclonal antibodies in mice to show that TRAAK is localized exclusively to nodes of Ranvier, the action potential propagating elements of myelinated nerve fibers. Approximately 80 percent of myelinated nerve fibers throughout the central and peripheral nervous system contain TRAAK in what is likely an all-nodes or no-nodes per axon fashion. TRAAK is not observed at the axon initial segment where action potentials are first generated. We used polyclonal antibodies, the TRAAK inhibitor RU2 and node clamp amplifiers to demonstrate the presence and functional properties of TRAAK in rat nerve fibers. TRAAK contributes to the ‘leak’ K+ current in mammalian nerve fiber conduction by hyperpolarizing the resting membrane potential, thereby increasing Na+ channel availability for action potential propagation. We speculate on why nodes of Ranvier contain a mechanosensitive K+ channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Brohawn
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Annie Handler
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Ernest B Campbell
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
| | - Jürgen R Schwarz
- Institute of Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roderick MacKinnon
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology and Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, United States
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Wang L, Shi KP, Li H, Huang H, Wu WB, Cai CS, Zhang XT, Zhu XB. Activation of the TRAAK two-pore domain potassium channels in rd1 mice protects photoreceptor cells from apoptosis. Int J Ophthalmol 2019; 12:1243-1249. [PMID: 31456913 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2019.08.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the expression of TWIK-related arachidonic acid-stimulated K+ channel (TRAAK) in retinal degeneration mice (rd1) and further evaluate how TRAAK affect photoreceptor cell apoptosis. METHODS The rd1 mice were distributed into blank (no treatment), control (1.4% DMSO, intraperitoneal injection) and riluzole groups (4 mg/kg·d, intraperitoneal injection) from postnatal 7d to 10, 14 and 18d; C57 group (no treatment), as age-matched wild-type control. The thickness of the outer nuclear layer (ONL) of retina was detected by paraffin section hematoxylin and eosin staining. The expression of TRAAK and the apoptosis of the ONL cells were detected by immunostaining, Western blotting, and real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The channel agonist riluzole activated TRAAK and delayed the apoptosis of photoreceptor cells in ONL layer of rd1 mice. Both at mRNA and protein levels, after riluzole treatment, TRAAK expression was significantly upregulated, when compared with the control and blank group. Then we detected a series of apoptosis related mRNA and protein. The anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2 downregulated and the pro-apoptotic factors Bax and cleaved-caspase-3 upregulated significantly. CONCLUSION Riluzole elevates the expression of TRAAK and inhibits the development of apoptosis. Activation of TRAAK may have some potential effects to put off photoreceptor apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kang-Pei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Han Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wen-Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chu-Sheng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
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Blackmore J, Shrivastava S, Sallet J, Butler CR, Cleveland RO. Ultrasound Neuromodulation: A Review of Results, Mechanisms and Safety. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2019; 45:1509-1536. [PMID: 31109842 PMCID: PMC6996285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic neuromodulation is a rapidly growing field, in which low-intensity ultrasound (US) is delivered to nervous system tissue, resulting in transient modulation of neural activity. This review summarizes the findings in the central and peripheral nervous systems from mechanistic studies in cell culture to cognitive behavioral studies in humans. The mechanisms by which US mechanically interacts with neurons and could affect firing are presented. An in-depth safety assessment of current studies shows that parameters for the human studies fall within the safety envelope for US imaging. Challenges associated with accurately targeting US and monitoring the response are described. In conclusion, the literature supports the use of US as a safe, non-invasive brain stimulation modality with improved spatial localization and depth targeting compared with alternative methods. US neurostimulation has the potential to be used both as a scientific instrument to investigate brain function and as a therapeutic modality to modulate brain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Blackmore
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - Shamit Shrivastava
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - Jerome Sallet
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Nueroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chris R Butler
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Robin O Cleveland
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK.
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Radiation Force as a Physical Mechanism for Ultrasonic Neurostimulation of the Ex Vivo Retina. J Neurosci 2019; 39:6251-6264. [PMID: 31196935 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2394-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Focused ultrasound has been shown to be effective at stimulating neurons in many animal models, both in vivo and ex vivo Ultrasonic neuromodulation is the only noninvasive method of stimulation that could reach deep in the brain with high spatial-temporal resolution, and thus has potential for use in clinical applications and basic studies of the nervous system. Understanding the physical mechanism by which energy in a high acoustic frequency wave is delivered to stimulate neurons will be important to optimize this technology. We imaged the isolated salamander retina of either sex during ultrasonic stimuli that drive ganglion cell activity and observed micron scale displacements, consistent with radiation force, the nonlinear delivery of momentum by a propagating wave. We recorded ganglion cell spiking activity and changed the acoustic carrier frequency across a broad range (0.5-43 MHz), finding that increased stimulation occurs at higher acoustic frequencies, ruling out cavitation as an alternative possible mechanism. A quantitative radiation force model can explain retinal responses and could potentially explain previous in vivo results in the mouse, suggesting a new hypothesis to be tested in vivo Finally, we found that neural activity was strongly modulated by the distance between the transducer and the electrode array showing the influence of standing waves on the response. We conclude that radiation force is the dominant physical mechanism underlying ultrasonic neurostimulation in the ex vivo retina and propose that the control of standing waves is a new potential method to modulate these effects.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Ultrasonic neurostimulation is a promising noninvasive technology that has potential for both basic research and clinical applications. The mechanisms of ultrasonic neurostimulation are unknown, making it difficult to optimize in any given application. We studied the physical mechanism by which ultrasound is converted into an effective energy form to cause neurostimulation in the retina and find that ultrasound acts via radiation force leading to a mechanical displacement of tissue. We further show that standing waves have a strong modulatory effect on activity. Our quantitative model by which ultrasound generates radiation force and leads to neural activity will be important in optimizing ultrasonic neurostimulation across a wide range of applications.
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Gain-of-Function Mutations in KCNN3 Encoding the Small-Conductance Ca 2+-Activated K + Channel SK3 Cause Zimmermann-Laband Syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 104:1139-1157. [PMID: 31155282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Zimmermann-Laband syndrome (ZLS) is characterized by coarse facial features with gingival enlargement, intellectual disability (ID), hypertrichosis, and hypoplasia or aplasia of nails and terminal phalanges. De novo missense mutations in KCNH1 and KCNK4, encoding K+ channels, have been identified in subjects with ZLS and ZLS-like phenotype, respectively. We report de novo missense variants in KCNN3 in three individuals with typical clinical features of ZLS. KCNN3 (SK3/KCa2.3) constitutes one of three members of the small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SK) channels that are part of a multiprotein complex consisting of the pore-forming channel subunits, the constitutively bound Ca2+ sensor calmodulin, protein kinase CK2, and protein phosphatase 2A. CK2 modulates Ca2+ sensitivity of the channels by phosphorylating SK-bound calmodulin. Patch-clamp whole-cell recordings of KCNN3 channel-expressing CHO cells demonstrated that disease-associated mutations result in gain of function of the mutant channels, characterized by increased Ca2+ sensitivity leading to faster and more complete activation of KCNN3 mutant channels. Pretreatment of cells with the CK2 inhibitor 4,5,6,7-tetrabromobenzotriazole revealed basal inhibition of wild-type and mutant KCNN3 channels by CK2. Analogous experiments with the KCNN3 p.Val450Leu mutant previously identified in a family with portal hypertension indicated basal constitutive channel activity and thus a different gain-of-function mechanism compared to the ZLS-associated mutant channels. With the report on de novo KCNK4 mutations in subjects with facial dysmorphism, hypertrichosis, epilepsy, ID, and gingival overgrowth, we propose to combine the phenotypes caused by mutations in KCNH1, KCNK4, and KCNN3 in a group of neurological potassium channelopathies caused by an increase in K+ conductance.
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45
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Nociceptor Signalling through ion Channel Regulation via GPCRs. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102488. [PMID: 31137507 PMCID: PMC6566991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The prime task of nociceptors is the transformation of noxious stimuli into action potentials that are propagated along the neurites of nociceptive neurons from the periphery to the spinal cord. This function of nociceptors relies on the coordinated operation of a variety of ion channels. In this review, we summarize how members of nine different families of ion channels expressed in sensory neurons contribute to nociception. Furthermore, data on 35 different types of G protein coupled receptors are presented, activation of which controls the gating of the aforementioned ion channels. These receptors are not only targeted by more than 20 separate endogenous modulators, but can also be affected by pharmacotherapeutic agents. Thereby, this review provides information on how ion channel modulation via G protein coupled receptors in nociceptors can be exploited to provide improved analgesic therapy.
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Djillani A, Mazella J, Heurteaux C, Borsotto M. Role of TREK-1 in Health and Disease, Focus on the Central Nervous System. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:379. [PMID: 31031627 PMCID: PMC6470294 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
TREK-1 is the most studied background K2P channel. Its main role is to control cell excitability and maintain the membrane potential below the threshold of depolarization. TREK-1 is multi-regulated by a variety of physical and chemical stimuli which makes it a very promising and challenging target in the treatment of several pathologies. It is mainly expressed in the brain but also in heart, smooth muscle cells, endocrine pancreas, and prostate. In the nervous system, TREK-1 is involved in many physiological and pathological processes such as depression, neuroprotection, pain, and anesthesia. These properties explain why many laboratories and pharmaceutical companies have been focusing their research on screening and developing highly efficient modulators of TREK-1 channels. In this review, we summarize the different roles of TREK-1 that have been investigated so far in attempt to characterize pharmacological tools and new molecules to modulate cellular functions controlled by TREK-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaeddine Djillani
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR7275, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Jean Mazella
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR7275, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Catherine Heurteaux
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR7275, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Marc Borsotto
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR7275, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France
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Abstract
For mechanical force to induce changes in cellular behaviors, two main processes are inevitable; perception of the force and response to it. Perception of mechanical force by cells, or mechanosensing, requires mechanical force-induced conformational changes in mechanosensors. For this, at least one end of the mechanosensors should be anchored to relatively fixed structures, such as extracellular matrices or the cytoskeletons, while the other end should be pulled along the direction of the mechanical force. Alternatively, mechanosensors may be positioned in lipid bilayers, so that conformational changes in the embedded sensors can be induced by mechanical force-driven tension in the lipid bilayer. Responses to mechanical force by cells, or mechanotransduction, require translation of such mechanical force-induced conformational changes into biochemical signaling. For this, protein-protein interactions or enzymatic activities of mechanosensors should be modulated in response to force-induced structural changes. In the last decade, several molecules that met the required criteria of mechanosensors have been identified and proven to directly sense mechanical force. The present review introduces examples of such mechanosensors and summarizes their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Gyun Lim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Jiyoung Jang
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Chungho Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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Pethő Z, Najder K, Bulk E, Schwab A. Mechanosensitive ion channels push cancer progression. Cell Calcium 2019; 80:79-90. [PMID: 30991298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In many cases, the mechanical properties of a tumor are different from those of the host tissue. Mechanical cues regulate cancer development by affecting both tumor cells and their microenvironment, by altering cell migration, proliferation, extracellular matrix remodeling and metastatic spread. Cancer cells sense mechanical stimuli such as tissue stiffness, shear stress, tissue pressure of the extracellular space (outside-in mechanosensation). These mechanical cues are transduced into a cellular response (e. g. cell migration and proliferation; inside-in mechanotransduction) or to a response affecting the microenvironment (e. g. inducing a fibrosis or building up growth-induced pressure; inside-out mechanotransduction). These processes heavily rely on mechanosensitive membrane proteins, prominently ion channels. Mechanosensitive ion channels are involved in the Ca2+-signaling of the tumor and stroma cells, both directly, by mediating Ca2+ influx (e. g. Piezo and TRP channels), or indirectly, by maintaining the electrochemical gradient necessary for Ca2+ influx (e. g. K2P, KCa channels). This review aims to discuss the diverse roles of mechanosenstive ion channels in cancer progression, especially those involved in Ca2+-signaling, by pinpointing their functional relevance in tumor pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Pethő
- Institut für Physiologie II, Robert-Koch-Str. 27b, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Karolina Najder
- Institut für Physiologie II, Robert-Koch-Str. 27b, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Etmar Bulk
- Institut für Physiologie II, Robert-Koch-Str. 27b, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Albrecht Schwab
- Institut für Physiologie II, Robert-Koch-Str. 27b, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Kanoldt V, Fischer L, Grashoff C. Unforgettable force – crosstalk and memory of mechanosensitive structures. Biol Chem 2018; 400:687-698. [DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The ability of cells to sense and respond to mechanical stimuli is crucial for many developmental and homeostatic processes, while mechanical dysfunction of cells has been associated with numerous pathologies including muscular dystrophies, cardiovascular defects and epithelial disorders. Yet, how cells detect and process mechanical information is still largely unclear. In this review, we outline major mechanisms underlying cellular mechanotransduction and we summarize the current understanding of how cells integrate information from distinct mechanosensitive structures to mediate complex mechanoresponses. We also discuss the concept of mechanical memory and describe how cells store information on previous mechanical events for different periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Kanoldt
- Group of Molecular Mechanotransduction , Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry , 82152 Martinsried , Germany
| | - Lisa Fischer
- Group of Molecular Mechanotransduction , Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry , 82152 Martinsried , Germany
| | - Carsten Grashoff
- Group of Molecular Mechanotransduction , Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry , 82152 Martinsried , Germany
- Department of Quantitative Cell Biology , Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Münster , 48149 Münster , Germany
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Prevarskaya N, Skryma R, Shuba Y. Ion Channels in Cancer: Are Cancer Hallmarks Oncochannelopathies? Physiol Rev 2018; 98:559-621. [PMID: 29412049 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00044.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability is a primary cause and fundamental feature of human cancer. However, all cancer cell genotypes generally translate into several common pathophysiological features, often referred to as cancer hallmarks. Although nowadays the catalog of cancer hallmarks is quite broad, the most common and obvious of them are 1) uncontrolled proliferation, 2) resistance to programmed cell death (apoptosis), 3) tissue invasion and metastasis, and 4) sustained angiogenesis. Among the genes affected by cancer, those encoding ion channels are present. Membrane proteins responsible for signaling within cell and among cells, for coupling of extracellular events with intracellular responses, and for maintaining intracellular ionic homeostasis ion channels contribute to various extents to pathophysiological features of each cancer hallmark. Moreover, tight association of these hallmarks with ion channel dysfunction gives a good reason to classify them as special type of channelopathies, namely oncochannelopathies. Although the relation of cancer hallmarks to ion channel dysfunction differs from classical definition of channelopathies, as disease states causally linked with inherited mutations of ion channel genes that alter channel's biophysical properties, in a broader context of the disease state, to which pathogenesis ion channels essentially contribute, such classification seems absolutely appropriate. In this review the authors provide arguments to substantiate such point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Prevarskaya
- INSERM U-1003, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer et LABEX, Université Lille1 , Villeneuve d'Ascq , France ; Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology and International Center of Molecular Physiology, NASU, Kyiv-24, Ukraine
| | - Roman Skryma
- INSERM U-1003, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer et LABEX, Université Lille1 , Villeneuve d'Ascq , France ; Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology and International Center of Molecular Physiology, NASU, Kyiv-24, Ukraine
| | - Yaroslav Shuba
- INSERM U-1003, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer et LABEX, Université Lille1 , Villeneuve d'Ascq , France ; Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology and International Center of Molecular Physiology, NASU, Kyiv-24, Ukraine
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