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Tadesse T, Asmamaw A, H/Mariam S, Edo B. A survey of contextual factors and psychological needs satisfaction as correlates of youth athletes' developmental outcomes in the Ethiopian sports academy context. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:156. [PMID: 35974400 PMCID: PMC9380373 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00545-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background This study examined the contextual factors associated with psychological need satisfaction (PNS) and the predictability of the PNS components, together with the contextual factors, on the developmental outcomes of elite young athletes in the Ethiopian sports academies, and further identified differences in perception of PNS from a comparative perspective. The study used a cross-sectional survey design applying developmental and PNS theories as guiding frameworks. Samples of elite young Ethiopian athletes participated (n = 257, 47.47% were women with a mean age of 17.44 years and SD = 0.87, and 52.53% were men with a mean age of 18.25 years and SD = 1.14). Results Structural equation modeling showed that the three PNS domains, together with the five contextual factors positively predicted the three developmental outcomes measured (41–54% explained variance). Moreover, there were higher differences in PNS (0.55 ≤ Cohen’s d ≥ 0.71) among young athletes classified by the sport types. Discussion As per the findings of this study, young athletes may differ in the levels of PNS they obtained depending on the type of sports enrolled in sports academies. Also, the results of this study indicated that PNS attained may be modestly influenced by some contextual factors. It also evidenced that those developmental outcomes in elite young athletes are significantly positively associated with contextual and PNS factors. Stakeholders such as young athlete coaches, parents, sports psychologists, and administrators must consider the differing implications of program type during the elite young athletes’ participation in sports academics and the significant positive association between contextual factors, PNS, and developmental outcomes of elite young athletes. Conclusions In sum, the PNS of youth athletes may differ across sports types and the talent development of elite young athletes should emphasize the individual nature of the processes. Also, it can be concluded that the PNS components than the contextual factors had higher predictions of developmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tefera Tadesse
- Institute of Educational Research, Addis Ababa University, PO Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. .,Institute of Medical Education, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Aemero Asmamaw
- Department of Psychology, The University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | | | - Beshir Edo
- Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Bilalić M, Đokić R, Koso-Drljević M, Đapo N, Pollet T. When (deliberate) practice is not enough – the role of intelligence, practice, and knowledge in academic performance. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03336-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIt is well established that academic performance (AP) depends on a number of factors, such as intellectual capacities, practice, and previous knowledge. We know little about how these factors interact as they are rarely measured simultaneously. Here we present mediated-Factors of Academic Performance (m-FAP) model, which simultaneously assesses direct and indirect, mediated, effects on AP. In a semester-long study with 118 first-year college students, we show that intelligence and working memory only indirectly influenced AP on a familiar, less challenging college course (Introduction to Psychology). Their influence was mediated through previous knowledge and self-regulated learning activities akin to deliberate practice. In a novel and more challenging course (Statistics in Psychology), intellectual capacities influenced performance both directly and indirectly through previous knowledge. The influence of deliberate practice, however, was considerably weaker in the novel course. The amount of time and effort that the students spent on the more difficult course could not offset the advantage of their more intelligent and more knowledgeable peers. The m–FAP model explains previous contradictory results by providing a framework for understanding the extent and limitations of individual factors in AP, which depend not only on each other, but also on the learning context.
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Yeom D, Tan YT, Haslam N, Mosing MA, Yap VM, Fraser T, Hildebrand MS, Berkovic SF, McPherson GE, Peretz I, Wilson SJ. Genetic factors and shared environment contribute equally to objective singing ability. iScience 2022; 25:104360. [PMID: 35633942 PMCID: PMC9136123 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Singing ability is a complex human skill influenced by genetic and environmental factors, the relative contributions of which remain unknown. Currently, genetically informative studies using objective measures of singing ability across a range of tasks are limited. We administered a validated online singing tool to measure performance across three everyday singing tasks in Australian twins (n = 1189) to explore the relative genetic and environmental influences on singing ability. We derived a reproducible phenotypic index for singing ability across five performance measures of pitch and interval accuracy. Using this index we found moderate heritability of singing ability (h2 = 40.7%) with a striking, similar contribution from shared environmental factors (c2 = 37.1%). Childhood singing in the family home and being surrounded by music early in life both significantly predicted the phenotypic index. Taken together, these findings show that singing ability is equally influenced by genetic and shared environmental factors. We measured singing ability in a large sample of Australian twins Singing ability is moderately heritable Shared environmental factors are equally important Of these, early but not current musical environments shaped singing ability
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Yeom
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Corresponding author
| | - Yi Ting Tan
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Melbourne Conservatorium of Music, University of Melbourne, Southbank, VIC 3006, Australia
| | - Nick Haslam
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Miriam A. Mosing
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Valerie M.Z. Yap
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Trisnasari Fraser
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Melbourne Conservatorium of Music, University of Melbourne, Southbank, VIC 3006, Australia
| | - Michael S. Hildebrand
- Department of Medicine, Epilepsy Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Sam F. Berkovic
- Department of Medicine, Epilepsy Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Gary E. McPherson
- Melbourne Conservatorium of Music, University of Melbourne, Southbank, VIC 3006, Australia
| | - Isabelle Peretz
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound Research and Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H2V 2S9, Canada
| | - Sarah J. Wilson
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Epilepsy Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
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Spies F, Schauer L, Bindel T, Pfeiffer M. Talent detection—importance of the will and the ability when starting a sport activity. GERMAN JOURNAL OF EXERCISE AND SPORT RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12662-022-00796-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe early identification of sports talents includes finding the right sport and is of great importance for both scientists and practitioners. In this article, special attention will be paid to the entry into sports in general as a basis of a talent development process. Sport-specific evidence from a variety of talent development models will be listed and research gaps will be identified. For this purpose, this article refers to a model that can be classified as both process and structure oriented and tries to find domain-specific application. A framework is presented as a research approach in which the different scientific disciplines can bring together their subject areas. This enables so-called ability–personality profiles consisting individual constellations of motivation variables, interests, skills, and experience to be studied together and incorporated into the talent development process. The arrangement of movement offers should be oriented to the individual profiles. At the same time, movement experiences can offer the basis for the formation of interests, motivation, and sport-motor skills, i.e., of the will and the ability. Taking the will into account as well as the ability could lead people to detect their own talent (based on contents of the presented framework) and the sport that is suitable for them, and thus be ready for the entry to the path of talent development.
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Expertise- and Tempo-Related Performance Differences in Unimanual Drumming. Motor Control 2021; 25:644-679. [PMID: 34544901 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2020-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-speed drumming requires precise control over the timing, velocity, and magnitude of striking movements. AIM To examine effects of tempo and expertise on unaccented repetitive drumming performance using 3D motion capture. METHODS Expert and amateur drummers performed unimanual, unaccented, repetitive drum strikes, using their dominant right hand, at five different tempi. Performance was examined with regard to timing variability, striking velocity variability, the ability to match the prescribed tempo, and additional variables. RESULTS Permutated multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) revealed significant main effects of tempo (p < .001) and expertise (p <.001) on timing variability and striking velocity variability; low timing variability and low striking velocity variability were associated with low/medium tempo as well as with increased expertise. Individually, improved precision appeared across an optimum tempo range. Precision was poorest at maximum tempo (400 hits per minute) for precision variables. CONCLUSIONS Expert drummers demonstrated greater precision and consistency than amateurs. Findings indicate an optimum tempo range that extends with increased expertise.
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Early Specialization and Critical Periods in Acquiring Expertise: A Comparison of Traditional Versus Detection Talent Identification in Team GB Cycling at London 2012. JOURNAL OF MOTOR LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2020-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare two methodologies employed by the British Cycling talent identification program. Specifically, the authors investigated cyclists selected to represent GB cycling team at the London 2012 Olympics using (a) a traditional talent identification methodology (British Cycling Olympic Development Program), where selection is based upon race results and (b) a detection talent identification methodology (U.K. Sport Talent Team Program), which is a multi-Olympic event initiative that identifies athletic potential from physical and skill-based tests. To facilitate this comparison, the authors calculated the speed with which expertise was acquired. A Mann–Whitney U test (U = 16.0, p = .031) indicated that the speed of acquiring expertise was quicker in detection talent identification (Mdn = 5.4) than traditional talent identification (Mdn = 7.2). Practice started later with detection talent identification than with traditional talent identification (14.12 years vs. 11.23 years, respectively), which affected the period to excellence. Thus, detection talent identification resulted in an absence of early specialization, which suggests a critical period for attaining cycling expertise. The authors hypothesize a genetic basis of talent and propose that critical periods are important in detection talent identification programs.
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Kowalczyk‐Grębska N, Skorko M, Dobrowolski P, Kossowski B, Myśliwiec M, Hryniewicz N, Gaca M, Marchewka A, Kossut M, Brzezicka A. Lenticular nucleus volume predicts performance in real-time strategy game: cross-sectional and training approach using voxel-based morphometry. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1492:42-57. [PMID: 33372699 PMCID: PMC8246877 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
It is unclear why some people learn faster than others. We performed two independent studies in which we investigated the neural basis of real-time strategy (RTS) gaming and neural predictors of RTS game skill acquisition. In the first (cross-sectional) study, we found that experts in the RTS game StarCraft® II (SC2) had a larger lenticular nucleus volume (LNV) than non-RTS players. We followed a cross-validation procedure where we used the volume of regions identified in the first study to predict the quality of learning a new, complex skill (SC2) in a sample of individuals who were naive to RTS games (a second (training) study). Our findings provide new insights into how the LNV, which is associated with motor as well as cognitive functions, can be utilized to predict successful skill learning and be applied to a much broader context than just video games, such as contributing to optimizing cognitive training interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maciek Skorko
- Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | | | - Bartosz Kossowski
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Monika Myśliwiec
- Faculty of PsychologySWPS University of Social Sciences and HumanitiesWarsawPoland
| | - Nikodem Hryniewicz
- CNS Lab, Nalecz Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Polish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Maciej Gaca
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Artur Marchewka
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Neurobiology Center, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Małgorzata Kossut
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, Department of Molecular and Cellular NeurobiologyNencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Aneta Brzezicka
- Faculty of PsychologySWPS University of Social Sciences and HumanitiesWarsawPoland
- Department of NeurosurgeryCedars‐Sinai Medical CenterLos AngelesCalifornia
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Hirano M, Sakurada M, Furuya S. Overcoming the ceiling effects of experts' motor expertise through active haptic training. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/47/eabd2558. [PMID: 33219034 PMCID: PMC7679166 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd2558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
One of the most challenging issues among experts is how to improve motor skills that have already been highly trained. Recent studies have proposed importance of both genetic predisposition and accumulated amount of practice for standing at the top of fields of sports and performing arts. In contrast to the two factors, what is unexplored is how one practices impacts on experts' expertise. Here, we show that training of active somatosensory function (active haptic training) enhances precise force control in the keystrokes and somatosensory functions specifically of expert pianists, but not of untrained individuals. By contrast, training that merely repeats the task with provision of error feedback, which is a typical training method, failed to improve the force control in the experts, but not in the untrained. These findings provide evidence that the limit of highly trained motor skills could be overcome by optimizing training methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hirano
- Sony Computer Science Laboratories Inc. (SONY CSL), Tokyo, Japan.
- Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Sakurada
- Sony Computer Science Laboratories Inc. (SONY CSL), Tokyo, Japan
- Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Furuya
- Sony Computer Science Laboratories Inc. (SONY CSL), Tokyo, Japan
- Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Barth M, Güllich A, Raschner C, Emrich E. The path to international medals: A supervised machine learning approach to explore the impact of coach-led sport-specific and non-specific practice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239378. [PMID: 32976547 PMCID: PMC7518846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Research investigating the nature and scope of developmental participation patterns leading to international senior-level success is mainly explorative up to date. One of the criticisms of earlier research was its typical multiple testing for many individual participation variables using bivariate, linear analyses. Here, we applied state-of-the-art supervised machine learning to investigate potential non-linear and multivariate effects of coach-led practice in the athlete’s respective main sport and in other sports on the achievement of international medals. Participants were matched pairs (sport, sex, age) of adult international medallists and non-medallists (n = 166). Comparison of several non-ensemble and tree-based ensemble binary classification algorithms identified “eXtreme gradient boosting” as the best-performing algorithm for our classification problem. The model showed fair discrimination power between the international medallists and non-medallists. The results indicate that coach-led other-sports practice until age 14 years was the most important feature. Furthermore, both main-sport and other-sports practice were non-linearly related to international success. The amount of main-sport practice displayed a parabolic pattern while the amount of other-sports practice displayed a saturation pattern. The findings question excess involvement in specialised coach-led main-sport practice at an early age and call for childhood/adolescent engagement in coach-led practice in various sports. In data analyses, combining traditional statistics with advanced supervised machine learning may improve both testing of the robustness of findings and new discovery of patterns among multivariate relationships of variables, and thereby of new hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Barth
- Department of Sports Science, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- University of Applied Sciences Kufstein Tirol—FH Kufstein, Kufstein, Austria
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Arne Güllich
- Department of Sport Science, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Christian Raschner
- University of Applied Sciences Kufstein Tirol—FH Kufstein, Kufstein, Austria
| | - Eike Emrich
- Department of Sports Science, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Hambrick DZ, Macnamara BN, Oswald FL. Is the Deliberate Practice View Defensible? A Review of Evidence and Discussion of Issues. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1134. [PMID: 33013494 PMCID: PMC7461852 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The question of what explains individual differences in expertise within complex domains such as music, games, sports, science, and medicine is currently a major topic of interest in a diverse range of fields, including psychology, education, and sports science, to name just a few. Ericsson and colleagues' deliberate practice view is a highly influential perspective in the literature on expertise and expert performance-but is it viable as a testable scientific theory? Here, reviewing more than 25 years of Ericsson and colleagues' writings, we document critical inconsistencies in the definition of deliberate practice, along with apparent shifts in the standard for evidence concerning deliberate practice. We also consider the impact of these issues on progress in the field of expertise, focusing on the empirical testability and falsifiability of the deliberate practice view. We then discuss a multifactorial perspective on expertise, and how open science practices can accelerate progress in research guided by this perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Z. Hambrick
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Brooke N. Macnamara
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Frederick L. Oswald
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
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11
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Sachdeva AK. Acquiring and maintaining lifelong expertise in surgery. Surgery 2020; 167:787-792. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2019.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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The joint influence of intelligence and practice on skill development throughout the life span. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:18363-18369. [PMID: 31451633 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1819086116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative importance of different factors in the development of human skills has been extensively discussed. Research on expertise indicates that focused practice may be the sole determinant of skill, while intelligence researchers underline the relative importance of abilities at even the highest level of skill. There is indeed a large body of research that acknowledges the role of both factors in skill development and retention. It is, however, unknown how intelligence and practice come together to enable the acquisition and retention of complex skills across the life span. Instead of focusing on the 2 factors, intelligence and practice, in isolation, here we look at their interplay throughout development. In a longitudinal study that tracked chess players throughout their careers, we show that both intelligence and practice positively affect the acquisition and retention of chess skill. Importantly, the nonlinear interaction between the 2 factors revealed that more intelligent individuals benefited more from practice. With the same amount of practice, they acquired chess skill more quickly than less intelligent players, reached a higher peak performance, and arrested decline in older age. Our research demonstrates the futility of scrutinizing the relative importance of highly intertwined factors in human development.
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Neuromuscular and biomechanical functions subserving finger dexterity in musicians. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12224. [PMID: 31434947 PMCID: PMC6704118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48718-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exceptional finger dexterity enables skillful motor actions such as those required for musical performance. However, it has been not known whether and in what manner neuromuscular or biomechanical features of the fingers subserve the dexterity. We aimed to identify the features firstly differentiating the finger dexterity between trained and untrained individuals and secondly accounting for the individual differences in the dexterity across trained individuals. To this aim, two studies were conducted. The first study compared the finger dexterity and several neuromuscular and biomechanical characteristics of the fingers between pianists and non-musicians. As a measure of the dexterity, we used the maximum rate of repetitive finger movements. The results showed no differences in any biomechanical constraints of the fingers between the two groups (i.e. anatomical connectivity between the fingers and range of motion). However, the pianists exhibited faster finger movements and more independent control of movements between the fingers. These observations indicate expertise-dependent enhancement of the finger dexterity and reduction of neuromuscular constraints on movement independence between the fingers. The second study assessed individual differences in the finger dexterity between trained pianists. A penalized regression determined an association of the maximum movement speed of the fingers with both muscular strength and biomechanical characteristics of the fingers, but not with neuromuscular constraints of the fingers. None of these features covaried with measures of early and deliberate piano practice. These findings indicate that distinct biological factors of finger motor dexterity differentiate between the effects of piano practicing and individual differences across skilled pianists.
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15
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Hernandez AE, Claussenius-Kalman HL, Ronderos J, Castilla-Earls AP, Sun L, Weiss SD, Young DR. Neuroemergentism: Response to Commentaries. JOURNAL OF NEUROLINGUISTICS 2019; 49:258-262. [PMID: 30983697 PMCID: PMC6457663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroling.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
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Abstract
The ability to draw is a uniquely human activity, ubiquitous in childhood but seldom performed at expert levels in adulthood. Relative to other domains of expertise (chess, music, sport), drawing is understudied, and yet because it is a universal developmental ability mastered by so few, it provides an ideal test bed for competing theories of expertise. In this review, three strands of active research and debate in the field of expertise will be considered in relation to representational drawing ability: (a) the characterization of expertise in relation to altered visual attention and memory, (b) the relative roles of personality traits and cognitive abilities, and (c) the interaction between genes and environment in the development of expertise. The study of representational drawing sheds new light on these three strands and provides rich avenues for further research in this domain.
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Jung WH, Lee TY, Yoon YB, Choi CH, Kwon JS. Beyond Domain-Specific Expertise: Neural Signatures of Face and Spatial Working Memory in Baduk (Go Game) Experts. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:319. [PMID: 30131686 PMCID: PMC6090201 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances of neuroimaging methodology and artificial intelligence have resulted in renewed interest in board games like chess and Baduk (called Go game in the West) and have provided clues as to the mechanisms behind the games. However, an interesting question that remains to be answered is whether the board game expertise as one of cognitive skills goes beyond just being good at the trained game and how it maps on networks associated with cognitive abilities that are not directly trained. To address this issue, we examined functional activity and connectivity in Baduk experts, compared to novices, while performing a visual n-back working memory (WM) task. We found that experts, compared to novices, had greater activation in superior parietal cortex during face WM, though there were no group differences in behavioral performances. Using a data-driven, whole-brain multivariate approach, we also found significant group differences in the multivariate pattern of connectivity in frontal pole and inferior parietal cortex, further showing greater connectivity between frontal and parietal regions and between frontal and temporal regions in experts. Our findings suggest that long-term trained Baduk experts have the reorganization of functional interactions between brain regions even for untrained cognitive ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wi Hoon Jung
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae Young Lee
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youngwoo B. Yoon
- Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Chi-Hoon Choi
- Department of Radiology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Jun Soo Kwon
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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