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Yang L, Cheng T, Shao J. Perspective on receptor-associated immune response to Candida albicans single and mixed infections: Implications for therapeutics in oropharyngeal candidiasis. Med Mycol 2023; 61:myad077. [PMID: 37533203 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myad077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC), commonly known as 'thrush', is an oral infection that usually dismantles oral mucosal integrity and malfunctions local innate and adaptive immunities in compromised individuals. The major pathogen responsible for the occurrence and progression of OPC is the dimorphic opportunistic commensal Candida albicans. However, the incidence induced by non-albicans Candida species including C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. dubliniensis, C. parapsilosis, and C. krusei are increasing in company with several oral bacteria, such as Streptococcus mutans, S. gordonii, S. epidermidis, and S. aureus. In this review, the microbiological and infection features of C. albicans and its co-contributors in the pathogenesis of OPC are outlined. Since the invasion and concomitant immune response lie firstly on the recognition of oral pathogens through diverse cellular surface receptors, we subsequently emphasize the roles of epidermal growth factor receptor, ephrin-type receptor 2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor located on oral epithelial cells to delineate the underlying mechanism by which host immune recognition to oral pathogens is mediated. Based on these observations, the therapeutic approaches to OPC comprising conventional and non-conventional antifungal agents, fungal vaccines, cytokine and antibody therapies, and antimicrobial peptide therapy are finally overviewed. In the face of newly emerging life-threatening microbes (C. auris and SARS-CoV-2), risks (biofilm formation and interconnected translocation among diverse organs), and complicated clinical settings (HIV and oropharyngeal cancer), the research on OPC is still a challenging task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Laboratory of Anti-infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei 230012, P. R. China
| | - Ting Cheng
- Laboratory of Anti-infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei 230012, P. R. China
| | - Jing Shao
- Laboratory of Anti-infection and Immunity, College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine (College of Life Science), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei 230012, P. R. China
- Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Zhijing Building, 350 Longzihu Road, Xinzhan District, Hefei 230012, P. R. China
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2
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Dickenson RE, Pellon A, Ponde NO, Hepworth O, Daniels Gatward LF, Naglik JR, Moyes DL. EGR1 regulates oral epithelial cell responses to Candida albicans via the EGFR- ERK1/2 pathway. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.31.535186. [PMID: 37066428 PMCID: PMC10103955 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.31.535186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a fungal pathobiont colonising mucosal surfaces of the human body, including the oral cavity. Under certain predisposing conditions, C. albicans invades mucosal tissues activating EGFR-MAPK signalling pathways in epithelial cells via the action of its peptide toxin candidalysin. However, our knowledge of the epithelial mechanisms involved during C. albicans colonisation is rudimentary. Here, we describe the role of the transcription factor early growth response protein 1 (EGR1) in human oral epithelial cells (OECs) in response to C. albicans. EGR1 expression increases in OECs when exposed to C. albicans independently of fungal viability, morphology, or candidalysin release, suggesting EGR1 is involved in the fundamental recognition of C. albicans, rather than in response to invasion or 'pathogenesis'. Upregulation of EGR1 is mediated by EGFR via Raf1, ERK1/2 and NF-κB signalling but not PI3K/mTOR signalling. Notably, EGR1 mRNA silencing impacts on anti-C. albicans immunity, reducing GM-CSF, IL-1α and IL-1β release, and increasing IL-6 and IL-8 production. These findings identify an important role for EGR1 in priming epithelial cells to respond to subsequent invasive infection by C. albicans and elucidate the regulation circuit of this transcription factor after contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E Dickenson
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Aize Pellon
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nicole O Ponde
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Now at Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Olivia Hepworth
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lydia F Daniels Gatward
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Julian R Naglik
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David L Moyes
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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3
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Fang X, Lian H, Bi S, Liu S, Yuan X, Liao C. Roles of pattern recognition receptors in response to fungal keratitis. Life Sci 2022; 307:120881. [PMID: 35963303 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fungal keratitis is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide, which has become an increasingly serious threat to public ocular health, but no effective treatment strategies are available now. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) of the innate immune system are the first line of host defense against fungal infections. They could recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and trigger an array of inflammatory responses. Over the last decades, research has resulted in significant progress regarding the roles of PRRs in fungal keratitis. This review will highlight the importance of several pattern recognition receptors (C-type lectin-like receptors, Toll-like receptors, and NOD-like receptors) in regulating the innate immunity under fungal keratitis and describe the crosstalk and collaboration in PRRs contributing to disease pathology. Meanwhile, some potential therapy-based PRRs against corneal fungal infections are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Fang
- The School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin 300020, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Huifang Lian
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300020, China; Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin 300020, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Baoding First Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Shihao Bi
- Neck-Shoulder and Lumbocrural Pain Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, China
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiaoyong Yuan
- The School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300020, China; Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin 300020, China.
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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Archambault LS, Dongari-Bagtzoglou A. Probiotics for Oral Candidiasis: Critical Appraisal of the Evidence and a Path Forward. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:880746. [PMID: 35495563 PMCID: PMC9046664 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.880746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal Candidiasis (OPC) is a mucosal fungal infection that is prevalent among patients with compromised immunity. The success of probiotics in treating chronic diseases with a microbial etiology component at other mucosal sites (i.e., gastro-intestinal, genitourinary and alveolar mucosae) has inspired research into the use of probiotics in the treatment of OPC. A growing body of research in vitro and in animal models indicates that some probiotic species and strains have inhibitory activities against Candida albicans growth, morphological switching, and biofilm formation. However, recent review and meta-analysis studies reveal a dearth of human randomized, controlled clinical trials on the efficacy of probiotics to treat or prevent OPC, while the majority of these have not based their selection of probiotic strains or the type of administration on sound pre-clinical evidence. In this mini-review, we assess the state of the field, outline some of the difficulties in translating lab results to clinical efficacy, and make recommendations for future research needed in order to move the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda S. Archambault
- Department of Craniofacial Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
- Center for Quantitative Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Anna Dongari-Bagtzoglou
- Department of Craniofacial Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
- *Correspondence: Anna Dongari-Bagtzoglou
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Mao X, Yang L, Yu D, Ma T, Ma C, Wang J, Yu Q, Li M. The Vacuole and Mitochondria Patch (vCLAMP) Protein Vam6 is Crucial for Autophagy in Candida albicans. Mycopathologia 2021; 186:477-486. [PMID: 34057669 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-021-00565-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Vacuole and mitochondria patches (vCLAMPs) are involved in the stress resistance of yeast, but their exact role in autophagy remains so far unclear. This study, for the first time, investigated the role of the vCLAMP core protein Vam6 in autophagy of Candida albicans. The experiments demonstrated that the deletion of VAM6 led to a growth defect under nitrogen starvation. Also, western blotting revealed that the vam6Δ/Δ mutant attenuated degradation of Atg8 (an autophagy indicator), Lap41 (an indicator of the cytoplasm to vacuole targeting pathway), and Csp37 (a mitophagy indicator). Moreover, the activity of carboxypeptidase Y and the levels of the vacuolar phospholipase Atg15 were significantly decreased in the mutant, which confirmed the defect of autophagy caused by deletion of VAM6. Overall, these results revealed that Vam6 is essential in maintaining the autophagic process under nitrogen starvation, and this provided new insights into the correlation between vCLAMPs and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Mao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Department of Microbiology, College of LifeSciences, Nankai University, No. 94, Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Li Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Department of Microbiology, College of LifeSciences, Nankai University, No. 94, Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Dixiong Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Department of Microbiology, College of LifeSciences, Nankai University, No. 94, Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Tianyu Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Department of Microbiology, College of LifeSciences, Nankai University, No. 94, Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Congcong Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Department of Microbiology, College of LifeSciences, Nankai University, No. 94, Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jiazhen Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Department of Microbiology, College of LifeSciences, Nankai University, No. 94, Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Qilin Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Department of Microbiology, College of LifeSciences, Nankai University, No. 94, Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Mingchun Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Department of Microbiology, College of LifeSciences, Nankai University, No. 94, Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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Candida albicans as an Essential "Keystone" Component within Polymicrobial Oral Biofilm Models? Microorganisms 2020; 9:microorganisms9010059. [PMID: 33379333 PMCID: PMC7823588 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Existing standardized biofilm assays focus on simple mono-species or bacterial-only models. Incorporating Candida albicans into complex biofilm models can offer a more appropriate and relevant polymicrobial biofilm for the development of oral health products. Aims: This study aimed to assess the importance of interkingdom interactions in polymicrobial oral biofilm systems with or without C. albicans, and test how these models respond to oral therapeutic challenges in vitro. Materials and Methods: Polymicrobial biofilms (two models containing 5 and 10 bacterial species, respectively) were created in parallel in the presence and absence of C. albicans and challenged using clinically relevant antimicrobials. The metabolic profiles and biomasses of these complex biofilms were estimated using resazurin dye and crystal violet stain, respectively. Quantitative PCR was utilized to assess compositional changes in microbial load. Additional assays, for measurements of pH and lactate, were included to monitor fluctuations in virulence "biomarkers." Results: An increased level of metabolic activity and biomass in the presence of C. albicans was observed. Bacterial load was increased by more than a factor of 10 in the presence of C. albicans. Assays showed inclusion of C. albicans impacted the biofilm virulence profiles. C. albicans did not affect the biofilms' responses to the short-term incubations with different treatments. Conclusions: The interkingdom biofilms described herein are structurally robust and exhibit all the hallmarks of a reproducible model. To our knowledge, these data are the first to test the hypothesis that yeasts may act as potential "keystone" components of oral biofilms.
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Abstract
Candida auris is an enigmatic yeast that provides substantial global risk in health care facilities and intensive care units. A unique phenotype exhibited by certain isolates of C. auris is their ability to form small clusters of cells known as aggregates, which have been to a limited extent described in the context of pathogenic traits. In this study, we screened several nonaggregative and aggregative C. auris isolates for biofilm formation, where we observed a level of heterogeneity among the different phenotypes. Next, we utilized an RNA sequencing approach to investigate the transcriptional responses during biofilm formation of a nonaggregative and aggregative isolate of the initial pool. Observations from these analyses indicate unique transcriptional profiles in the two isolates, with several genes identified relating to proteins involved in adhesion and invasion of the host in other fungal species. From these findings, we investigated for the first time the fungal recognition and inflammatory responses of a three-dimensional skin epithelial model to these isolates. In these models, a wound was induced to mimic a portal of entry for C. auris We show that both phenotypes elicited minimal response in the model minus induction of the wound, yet in the wounded tissue, both phenotypes induced a greater response, with the aggregative isolate more proinflammatory. This capacity of aggregative C. auris biofilms to generate such responses in the wounded skin highlights how this opportunistic yeast is a high risk within the intensive care environment where susceptible patients have multiple indwelling lines.IMPORTANCE Candida auris has recently emerged as an important cause of concern within health care environments due to its ability to persist and tolerate commonly used antiseptics and disinfectants, particularly when attached to a surface (biofilms). This yeast is able to colonize and subsequently infect patients, particularly those that are critically ill or immunosuppressed, which may result in death. We have undertaken analysis on two different phenotypic types of this yeast, using molecular and immunological tools to determine whether either of these has a greater ability to cause serious infections. We describe that both isolates exhibit largely different transcriptional profiles during biofilm development. Finally, we show that the inability to form small aggregates (or clusters) of cells has an adverse effect on the organism's immunostimulatory properties, suggesting that the nonaggregative phenotype may exhibit a certain level of immune evasion.
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8
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Ciurea CN, Kosovski IB, Mare AD, Toma F, Pintea-Simon IA, Man A. Candida and Candidiasis-Opportunism Versus Pathogenicity: A Review of the Virulence Traits. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060857. [PMID: 32517179 PMCID: PMC7355540 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most important questions in microbiology nowadays, is how apparently harmless, commensal yeasts like Candida spp. can cause a rising number of infections. The occurrence of the disease requires firstly the attachment to the host cells, followed by the invasion of the tissue. The adaptability translates into a rapid ability to respond to stress factors, to take up nutrients or to multiply under different conditions. By forming complex intracellular networks such as biofilms, Candida spp. become not only more refractive to antifungal therapies but also more prone to cause disease. The inter-microbial interactions can enhance the virulence of a strain. In vivo, the fungal cells face a multitude of challenges and, as a result, they develop complex strategies serving one ultimate goal: survival. This review presents the virulence factors of the most important Candida spp., contributing to a better understanding of the onset of candidiasis and raising awareness of the highly complex interspecies interactions that can change the outcome of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Nicoleta Ciurea
- Department of Microbiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.D.M.); (F.T.); (I.A.P.-S.); (A.M.)
- Doctoral School, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
- Correspondence:
| | - Irina-Bianca Kosovski
- Doctoral School, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
- Department of Physiopathology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Anca Delia Mare
- Department of Microbiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.D.M.); (F.T.); (I.A.P.-S.); (A.M.)
| | - Felicia Toma
- Department of Microbiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.D.M.); (F.T.); (I.A.P.-S.); (A.M.)
| | - Ionela Anca Pintea-Simon
- Department of Microbiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.D.M.); (F.T.); (I.A.P.-S.); (A.M.)
- Doctoral School, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
| | - Adrian Man
- Department of Microbiology, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.D.M.); (F.T.); (I.A.P.-S.); (A.M.)
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9
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Mba IE, Nweze EI. Mechanism of Candida pathogenesis: revisiting the vital drivers. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39:1797-1819. [PMID: 32372128 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-03912-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Candida is the most implicated fungal pathogen in the clinical setting. Several factors play important roles in the pathogenesis of Candida spp. Multiple transcriptional circuits, morphological and phenotypic switching, biofilm formation, tissue damaging extracellular hydrolytic enzymes, metabolic flexibility, genome plasticity, adaptation to environmental pH fluctuation, robust nutrient acquisition system, adherence and invasions (mediated by adhesins and invasins), heat shock proteins (HSPs), cytolytic proteins, escape from phagocytosis, evasion from host immune system, synergistic coaggregation with resident microbiota, resistance to antifungal agents, and the ability to efficiently respond to multiple stresses are some of the major pathogenic determinants of Candida species. The existence of multiple connections, in addition to the interactions and associations among all of these factors, are distinctive features that play important roles in the establishment of Candida infections. This review describes all the underlying factors and mechanisms involved in Candida pathogenesis by evaluating pathogenic determinants of Candida species. It reinforces the already available pool of data on the pathogenesis of Candida species by providing a clear and simplified understanding of the most important factors implicated in the pathogenesis of Candida species. The Candida pathogenesis network, an illustration linking all the major determinants of Candida pathogenesis, is also presented. Taken together, they will further improve our current understanding of how these factors modulate virulence and consequent infection(s). Development of new antifungal drugs and better therapeutic approaches to candidiasis can be achieved in the near future with continuing progress in the understanding of the mechanisms of Candida pathogenesis.
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Pellon A, Sadeghi Nasab SD, Moyes DL. New Insights in Candida albicans Innate Immunity at the Mucosa: Toxins, Epithelium, Metabolism, and Beyond. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:81. [PMID: 32195196 PMCID: PMC7062647 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal surfaces of the human body are challenged by millions of microbes on a daily basis. Co-evolution with these microbes has led to the development of plastic mechanisms in both host and microorganisms that regulate the balance between preserving beneficial microbes and clearing pathogens. Candida albicans is a fungal pathobiont present in most healthy individuals that, under certain circumstances, can become pathogenic and cause everything from mild mucosal infections to life-threatening systemic diseases. As an essential part of the innate immunity in mucosae, epithelial cells elaborate complex immune responses that discriminate between commensal and pathogenic microbes, including C. albicans. Recently, several significant advances have been made identifying new pieces in the puzzle of host-microbe interactions. This review will summarize these advances in the context of our current knowledge of anti-Candida mucosal immunity, and their impact on epithelial immune responses to this fungal pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aize Pellon
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shervin Dokht Sadeghi Nasab
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David L Moyes
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Janek T, Drzymała K, Dobrowolski A. In vitro efficacy of the lipopeptide biosurfactant surfactin-C 15 and its complexes with divalent counterions to inhibit Candida albicans biofilm and hyphal formation. BIOFOULING 2020; 36:210-221. [PMID: 32292058 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2020.1752370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Surfactin is a type of cyclic lipopeptide biosurfactant implicated in a wide range of applications. Although its antimicrobial activity has been characterized, its effect on Candida albicans physiology remains to be elucidated. The present study evaluated the influence of surfactin-C15 (SF) and its complexes with divalent counterions on C. albicans biofilm formation and preformed biofilms. The SF and metal(II)-SF complexes inhibited biofilm formation and reduced the metabolic activity of mature biofilms in a concentration-dependent manner. The same concentrations of the compounds studied dislodged preexisting biofilms grown on polystyrene plates. Moreover, SF and its metal(II) complexes reduced the mRNA expression of hypha-specific genes HWP1, ALS1, ALS3, ECE1 and SAP4 without exhibiting significant growth inhibition. Further research showed that the compounds tested reduced cellular surface hydrophobicity (CSH). These results suggest that SF and metal(II)-SF complexes could be used as anti-biofilm agents against C. albicans hypha-related infections in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Janek
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Drzymała
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Adam Dobrowolski
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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12
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Ranganathan K, Umadevi KMR. Common oral opportunistic infections in Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: Changing epidemiology; diagnostic criteria and methods; management protocols. Periodontol 2000 2019; 80:177-188. [PMID: 31090147 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There were 36.9 million in the world living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) as of 2017, and new infections have seen a reduction by 18% since 2010. But this rate of decline is not sufficient for the goal of eradication of AIDS by 2030. Only 21.7 million people infected with HIV have accesses to antiretroviral therapy, with the rest at risk of the potential complications of HIV infection. It has been shown that oral lesions are diagnostic and prognostic of HIV infection, and many oral opportunistic infections continue to be a major problem, particularly in developing countries. It is therefore important that dental surgeons be aware and updated to recognize and manage the oral effects of HIV infection/AIDS. This chapter describes the classification, diagnosis, and management of oral lesions in these patients, based on our current understanding of the infection. This review also discusses the standardization of diagnosis of oral lesions in HIV infection/AIDS patients, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome case definition, and the research priorities formulated at the 7th World Workshop on Oral Health and Disease in AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Ranganathan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Ragas Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India
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13
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Ribeiro F, Rossoni R, Barros P, Santos J, Fugisaki L, Leão M, Junqueira J. Action mechanisms of probiotics on
Candida
spp. and candidiasis prevention: an update. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 129:175-185. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F.C. Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis Institute of Science and Technology São Paulo State University/UNESP Sao Jose dos Campos Brazil
| | - R.D. Rossoni
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis Institute of Science and Technology São Paulo State University/UNESP Sao Jose dos Campos Brazil
| | - P.P. Barros
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis Institute of Science and Technology São Paulo State University/UNESP Sao Jose dos Campos Brazil
| | - J.D. Santos
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis Institute of Science and Technology São Paulo State University/UNESP Sao Jose dos Campos Brazil
| | - L.R.O. Fugisaki
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis Institute of Science and Technology São Paulo State University/UNESP Sao Jose dos Campos Brazil
| | - M.P.V. Leão
- Bioscience Basic Institute University of Taubaté Bom Conselho Taubaté SP Brazil
| | - J.C. Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis Institute of Science and Technology São Paulo State University/UNESP Sao Jose dos Campos Brazil
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14
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Swidergall M, Khalaji M, Solis NV, Moyes DL, Drummond RA, Hube B, Lionakis MS, Murdoch C, Filler SG, Naglik JR. Candidalysin Is Required for Neutrophil Recruitment and Virulence During Systemic Candida albicans Infection. J Infect Dis 2019; 220:1477-1488. [PMID: 31401652 PMCID: PMC6761979 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Candidalysin is a cytolytic peptide toxin secreted by Candida albicans hyphae and has significantly advanced our understanding of fungal pathogenesis. Candidalysin is critical for mucosal C albicans infections and is known to activate epithelial cells to induce downstream innate immune responses that are associated with protection or immunopathology during oral or vaginal infections. Furthermore, candidalysin activates the NLRP3 inflammasome and causes cytolysis in mononuclear phagocytes. However, the role of candidalysin in driving systemic infections is unknown. METHODS In this study, using candidalysin-producing and candidalysin-deficient C albicans strains, we show that candidalysin activates mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling and chemokine secretion in endothelial cells in vitro. RESULTS Candidalysin induces immune activation and neutrophil recruitment in vivo, and it promotes mortality in zebrafish and murine models of systemic fungal infection. CONCLUSIONS The data demonstrate a key role for candidalysin in neutrophil recruitment and fungal virulence during disseminated systemic C albicans infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Swidergall
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Mina Khalaji
- School of Clinical Dentistry, Claremont Crescent, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Present Affiliation: Department of Metabolic and Vascular Physiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Norma V Solis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - David L Moyes
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca A Drummond
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Present Affiliation: Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (Hans Knoell Institute), Jena, Germany
- Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Michail S Lionakis
- Fungal Pathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Craig Murdoch
- School of Clinical Dentistry, Claremont Crescent, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Scott G Filler
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Julian R Naglik
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, United Kingdom
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15
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Effect of photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy on Candida albicans in the presence of glucose. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 27:54-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Naglik JR, Gaffen SL, Hube B. Candidalysin: discovery and function in Candida albicans infections. Curr Opin Microbiol 2019; 52:100-109. [PMID: 31288097 PMCID: PMC6687503 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Candidalysin is the first peptide toxin identified in any human fungal pathogen. Candidalysin is critical for Candida albicans mucosal and systemic infections. Candidalysin activates danger-response and damage-protection pathways in host cells. Candidalysin activates the epidermal growth factor receptor in epithelial cells and the NLRP3 inflammasome in macrophages. Candidalysin drives neutrophil recruitment and Type 17 immunity.
Candidalysin is a cytolytic peptide toxin secreted by the invasive form of the human pathogenic fungus, Candida albicans. Candidalysin is critical for mucosal and systemic infections and is a key driver of host cell activation, neutrophil recruitment and Type 17 immunity. Candidalysin is regarded as the first true classical virulence factor of C. albicans but also triggers protective immune responses. This review will discuss how candidalysin was discovered, the mechanisms by which this peptide toxin contributes to C. albicans infections, and how its discovery has advanced our understanding of fungal pathogenesis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian R Naglik
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.
| | - Sarah L Gaffen
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh PA 15261, USA
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, 07745, Germany; Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, 07745, Germany
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17
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Morales-Menchén A, Navarro-García F, Guirao-Abad JP, Román E, Prieto D, Coman IV, Pla J, Alonso-Monge R. Non-canonical Activities of Hog1 Control Sensitivity of Candida albicans to Killer Toxins From Debaryomyces hansenii. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:135. [PMID: 29774204 PMCID: PMC5943613 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain yeasts secrete peptides known as killer toxins or mycocins with a deleterious effect on sensitive yeasts or filamentous fungi, a common phenomenon in environmental species. In a recent work, different Debaryomyces hansenii (Dh) strains isolated from a wide variety of cheeses were identified as producing killer toxins active against Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. We have analyzed the killer activity of these toxins in C. albicans mutants defective in MAPK signaling pathways and found that the lack of the MAPK Hog1 (but not Cek1 or Mkc1) renders cells hypersensitive to Dh mycocins while mutants lacking other upstream elements of the pathway behave as the wild type strain. Point mutations in the phosphorylation site (T174A-176F) or in the kinase domain (K52R) of HOG1 gene showed that both activities were relevant for the survival of C. albicans to Dh killer toxins. Moreover, Hog1 phosphorylation was also required to sense and adapt to osmotic and oxidative stress while the kinase activity was somehow dispensable. Although the addition of supernatant from the killer toxin- producing D. hansenii 242 strain (Dh-242) induced a slight intracellular increase in Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), overexpression of cytosolic catalase did not protect C. albicans against this mycocin. This supernatant induced an increase in intracellular glycerol concentration suggesting that this toxin triggers an osmotic stress. We also provide evidence of a correlation between sensitivity to Dh-242 killer toxin and resistance to Congo red, suggesting cell wall specific alterations in sensitive strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Morales-Menchén
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Navarro-García
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José P Guirao-Abad
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elvira Román
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Prieto
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ioana V Coman
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Pla
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Alonso-Monge
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Candida albicans - Biology, molecular characterization, pathogenicity, and advances in diagnosis and control – An update. Microb Pathog 2018; 117:128-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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19
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Modulation of the Fungal-Host Interaction by the Intra-Species Diversity of C. albicans. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7010011. [PMID: 29342100 PMCID: PMC5874737 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of human infections caused by the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans is on the rise due to increasing numbers of immunosuppressed patients. The importance of the immune system in preventing overgrowth of the colonizing fungus and thereby limiting infection is well recognized and host protective mechanisms widely investigated. Only recently, it was recognized that the natural diversity in the fungal species could also influence the outcome of the interaction between the fungus and the host. C. albicans strain-specific differences are complex and their regulation at the genomic, genetic, and epigenetic level and by environmental factors is only partially understood. In this review, we provide an overview of the natural diversity of C. albicans and discuss how it impacts host-fungal interactions and thereby affects the balance between commensalism versus disease.
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20
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Sessile Innate Immune Cells. DAMAGE-ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERNS IN HUMAN DISEASES 2018. [PMCID: PMC7123606 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78655-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, sessile cells of the innate immune system are briefly introduced. Defined as cells equipped with diverse pattern recognition molecules capable of detecting MAMPs and DAMPs, they encompass cells such as epithelial cells, fibroblasts, vascular cells, chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and adipocytes. Located at the body surfaces, epithelial cells represent the first line of innate immune defense against invading microbial pathogens. They are significant contributors to innate mucosal immunity and generate various antimicrobial defense mechanisms. Also, epithelial cells critically contribute to tissue repair via the phenomenon of re-epithelialization. Fibroblasts operate as classical sentinel cells of the innate immune system dedicated to responding to MAMPs and DAMPs emitted upon any tissue injury. Typically, fibroblasts synthesize most of the extracellular matrix of connective tissues, thereby playing a crucial role in tissue repair processes. Vascular cells of the innate immune system represent an evolutionarily developed first-line defense against any inciting insult hitting the vessel walls from the luminal side including bacteria, viruses, microbial toxins, and chemical noxa such as nicotine. Upon such insults and following recognition of MAMPs and DAMPs, vascular cells react with an innate immune response to create an acute inflammatory milieu in the vessel wall aimed at curing the vascular injury concerned. Chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts represent other vital cells of the skeletal system acting as cells of the innate immune system in its wider sense. These cells mediate injury-promoted DAMP-induced inflammatory and regenerative processes specific for the skeletal systems. Finally, adipocytes are regarded as highly active cells of the innate immune system. As white, brown, and beige adipocytes, they operate as a dynamic metabolic organ that can secrete certain bioactive molecules which have endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine actions.
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21
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Nakamura S, Okamoto MR, Yamamoto K, Tsurumoto A, Yoshino Y, Iwabuchi H, Saito I, Maeda N, Nakagawa Y. The Candida species that are important for the development of atrophic glossitis in xerostomia patients. BMC Oral Health 2017; 17:153. [PMID: 29246167 PMCID: PMC5732471 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-017-0449-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to clarify the species of Candida that are important for the development of atrophic glossitis in xerostomia patients. Methods A total of 231 patients with subjective dry mouth were enrolled in the present study. Logistic regression analysis was performed to clarify the contribution of each Candida species and other variables to the development of atrophic glossitis. The dependent variable was the absence/presence of atrophic glossitis. The Candida colony-forming units (CFU) of C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, and C. krusei, as well as age, gender, resting (RSFR) and stimulated (SSFR) whole salivary flow rate, and denture-wearing status, were treated as explanatory variables. Results Logistic regression analysis showed that two factors were closely associated with the presence of atrophic glossitis: an increase in C. albicans CFU and a decrease in the SSFR. Conclusions C. albicans, but not non-albicans Candida, was associated with atrophic glossitis in xerostomia patients who had no systemic predisposing factors, indicating that C. albicans remains a treatment target for Candida-related atrophic glossitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachika Nakamura
- Department of Clinical Pathophysiology., Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University Dental Hospital, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan.,Department of Oral Microbiology, Tsurumi University, School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mariko R Okamoto
- Department of Clinical Pathophysiology., Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University Dental Hospital, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan.,Department of Oral Microbiology, Tsurumi University, School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.,Kobayashi Dental Clinic, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ken Yamamoto
- Department of Clinical Pathophysiology., Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University Dental Hospital, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan.,Community Dentistry, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akihisa Tsurumoto
- Community Dentistry, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoko Yoshino
- Department of Clinical Pathophysiology., Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University Dental Hospital, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan.,Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Sagami Women's University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iwabuchi
- Department of Dentomaxillofacial Diagnosis and Treatment, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Ichiro Saito
- Department of Clinical Pathophysiology., Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University Dental Hospital, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nobuko Maeda
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Tsurumi University, School of Dental Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoichi Nakagawa
- Department of Clinical Pathophysiology., Tsurumi University School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University Dental Hospital, 2-1-3 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-8501, Japan.
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22
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Naglik JR, König A, Hube B, Gaffen SL. Candida albicans-epithelial interactions and induction of mucosal innate immunity. Curr Opin Microbiol 2017; 40:104-112. [PMID: 29156234 PMCID: PMC5733685 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a human fungal pathogen that causes millions of mucosal and life-threatening infections annually. C. albicans initially interacts with epithelial cells, resulting in fungal recognition and the formation of hyphae. Hypha formation is critical for host cell damage and immune activation, which are both driven by the secretion of Candidalysin, a recently discovered peptide toxin. Epithelial activation leads to the production of inflammatory mediators that recruit innate immune cells including neutrophils, macrophages and innate Type 17 cells, which together work with epithelial cells to clear the fungal infection. This review will focus on the recent discoveries that have advanced our understanding of C. albicans-epithelial interactions and the induction of mucosal innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian R Naglik
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King's College London Dental Institute, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom.
| | - Annika König
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany; Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care, University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sarah L Gaffen
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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23
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Yuan K, Zhao G, Che C, Li C, Lin J, Zhu G, He K. Dectin-1 is essential for IL-1β production through JNK activation and apoptosis in Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 52:168-175. [PMID: 28926773 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the role of phosphorylated JNK in Dectin-1-induced IL-1β production and the role of Dectin-1 in apoptosis in mouse Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) keratitis. METHODS Mice corneas were pretreated with Dectin-1 siRNA or SP600125 (the inhibitor of JNK) before A. fumigatus infection. THP-1 macrophages were preincubated with SP600125 before the stimulation of A. fumigatus conidia. Dectin-1, IL-1β, JNK, Bax, Bcl-2, cytochrome-c (cyt-c), caspase-9, caspase-8 and caspase-3 expressions were tested by PCR, Western blot, or Immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS Pretreatment with Dectin-1 siRNA significantly decreased A. fumigatus-induced IL-1β production and JNK phosphorylation compared with scrambled control in C57BL/6 mice corneas. SP600125 treatment before infection significantly inhibited IL-1β production compared with DMSO control both in mice corneas and THP-1 macrophages. Furthermore, Dectin-1 deficiency resulted in increased ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, release of cyt-c, activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 in mouse A. fumigatus keratitis. However, Dectin-1 deficiency didn't affect the activation of caspase-8. CONCLUSIONS Being an important inflammatory PRR to mediate host inflammatory response, Dectin-1 induced IL-1β production is JNK dependent in mouse A. fumigatus keratitis, and suppressed apoptosis mediated anti-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelan Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Chengye Che
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Kun He
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
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24
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Niu XX, Li T, Zhang X, Wang SX, Liu ZH. Lactobacillus crispatus Modulates Vaginal Epithelial Cell Innate Response to Candida albicans. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017; 130:273-279. [PMID: 28139509 PMCID: PMC5308008 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.198927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vulvovaginal candidiasis is caused by Candida albicans. The vaginal epithelium, as the first site of the initial stage of infection by pathogens, plays an important role in resisting genital tract infections. Moreover, lactobacilli are predominant members of the vaginal microbiota that help to maintain a normal vaginal microenvironment. Therefore, Lactobacillus crispatus was explored for its capacity to intervene in the immune response of vaginal epithelial cells VK2/E6E7 to C. albicans. METHODS We examined the interleukin-2 (IL-2), 4, 6, 8, and 17 produced by VK2/E6E7 cells infected with C. albicans and treated with L. crispatus in vitro. The capacity of L. crispatus to adhere to VK2/E6E7 and inhibit C. albicans growth was also tested by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and adhesion experiments. RESULTS Compared with group VK2/E6E7 with C. albicans, when treated with L. crispatus, the adhesion of C. albicans to VK2/E6E7 cells decreased significantly by 52.87 ± 1.22%, 47.03 ± 1.35%, and 42.20 ± 1.55% under competition, exclusion, and displacement conditions, respectively. SEM revealed that the invasion of C. albicans into VK2/E6E7 cells was caused by induced endocytosis and active penetration. L. crispatus could effectively protect the cells from the virulence of hyphae and spores of C. albicans and enhance the local immune function of the VK2/E6E7 cells. The concentrations of IL-2, 6, and 17 were upregulated significantly (P < 0.01) and that of IL-8 were downregulated significantly (P < 0.01) in infected VK2/E6E7 cells treated with L. crispatus. The concentration of IL-4 was similar to that of the group VK2/E6E7 with C. albicans (24.10 ± 0.97 vs. 23.12 ± 0.76 pg/ml, P = 0.221). CONCLUSIONS L. crispatus can attenuate the virulence of C. albicans, modulate the secretion of cytokines and chemokines, and enhance the immune response of VK2/E6E7 cells in vitro. The vaginal mucosa has a potential function in the local immune responses against pathogens that can be promoted by L. crispatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xi Niu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Ultrastructural Pathology Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Su-Xia Wang
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Ultrastructural Pathology Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
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