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Borges R, Bandeira CCS, Zerbinati RM, Palmieri M, Schwab G, Henrique Braz-Silva P, A L Lindoso J, Martinho H. Infrared spectroscopy as a predictive tool for the severity of COVID-19 using patient's saliva: A strategy to avoid hyperinflammation. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 317:124320. [PMID: 38718743 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Discriminate the severity level of COVID-19 disease is still a challenge. Here we investigate the capability of micro-infrared absorption spectroscopy (micro-FTIR) to probe COVID-19 severity level and predict hyperinflammation, correlating the assigned vibrational data to relevant biomolecules related to the immune system. Saliva of 184 patients was analysed by ELISA assay (Hepcidin) and micro-FTIR. Vibrational bands related to IgM and IgA can discriminate healthy from Severe individuals (sensitivity ≥ 0.749, specificity ≥ 0.945) and are less effective in discriminating Mild or Moderate individuals from the Severe group (sensitivity ≥ 0.628, specificity ≥ 0.867). Analysis of the second derivative of spectra probed increased levels of IL-6 in the saliva a key additional information for the degree of severity prediction. Because the model discriminates all the groups regarding the Severe group, it predicts an intense state of inflammation based on FTIR analysis. It is a powerful tool for predicting hyperinflammation conditions related to SARS-CoV-2 infection and may be an ally in implementing drugs or therapeutic approaches to manage COVID-19 in the Severe stage in healthcare facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Borges
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Brazil; School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculdade Israelita de Ciências da Saúde Albert Einstein, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Brazil
| | - Carla C S Bandeira
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M Zerbinati
- Institute of Infectious Diseases Emílio Ribas, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michelle Palmieri
- Department of Stomatology, University of São Paulo School of Dentistry, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Schwab
- Institute of Infectious Diseases Emílio Ribas, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Henrique Braz-Silva
- Institute of Infectious Diseases Emílio Ribas, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Stomatology, University of São Paulo School of Dentistry, Brazil
| | - José A L Lindoso
- Institute of Infectious Diseases Emílio Ribas, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Herculano Martinho
- Center for Natural and Human Sciences, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Brazil.
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Bayardo-González RA, Peña-Rodríguez M, Pereira-Suárez AL, Rubio-Sánchez AX, García-Chagollán M, Valenzuela-Orozco DN, Lizarazo-Taborda MDR, Mora-Mora J, Vega-Magaña N. Insights into estrogen impact in oral health & microbiome in COVID-19. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:32. [PMID: 38245675 PMCID: PMC10799413 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03149-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 emerged in late 2019 and has occasioned more than 765 millions cumulative cases and 6.9 millions of deaths globally. Notably, around 70% of patients with severe COVID-19 are men. Therefore, it is to be presumed that women have a hormonal protector factor in inflammation and ACE2 expression. On the other hand, oral health status, and local microbiome can be key factors to respiratory viral infections control. Nevertheless, it has been poorly investigated. In our study 20 premenopausal, 18 postmenopausal and 22 men with COVID-19 were included. Oral health status, viral load, lingual ACE2 expression, as well as microbiome, estrogens and cytokines in saliva were analyzed. RESULTS Our results showed a lower expression of ACE2 in tongue cells of postmenopausal compared with premenopausal (p = 0.05), and a strong negative correlation between saliva estrogen and viral load (r = -0.76; p = 0.001). Respect to IFN-γ (p = 0.05), IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-18, and IL-23 levels were increased in postmenopausal. Oral microbiome signature of premenopausal was characterized by Prevotella melaninogenica (Log2 = 26.68; p = 1.34e-10), Haemophilus (Log2 = 23.99; p = 2.96e-9), and Alloprevotella (Log2 = 7.92; p = 0.0001). On the other hand, Leptotrichia (Log2 = -18.74; p = 0.001), Tanerella (Log2 = -17.08; p = 0.004), and Clostridiales (Log2 = -2.88; p = 0.04) represented the poor oral health group compared with the adequate group which was enriched with the commensal microorganism Neisseria perflava (Log2 = 26.70; p = 1.74e-7). Furthermore, the high viral load group was characterized by Prevotella nanceiensis (Log2 = 19.60; p = 6.06e-8), Prevotella melaninogenica (Log2 = 21.45; p = 9.59e-6), Alloprevotella (Log2 = 23.50; p = 2.70e-7) and bacteria from the red complex Porphyromonas endodentalis (Log2 = 21.97; p = 1.38e-7). CONCLUSIONS Postmenopausal and men have a poor oral health status which could be related to a detrimental progression of COVID-19 also linked to a lower expression of ACE2, lower saliva estrogen levels and oral dysbiosis. Nevertheless, functional studies are required for a deeper knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Alberto Bayardo-González
- Programa de Doctorado en Microbiología Médica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de La Salud (CUCS) Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Marcela Peña-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Emergentes y Reemergentes (LaDEER), CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Ana Laura Pereira-Suárez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Colonia Independencia Oriente, Guadalajara, Jalisco, CP. 44340, México
| | - Alina Xcaret Rubio-Sánchez
- Programa de Maestría en Microbiología Médica, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Mariel García-Chagollán
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Colonia Independencia Oriente, Guadalajara, Jalisco, CP. 44340, México
| | | | | | - Jesús Mora-Mora
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Emergentes y Reemergentes (LaDEER), CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Natali Vega-Magaña
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico de Enfermedades Emergentes y Reemergentes (LaDEER), CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, México.
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas (IICB), CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950, Colonia Independencia Oriente, Guadalajara, Jalisco, CP. 44340, México.
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Bellocchio L, Dipalma G, Inchingolo AM, Inchingolo AD, Ferrante L, Del Vecchio G, Malcangi G, Palermo A, Qendro A, Inchingolo F. COVID-19 on Oral Health: A New Bilateral Connection for the Pandemic. Biomedicines 2023; 12:60. [PMID: 38255167 PMCID: PMC10813615 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and transmission are generally known to be produced by respiratory droplets and aerosols from the oral cavity (O.C.) of infected subjects, as stated by the World Health Organization. Saliva also retains the viral particles and aids in the spread of COVID-19. Angiotensin-converting enzyme Type 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) are two of the numerous factors that promote SARS-CoV-2 infection, expressed by O.C. structures, various mucosa types, and the epithelia of salivary glands. A systemic SARS-CoV-2 infection might result from viral replication in O.C. cells. On the other hand, cellular damage of different subtypes in the O.C. might be associated with various clinical signs and symptoms. Factors interfering with SARS-CoV-2 infection potential might represent fertile ground for possible local pharmacotherapeutic interventions, which may confine SARS-CoV-2 virus entry and transmission in the O.C., finally representing a way to reduce COVID-19 incidence and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Bellocchio
- INSERM, U1215 NeuroCentre Magendie, Endocannabinoids and Neuroadaptation, University of Bordeaux, 33063 Bordeaux, France;
| | - Gianna Dipalma
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Study “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.M.I.); (A.D.I.); (L.F.); (G.D.V.); (F.I.)
| | - Angelo Michele Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Study “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.M.I.); (A.D.I.); (L.F.); (G.D.V.); (F.I.)
| | - Alessio Danilo Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Study “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.M.I.); (A.D.I.); (L.F.); (G.D.V.); (F.I.)
| | - Laura Ferrante
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Study “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.M.I.); (A.D.I.); (L.F.); (G.D.V.); (F.I.)
| | - Gaetano Del Vecchio
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Study “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.M.I.); (A.D.I.); (L.F.); (G.D.V.); (F.I.)
| | - Giuseppina Malcangi
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Study “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.M.I.); (A.D.I.); (L.F.); (G.D.V.); (F.I.)
| | - Andrea Palermo
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, Birmingham B4 6BN, UK;
| | - Andis Qendro
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine, 1005 Tirana, Albania;
| | - Francesco Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Study “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy; (A.M.I.); (A.D.I.); (L.F.); (G.D.V.); (F.I.)
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Drozdzik A. Covid-19 and SARS-CoV-2 infection in periodontology: A narrative review. J Periodontal Res 2022; 57:933-941. [PMID: 35839286 PMCID: PMC9350118 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present review examined the available evidence on possible involvement of gingival tissues in SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Gingival tissue possess SARS‐CoV‐2 entry and transmission factors, among them ACE2 (angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2) and TMPRSS2 (transmembrane protease serine 2), which are the principal mediators of the virus cell invasion. Clinical observations reveal SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA in periodontal tissues and crevicular fluid, suggesting that the periodontium may act as an entry point for the virus and/or as a dissemination site. The preliminary observations prove infection potential of gingival crevicular fluid and shed epithelial cells from the periodontium. There are also findings on potential associations between periodontitis and Covid‐19 (coronavirus disease 2019). PubMed and Scopus databases were used to search for suitable keywords such as: SARS‐CoV‐2, Covid‐19, oral virus infection, gingival crevicular fluid, oral mucosa, periodontium, gingiva, ACE2, TMPRSS2, Furin, diagnosis, topical treatment, vaccine and the related words for relevant publications. Data extraction and quality valuation of articles were performed by the author. The review addressed seven major domains: periodontal structures as SARS‐CoV‐2 infection site, the periodontal changes under SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, potential associations between periodontitis and Covid‐19, periodontal oral care in Covid‐19, crevicular fluid as potential transmission factor and preventive measures. The search process in PubMed and Scopus was updated up to 31 March 2022. Finally 68 articles were retrieved for the final analysis, from the initial database searches. According to the inclusion criteria articles in English language without any date restriction were included. The included studies were mostly original articles, and published in 2020 and 2021 with the aim to describe Covid‐19 and SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in periodontology. As a conclusion it can be stated that gingival tissues may play a role in SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Drozdzik
- Department of Interdisciplinary Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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5
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Hao M, Wang D, Xia Q, Kan S, Chang L, Liu H, Yang Z, Liu W. Pathogenic Mechanism and Multi-omics Analysis of Oral Manifestations in COVID-19. Front Immunol 2022; 13:879792. [PMID: 35860279 PMCID: PMC9290522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.879792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory infectious disease that seriously threatens human life. The clinical manifestations of severe COVID-19 include acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causal agent of COVID-19, spreads through contaminated droplets. SARS-CoV-2 particles have been detected in the saliva of COVID-19 patients, implying that the virus can infect and damage the oral cavity. The oral manifestations of COVID-19 include xerostomia and gustatory dysfunction. Numerous studies showed that the four structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 are its potential pathogenic factors, especially the S protein, which binds to human ACE2 receptors facilitating the entry of the virus into the host cells. Usually, upon entry into the host cell, a pathogen triggers the host’s immune response. However, a mount of multi-omics and immunological analyses revealed that COVID-19 is caused by immune dysregulation. A decrease in the number and phenotypes of immune cells, IFN-1 production and excessive release of certain cytokines have also been reported. In conclusion, this review summarizes the oral manifestations of COVID-19 and multi-omics analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Hao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dongxu Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qianyun Xia
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shaoning Kan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lu Chang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huimin Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhijing Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Weiwei Liu,
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6
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Drozdzik A, Drozdzik M. Oral Pathology in COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 Infection-Molecular Aspects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1431. [PMID: 35163355 PMCID: PMC8836070 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article was designed to evaluate the existing evidence related to the molecular processes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the oral cavity. The World Health Organization stated that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and transmission is produced by respiratory droplets and aerosols from the oral cavity of infected patients. The oral cavity structures, keratinized and non-keratinized mucosa, and salivary glands' epithelia express SARS-CoV-2 entry and transmission factors, especially angiotensin converting enzyme Type 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2). Replication of the virus in cells leads to local and systemic infection spread, and cellular damage is associated with clinical signs and symptoms of the disease in the oral cavity. Saliva, both the cellular and acellular fractions, holds the virus particles and contributes to COVID-19 transmission. The review also presents information about the factors modifying SARS-CoV-2 infection potential and possible local pharmacotherapeutic interventions, which may confine SARS-CoV-2 virus entry and transmission in the oral cavity. The PubMed and Scopus databases were used to search for suitable keywords such as: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, oral virus infection, saliva, crevicular fluid, salivary gland, tongue, oral mucosa, periodontium, gingiva, dental pulp, ACE2, TMPRSS2, Furin, diagnosis, topical treatment, vaccine and related words in relevant publications up to 28 December 2021. Data extraction and quality evaluation of the articles were performed by two reviewers, and 63 articles were included in the final review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Drozdzik
- Department of Integrated Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wlkp 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Marek Drozdzik
- Department of Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wlkp 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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Martinez-Cuazitl A, Vazquez-Zapien GJ, Sanchez-Brito M, Limon-Pacheco JH, Guerrero-Ruiz M, Garibay-Gonzalez F, Delgado-Macuil RJ, de Jesus MGG, Corona-Perezgrovas MA, Pereyra-Talamantes A, Mata-Miranda MM. ATR-FTIR spectrum analysis of saliva samples from COVID-19 positive patients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19980. [PMID: 34620977 PMCID: PMC8497525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99529-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the latest biological hazard for the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Even though numerous diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2 have been proposed, new diagnosis strategies are being developed, looking for less expensive methods to be used as screening. This study aimed to establish salivary vibrational modes analyzed by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy to detect COVID-19 biological fingerprints that allow the discrimination between COVID-19 and healthy patients. Clinical dates, laboratories, and saliva samples of COVID-19 patients (N = 255) and healthy persons (N = 1209) were obtained and analyzed through ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Then, a multivariate linear regression model (MLRM) was developed. The COVID-19 patients showed low SaO2, cough, dyspnea, headache, and fever principally. C-reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase, fibrinogen, D-dimer, and ferritin were the most important altered laboratory blood tests, which were increased. In addition, changes in amide I and immunoglobulin regions were evidenced in the FTIR spectra analysis, and the MLRM showed clear discrimination between both groups. Specific salivary vibrational modes employing ATR-FTIR spectroscopy were established; moreover, the COVID-19 biological fingerprint in saliva was characterized, allowing the COVID-19 detection using an MLRM, which could be helpful for the development of new diagnostic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Martinez-Cuazitl
- Escuela Militar de Medicina, Centro Militar de Ciencias de la Salud, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, 11200, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gustavo J Vazquez-Zapien
- Escuela Militar de Medicina, Centro Militar de Ciencias de la Salud, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, 11200, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Jorge H Limon-Pacheco
- Escuela Militar de Medicina, Centro Militar de Ciencias de la Salud, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, 11200, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Melissa Guerrero-Ruiz
- Escuela Militar de Medicina, Centro Militar de Ciencias de la Salud, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, 11200, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco Garibay-Gonzalez
- Escuela Militar de Medicina, Centro Militar de Ciencias de la Salud, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, 11200, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Monica M Mata-Miranda
- Escuela Militar de Medicina, Centro Militar de Ciencias de la Salud, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional, 11200, Mexico City, Mexico.
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