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Lyoo KS, Kim HM, Lee B, Che YH, Kim SJ, Song D, Hwang W, Lee S, Park JH, Na W, Yun SP, Kim YJ. Direct neuronal infection of SARS-CoV-2 reveals cellular and molecular pathology of chemosensory impairment of COVID-19 patients. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:406-411. [PMID: 34962444 PMCID: PMC8803065 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.2024095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Patients with recent pandemic coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) complain of neurological abnormalities in sensory functions such as smell and taste in the early stages of infection. Determining the cellular and molecular mechanism of sensory impairment is critical to understand the pathogenesis of clinical manifestations, as well as in setting therapeutic targets for sequelae and recurrence. The absence of studies utilizing proper models of human peripheral nerve hampers an understanding of COVID-19 pathogenesis. Here, we report that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) directly infects human peripheral sensory neurons, leading to molecular pathogenesis for chemosensory impairments. An in vitro system utilizing human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived peripheral neurons was used to model the cellular and molecular pathologies responsible for symptoms that most COVID-19 patients experience early in infection or may develop as sequelae. Peripheral neurons differentiated from hESCs expressed viral entry factor ACE2, and were directly infected with SARS-CoV-2 via ACE2. Human peripheral neurons infected with SARS-CoV-2 exhibited impaired molecular features of chemosensory function associated with abnormalities in sensory neurons of the olfactory or gustatory organs. Our results provide new insights into the pathogenesis of chemosensory dysfunction in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Soo Lyoo
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Hyeon Myeong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bina Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Young Hyun Che
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Jae Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju, Korea
| | - Daesub Song
- Department of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, Korea
| | - Woochang Hwang
- Biostatistical Consulting and Research Lab, Medical Research Collaborating Center, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Lee
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Park
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woonsung Na
- Department of Veterinary Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seung Pil Yun
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Yong Jun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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2
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Lumbers ER, Head R, Smith GR, Delforce SJ, Jarrott B, H. Martin J, Pringle KG. The interacting physiology of COVID-19 and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: Key agents for treatment. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2022; 10:e00917. [PMID: 35106954 PMCID: PMC8929333 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS‐CoV‐2 interacting with its receptor, angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), turns the host response to viral infection into a dysregulated uncontrolled inflammatory response. This is because ACE2 limits the production of the peptide angiotensin II (Ang II) and SARS‐CoV‐2, through the destruction of ACE2, allows the uncontrolled production of Ang II. Recovery from trauma requires activation of both a tissue response to injury and activation of a whole‐body response to maintain tissue perfusion. Tissue and circulating renin‐angiotensin systems (RASs) play an essential role in the host response to infection and injury because of the actions of Ang II, mediated via its AT1 receptor. Both tissue and circulating arms of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system's (RAAS) response to injury need to be regulated. The effects of Ang II and the steroid hormone, aldosterone, on fluid and electrolyte homeostasis and on the circulation are controlled by elaborate feedback networks that respond to alterations in the composition and volume of fluids within the circulatory system. The role of Ang II in the tissue response to injury is however, controlled mainly by its metabolism and conversion to Ang‐(1‐7) by the enzyme ACE2. Ang‐(1‐7) has effects that are contrary to Ang II‐AT1R mediated effects. Thus, destruction of ACE2 by SARS‐CoV‐2 results in loss of control of the pro‐inflammatory actions of Ang II and tissue destruction. Therefore, it is the response of the host to SARS‐CoV‐2 that is responsible for the pathogenesis of COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenie R. Lumbers
- School of Biomedical Sciences & PharmacyUniversity of NewcastleNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteNew Lambton HeightsNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Richard Head
- University of South AustraliaAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Gary R. Smith
- VP System PracticeInternational Society for the System SciencesPontypoolUK
| | - Sarah J. Delforce
- School of Biomedical Sciences & PharmacyUniversity of NewcastleNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteNew Lambton HeightsNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Bevyn Jarrott
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jennifer H. Martin
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteNew Lambton HeightsNew South WalesAustralia
- Centre for Drug Repurposing and Medicines ResearchClinical PharmacologyUniversity of NewcastleNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Kirsty G. Pringle
- School of Biomedical Sciences & PharmacyUniversity of NewcastleNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteNew Lambton HeightsNew South WalesAustralia
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3
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Drozdzik A, Drozdzik M. Oral Pathology in COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 Infection-Molecular Aspects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1431. [PMID: 35163355 PMCID: PMC8836070 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article was designed to evaluate the existing evidence related to the molecular processes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the oral cavity. The World Health Organization stated that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and transmission is produced by respiratory droplets and aerosols from the oral cavity of infected patients. The oral cavity structures, keratinized and non-keratinized mucosa, and salivary glands' epithelia express SARS-CoV-2 entry and transmission factors, especially angiotensin converting enzyme Type 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2). Replication of the virus in cells leads to local and systemic infection spread, and cellular damage is associated with clinical signs and symptoms of the disease in the oral cavity. Saliva, both the cellular and acellular fractions, holds the virus particles and contributes to COVID-19 transmission. The review also presents information about the factors modifying SARS-CoV-2 infection potential and possible local pharmacotherapeutic interventions, which may confine SARS-CoV-2 virus entry and transmission in the oral cavity. The PubMed and Scopus databases were used to search for suitable keywords such as: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, oral virus infection, saliva, crevicular fluid, salivary gland, tongue, oral mucosa, periodontium, gingiva, dental pulp, ACE2, TMPRSS2, Furin, diagnosis, topical treatment, vaccine and related words in relevant publications up to 28 December 2021. Data extraction and quality evaluation of the articles were performed by two reviewers, and 63 articles were included in the final review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Drozdzik
- Department of Integrated Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wlkp 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Marek Drozdzik
- Department of Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wlkp 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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4
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Murphy
- From the Departments of Dermatology and Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (W.J.M.)
| | - Dan L Longo
- From the Departments of Dermatology and Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (W.J.M.)
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5
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Cai X, Chen M, Prominski A, Lin Y, Ankenbruck N, Rosenberg J, Nguyen M, Shi J, Tomatsidou A, Randall G, Missiakas D, Fung J, Chang EB, Penaloza‐MacMaster P, Tian B, Huang J. A Multifunctional Neutralizing Antibody-Conjugated Nanoparticle Inhibits and Inactivates SARS-CoV-2. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2103240. [PMID: 34761549 PMCID: PMC8646742 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in a global pandemic. Despite intensive research, the current treatment options show limited curative efficacies. Here the authors report a strategy incorporating neutralizing antibodies conjugated to the surface of a photothermal nanoparticle (NP) to capture and inactivate SARS-CoV-2. The NP is comprised of a semiconducting polymer core and a biocompatible polyethylene glycol surface decorated with high-affinity neutralizing antibodies. The multifunctional NP efficiently captures SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirions and completely blocks viral infection to host cells in vitro through the surface neutralizing antibodies. In addition to virus capture and blocking function, the NP also possesses photothermal function to generate heat following irradiation for inactivation of virus. Importantly, the NPs described herein significantly outperform neutralizing antibodies at treating authentic SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo. This multifunctional NP provides a flexible platform that can be readily adapted to other SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and extended to novel therapeutic proteins, thus it is expected to provide a broad range of protection against original SARS-CoV-2 and its variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Cai
- Pritzker School of Molecular EngineeringUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIL60637USA
| | - Min Chen
- Pritzker School of Molecular EngineeringUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIL60637USA
| | | | - Yiliang Lin
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIL60637USA
| | - Nicholas Ankenbruck
- Pritzker School of Molecular EngineeringUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIL60637USA
| | | | - Mindy Nguyen
- Pritzker School of Molecular EngineeringUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIL60637USA
| | - Jiuyun Shi
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIL60637USA
| | - Anastasia Tomatsidou
- Department of MicrobiologyHoward Taylor Ricketts LaboratoryUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIL60637USA
| | - Glenn Randall
- Department of MicrobiologyHoward Taylor Ricketts LaboratoryUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIL60637USA
| | - Dominique Missiakas
- Department of MicrobiologyHoward Taylor Ricketts LaboratoryUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIL60637USA
| | - John Fung
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIL60637USA
| | - Eugene B. Chang
- Department of MedicineUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIL60637USA
| | | | - Bozhi Tian
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIL60637USA
| | - Jun Huang
- Pritzker School of Molecular EngineeringUniversity of ChicagoChicagoIL60637USA
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6
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Guo H, Hu B, Si HR, Zhu Y, Zhang W, Li B, Li A, Geng R, Lin HF, Yang XL, Zhou P, Shi ZL. Identification of a novel lineage bat SARS-related coronaviruses that use bat ACE2 receptor. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1507-1514. [PMID: 34263709 PMCID: PMC8344244 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1956373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Severe respiratory disease coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been the most devastating disease COVID-19 in the century. One of the unsolved scientific questions of SARS-CoV-2 is the animal origin of this virus. Bats and pangolins are recognized as the most probable reservoir hosts that harbour highly similar SARS-CoV-2 related viruses (SARSr-CoV-2). This study identified a novel lineage of SARSr-CoVs, including RaTG15 and seven other viruses, from bats at the same location where we found RaTG13 in 2015. Although RaTG15 and the related viruses share 97.2% amino acid sequence identities with SARS-CoV-2 in the conserved ORF1b region, it only shows less than 77.6% nucleotide identity to all known SARSr-CoVs at the genome level, thus forming a distinct lineage in the Sarbecovirus phylogenetic tree. We found that the RaTG15 receptor-binding domain (RBD) can bind to ACE2 from Rhinolophus affinis, Malayan pangolin, and use it as an entry receptor, except for ACE2 from humans. However, it contains a short deletion and has different key residues responsible for ACE2 binding. In addition, we showed that none of the known viruses in bat SARSr-CoV-2 lineage discovered uses human ACE2 as efficiently as the pangolin-derived SARSr-CoV-2 or some viruses in the SARSr-CoV-1 lineage. Therefore, further systematic and longitudinal studies in bats are needed to prevent future spillover events caused by SARSr-CoVs or to understand the origin of SARS-CoV-2 better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ben Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao-Rui Si
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rong Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao-Feng Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xing-Lou Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Li Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
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7
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Mykytyn AZ, Lamers MM, Okba NMA, Breugem TI, Schipper D, van den Doel PB, van Run P, van Amerongen G, de Waal L, Koopmans MPG, Stittelaar KJ, van den Brand JMA, Haagmans BL. Susceptibility of rabbits to SARS-CoV-2. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1-7. [PMID: 33356979 PMCID: PMC7832544 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1868951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Transmission of severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) between livestock and humans is a potential public health concern. We demonstrate the susceptibility of rabbits to SARS-CoV-2, which excrete infectious virus from the nose and throat upon experimental inoculation. Therefore, investigations on the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in farmed rabbits should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Z. Mykytyn
- Viroscience department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mart M. Lamers
- Viroscience department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nisreen M. A. Okba
- Viroscience department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tim I. Breugem
- Viroscience department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Debby Schipper
- Viroscience department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Peter van Run
- Viroscience department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Leon de Waal
- Viroclinics Biosciences B.V., Viroclinics Xplore, Schaijk, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Judith M. A. van den Brand
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bart L. Haagmans
- Viroscience department, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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8
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Bohan D, Van Ert H, Ruggio N, Rogers KJ, Badreddine M, Aguilar Briseño JA, Elliff JM, Rojas Chavez RA, Gao B, Stokowy T, Christakou E, Kursula P, Micklem D, Gausdal G, Haim H, Minna J, Lorens JB, Maury W. Phosphatidylserine receptors enhance SARS-CoV-2 infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009743. [PMID: 34797899 PMCID: PMC8641883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PS) receptors enhance infection of many enveloped viruses through virion-associated PS binding that is termed apoptotic mimicry. Here we show that this broadly shared uptake mechanism is utilized by SARS-CoV-2 in cells that express low surface levels of ACE2. Expression of members of the TIM (TIM-1 and TIM-4) and TAM (AXL) families of PS receptors enhance SARS-CoV-2 binding to cells, facilitate internalization of fluorescently-labeled virions and increase ACE2-dependent infection of SARS-CoV-2; however, PS receptors alone did not mediate infection. We were unable to detect direct interactions of the PS receptor AXL with purified SARS-CoV-2 spike, contrary to a previous report. Instead, our studies indicate that the PS receptors interact with PS on the surface of SARS-CoV-2 virions. In support of this, we demonstrate that: 1) significant quantities of PS are located on the outer leaflet of SARS-CoV-2 virions, 2) PS liposomes, but not phosphatidylcholine liposomes, reduced entry of VSV/Spike pseudovirions and 3) an established mutant of TIM-1 which does not bind to PS is unable to facilitate entry of SARS-CoV-2. As AXL is an abundant PS receptor on a number of airway lines, we evaluated small molecule inhibitors of AXL signaling such as bemcentinib for their ability to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection. Bemcentinib robustly inhibited virus infection of Vero E6 cells as well as multiple human lung cell lines that expressed AXL. This inhibition correlated well with inhibitors that block endosomal acidification and cathepsin activity, consistent with AXL-mediated uptake of SARS-CoV-2 into the endosomal compartment. We extended our observations to the related betacoronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), showing that inhibition or ablation of AXL reduces MHV infection of murine cells. In total, our findings provide evidence that PS receptors facilitate infection of the pandemic coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and suggest that inhibition of the PS receptor AXL has therapeutic potential against SARS-CoV-2. Phosphatidylserine (PS) receptors bind PS and mediate uptake of apoptotic bodies. Many enveloped viruses utilize this PS/PS receptor mechanism to adhere to and internalize into the endosomal compartment of cells. For viruses that have a mechanism(s) of endosomal escape, apoptotic mimicry is a productive route of virus entry. This clever use of this uptake mechanism by enveloped viruses is termed apoptotic mimicry. We evaluated if PS receptors serve as cell surface receptors for SARS-CoV-2 and found that the PS receptors, AXL, TIM-1 and TIM-4, facilitated virus infection when the SARS-CoV-2 cognate receptor, ACE2, was present. Consistent with the established mechanism of PS receptor utilization by other viruses, PS liposomes competed with SARS-CoV-2 for binding and entry. PS is readily detectable on the surface of SARS-CoV-2 virions, and contrary to prior reports we were unable to identify any interaction between AXL and SARS-CoV-2 spike. Pharmacological inhibition of AXL activity and knockout of AXL expression suggest it is the preferred PS receptor during SARS-CoV-2 entry. We propose that AXL is an under-appreciated but potentially important host factor facilitating SARS-CoV-2 entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Bohan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Hanora Van Ert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Natalie Ruggio
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Kai J. Rogers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Badreddine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - José A. Aguilar Briseño
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jonah M. Elliff
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | | | - Boning Gao
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tomasz Stokowy
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eleni Christakou
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- BerGenBio ASA, Bergen, Norway
| | - Petri Kursula
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Biocenter Oulu & Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | - Hillel Haim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - John Minna
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - James B. Lorens
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Wendy Maury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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9
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Jha NK, Ojha S, Jha SK, Dureja H, Singh SK, Shukla SD, Chellappan DK, Gupta G, Bhardwaj S, Kumar N, Jeyaraman M, Jain R, Muthu S, Kar R, Kumar D, Goswami VK, Ruokolainen J, Kesari KK, Singh SK, Dua K. Evidence of Coronavirus (CoV) Pathogenesis and Emerging Pathogen SARS-CoV-2 in the Nervous System: A Review on Neurological Impairments and Manifestations. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:2192-2209. [PMID: 33464535 PMCID: PMC7814864 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01767-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is an issue of global significance that has taken the lives of many across the world. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the virus responsible for its pathogenesis. The pulmonary manifestations of COVID-19 have been well described in the literature. Initially, it was thought to be limited to the respiratory system; however, we now recognize that COVID-19 also affects several other organs, including the nervous system. Two similar human coronaviruses (CoV) that cause severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-1) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) are also known to cause disease in the nervous system. The neurological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection are growing rapidly, as evidenced by several reports. There are several mechanisms responsible for such manifestations in the nervous system. For instance, post-infectious immune-mediated processes, direct virus infection of the central nervous system (CNS), and virus-induced hyperinflammatory and hypercoagulable states are commonly involved. Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and its variants, dysfunction of taste and smell, and muscle injury are numerous examples of COVID-19 PNS (peripheral nervous system) disease. Likewise, hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke, encephalitis, meningitis, encephalopathy acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, endothelialitis, and venous sinus thrombosis are some instances of COVID-19 CNS disease. Due to multifactorial and complicated pathogenic mechanisms, COVID-19 poses a large-scale threat to the whole nervous system. A complete understanding of SARS-CoV-2 neurological impairments is still lacking, but our knowledge base is rapidly expanding. Therefore, we anticipate that this comprehensive review will provide valuable insights and facilitate the work of neuroscientists in unfolding different neurological dimensions of COVID-19 and other CoV associated abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201310, UP, India.
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, PO Box - 17666, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, 201310, UP, India
| | - Harish Dureja
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Shakti D Shukla
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, Mahal Road, Jaipur, India
| | - Shanu Bhardwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, HIMT, CCS University, Greater Noida, UP, India
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Madhan Jeyaraman
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, UP, 201310, Greater Noida, India
| | - Rashmi Jain
- School of Medical Sciences and Research, Sharda University, UP, 201310, Greater Noida, India
| | - Sathish Muthu
- Research Associate, Orthopaedic Research Group, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rohan Kar
- Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad (IIMA), Gujarat, 380015, India
| | - Dhruv Kumar
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Vineet Kumar Goswami
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, G.D. Goenka University, G.D. Goenka Education City Sohna Gurugram Road, Haryana- 122103, India
| | - Janne Ruokolainen
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076, Espoo, Finland
| | - Kavindra Kumar Kesari
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076, Espoo, Finland
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGI Campus, Lucknow, 226014, UP, India
- Indian Scientific Education and Technology Foundation, Lucknow, 226002, UP, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute (HMRI), University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, Newcastle, NSW, 2305, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Post box no. 9, Solan, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India
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10
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King SB, Singh M. Comparative genomic analysis reveals varying levels of mammalian adaptation to coronavirus infections. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009560. [PMID: 34793437 PMCID: PMC8601562 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19, is of zoonotic origin. Evolutionary analyses assessing whether coronaviruses similar to SARS-CoV-2 infected ancestral species of modern-day animal hosts could be useful in identifying additional reservoirs of potentially dangerous coronaviruses. We reasoned that if a clade of species has been repeatedly exposed to a virus, then their proteins relevant for viral entry may exhibit adaptations that affect host susceptibility or response. We perform comparative analyses across the mammalian phylogeny of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the cellular receptor for SARS-CoV-2, in order to uncover evidence for selection acting at its binding interface with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. We uncover that in rodents there is evidence for adaptive amino acid substitutions at positions comprising the ACE2-spike interaction interface, whereas the variation within ACE2 proteins in primates and some other mammalian clades is not consistent with evolutionary adaptations. We also analyze aminopeptidase N (APN), the receptor for the human coronavirus 229E, a virus that causes the common cold, and find evidence for adaptation in primates. Altogether, our results suggest that the rodent and primate lineages may have had ancient exposures to viruses similar to SARS-CoV-2 and HCoV-229E, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean B. King
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Mona Singh
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
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11
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Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic intensified the already catastrophic drug overdose and substance use disorder (SUD) epidemic, signaling a syndemic as social isolation, economic and mental health distress, and disrupted treatment services disproportionally impacted this vulnerable population. Along with these social and societal factors, biological factors triggered by intense stress intertwined with incumbent overactivity of the immune system and the resulting inflammatory outcomes may impact the functional status of the central nervous system (CNS). We review the literature concerning SARS-CoV2 infiltration and infection in the CNS and the prospects of synergy between stress, inflammation, and kynurenine pathway function during illness and recovery from Covid-19. Taken together, inflammation and neuroimmune signaling, a consequence of Covid-19 infection, may dysregulate critical pathways and underlie maladaptive changes in the CNS, to exacerbate the development of neuropsychiatric symptoms and in the vulnerability to develop SUD. This article is part of the special Issue on 'Vulnerabilities to Substance Abuse'.
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Affiliation(s)
- I E Cisneros
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - K A Cunningham
- Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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12
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Karnik M, Beeraka NM, Uthaiah CA, Nataraj SM, Bettadapura ADS, Aliev G, Madhunapantula SV. A Review on SARS-CoV-2-Induced Neuroinflammation, Neurodevelopmental Complications, and Recent Updates on the Vaccine Development. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4535-4563. [PMID: 34089508 PMCID: PMC8179092 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02399-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a devastating viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The incidence and mortality of COVID-19 patients have been increasing at an alarming rate. The mortality is much higher in older individuals, especially the ones suffering from respiratory distress, cardiac abnormalities, renal diseases, diabetes, and hypertension. Existing evidence demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 makes its entry into human cells through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) followed by the uptake of virions through cathepsin L or transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). SARS-CoV-2-mediated abnormalities in particular cardiovascular and neurological ones and the damaged coagulation systems require extensive research to develop better therapeutic modalities. As SARS-CoV-2 uses its S-protein to enter into the host cells of several organs, the S-protein of the virus is considered as the ideal target to develop a potential vaccine. In this review, we have attempted to highlight the landmark discoveries that lead to the development of various vaccines that are currently under different stages of clinical progression. Besides, a brief account of various drug candidates that are being tested to mitigate the burden of COVID-19 was also covered. Further, in a dedicated section, the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on neuronal inflammation and neuronal disorders was discussed. In summary, it is expected that the content covered in this article help to understand the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and the impact on neuronal complications induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection while providing an update on the vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medha Karnik
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Narasimha M Beeraka
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), St. Trubetskaya, 8, bld. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Chinnappa A Uthaiah
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Suma M Nataraj
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Anjali Devi S Bettadapura
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), St. Trubetskaya, 8, bld. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russia
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupy Street, Moscow, 117418, Russia
- GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, San Antonio, TX, #330, USA
| | - SubbaRao V Madhunapantula
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
- Special Interest Group in Cancer Biology and Cancer Stem Cells (SIG-CBCSC), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
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13
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Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic threatens human species with mortality rate of roughly 2%. We can hardly predict the time of herd immunity against and end of COVID-19 with or without success of vaccine. One way to overcome the situation is to define what delineates disease severity and serves as a molecular target. The most successful analogy is found in BCR-ABL in chronic myeloid leukemia, which is the golden biomarker, and simultaneously, the most effective molecular target. We hypothesize that S100 calcium-binding protein A8 (S100A8) is one such molecule. The underlying evidence includes accumulating clinical information that S100A8 is upregulated in severe forms of COVID-19, pathological similarities of the affected lungs between COVID-19 and S100A8-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) model, homeostatic inflammation theory in which S100A8 is an endogenous ligand for endotoxin sensor Toll-like receptor 4/Myeloid differentiation protein-2 (TLR4/MD-2) and mediates hyper-inflammation even after elimination of endotoxin-producing extrinsic pathogens, analogous findings between COVID-19-associated ARDS and pre-metastatic lungs such as S100A8 upregulation, pulmonary recruitment of myeloid cells, increased vascular permeability, and activation coagulation cascade. A successful treatment in an animal COVID-19 model is given with a reagent capable of abrogating interaction between S100A8/S100A9 and TLR4. In this paper, we try to verify our hypothesis that S100A8 governs COVID-19-associated ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Deguchi
- Department of PharmacologyTokyo Women's Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Tomoko Yamamoto
- Division of Pathological NeuroscienceDepartment of PathologyTokyo Women's Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Noriyuki Shibata
- Division of Pathological NeuroscienceDepartment of PathologyTokyo Women's Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Yoshiro Maru
- Department of PharmacologyTokyo Women's Medical UniversityTokyoJapan
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14
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Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is among the most important public health crises of our generation. Despite the promise of prevention offered by effective vaccines, patients with severe COVID-19 will continue to populate hospitals and intensive care units for the foreseeable future. The most common clinical presentation of severe COVID-19 is hypoxemia and respiratory failure, typical of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Whether the clinical features and pathobiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pneumonia differ from those of pneumonia secondary to other pathogens is unclear. This uncertainty has created variability in the application of historically proven therapies for ARDS to patients with COVID-19. We review the available literature and find many similarities between patients with ARDS from pneumonia attributable to SARS-CoV-2 versus other respiratory pathogens. A notable exception is the long duration of illness among patients with COVID-19, which could result from its unique pathobiology. Available data support the use of care pathways and therapies proven effective for patients with ARDS, while pointing to unique features that might be therapeutically targeted for patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia.
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15
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Prabhakara C, Godbole R, Sil P, Jahnavi S, Gulzar SEJ, van Zanten TS, Sheth D, Subhash N, Chandra A, Shivaraj A, Panikulam P, U I, Nuthakki VK, Puthiyapurayil TP, Ahmed R, Najar AH, Lingamallu SM, Das S, Mahajan B, Vemula P, Bharate SB, Singh PP, Vishwakarma R, Guha A, Sundaramurthy V, Mayor S. Strategies to target SARS-CoV-2 entry and infection using dual mechanisms of inhibition by acidification inhibitors. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009706. [PMID: 34252168 PMCID: PMC8297935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many viruses utilize the host endo-lysosomal network for infection. Tracing the endocytic itinerary of SARS-CoV-2 can provide insights into viral trafficking and aid in designing new therapeutic strategies. Here, we demonstrate that the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is internalized via the pH-dependent CLIC/GEEC (CG) endocytic pathway in human gastric-adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells expressing undetectable levels of ACE2. Ectopic expression of ACE2 (AGS-ACE2) results in RBD traffic via both CG and clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Endosomal acidification inhibitors like BafilomycinA1 and NH4Cl, which inhibit the CG pathway, reduce the uptake of RBD and impede Spike-pseudoviral infection in both AGS and AGS-ACE2 cells. The inhibition by BafilomycinA1 was found to be distinct from Chloroquine which neither affects RBD uptake nor alters endosomal pH, yet attenuates Spike-pseudovirus entry. By screening a subset of FDA-approved inhibitors for functionality similar to BafilomycinA1, we identified Niclosamide as a SARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitor. Further validation using a clinical isolate of SARS-CoV-2 in AGS-ACE2 and Vero cells confirmed its antiviral effect. We propose that Niclosamide, and other drugs which neutralize endosomal pH as well as inhibit the endocytic uptake, could provide broader applicability in subverting infection of viruses entering host cells via a pH-dependent endocytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rashmi Godbole
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bengaluru, India
- University of Trans-Disciplinary Health Sciences and Technology (TDU), Bengaluru, India
| | - Parijat Sil
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bengaluru, India
| | - Sowmya Jahnavi
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bengaluru, India
| | - Shah-e-Jahan Gulzar
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bengaluru, India
- SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | | | - Dhruv Sheth
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bengaluru, India
| | - Neeraja Subhash
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bengaluru, India
- SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Anchal Chandra
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bengaluru, India
| | | | | | - Ibrahim U
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bengaluru, India
| | | | | | - Riyaz Ahmed
- CSIR—Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, India
| | | | - Sai Manoz Lingamallu
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inSTEM), Bengaluru, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Madhav Nagar, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Snigdhadev Das
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Praveen Vemula
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inSTEM), Bengaluru, India
| | | | | | | | - Arjun Guha
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inSTEM), Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Satyajit Mayor
- National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bengaluru, India
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16
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Soler MJ, Noordzij M, Abramowicz D, de Arriba G, Basile C, van Buren M, Covic A, Crespo M, Duivenvoorden R, Massy ZA, Ortiz A, Sanchez JE, Petridou E, Stevens K, White C, Vart P, Gansevoort RT. Renin-Angiotensin System Blockers and the Risk of COVID-19-Related Mortality in Patients with Kidney Failure. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 16:1061-1072. [PMID: 34088718 PMCID: PMC8425613 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.18961220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES There is concern about potential deleterious effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEis) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Patients with kidney failure, who often use ACEis/ARBs, are at higher risk of more severe COVID-19. However, there are no data available on the association of ACEi/ARB use with COVID-19 severity in this population. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS From the European Renal Association COVID-19 database (ERACODA), we retrieved data on kidney transplant recipients and patients on dialysis who were affected by COVID-19, between February 1 and October 1, 2020, and had information on 28-day mortality. We used Cox proportional-hazards regression to calculate hazard ratios for the association between ACEi/ARB use and 28-day mortality risk. Additionally, we studied the association of discontinuation of these agents with 28-day mortality. RESULTS We evaluated 1511 patients: 459 kidney transplant recipients and 1052 patients on dialysis. At diagnosis of COVID-19, 189 (41%) of the transplant recipients and 288 (27%) of the patients on dialysis were on ACEis/ARBs. A total of 88 (19%) transplant recipients and 244 (23%) patients on dialysis died within 28 days of initial presentation. In both groups of patients, there was no association between ACEi/ARB use and 28-day mortality in both crude and adjusted models (in transplant recipients, adjusted hazard ratio, 1.12; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.69 to 1.83; in patients on dialysis, adjusted hazard ratio, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.73 to 1.47). Among transplant recipients, ACEi/ARB discontinuation was associated with a higher mortality risk after adjustment for demographics and comorbidities, but the association was no longer statistically significant after adjustment for severity of COVID-19 (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.36; 95% CI, 0.40 to 4.58). Among patients on dialysis, ACEi/ARB discontinuation was not associated with mortality in any model. We obtained similar results across subgroups when ACEis and ARBs were studied separately, and when other outcomes for severity of COVID-19 were studied, e.g., hospital admission, admission to the intensive care unit, or need for ventilator support. CONCLUSIONS Among kidney transplant recipients and patients on dialysis with COVID-19, there was no significant association of ACEi/ARB use or discontinuation with mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jose Soler
- Department of Nephrology, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Vall d’Hebron Institute of Research, Vall d’Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marlies Noordzij
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Abramowicz
- Department of Nephrology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Gabriel de Arriba
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Guadalajara, University of Alcala, Guadalajara, Spain
| | - Carlo Basile
- Division of Nephrology, Miulli General Hospital, Acquaviva delle Fonti, Italy
| | - Marjolijn van Buren
- Department of Nephrology, University Medical Center Leiden, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Haga Hospital, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Adrian Covic
- Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Dr. C.I. Parhon Hospital, Iasi, Romania
| | - Marta Crespo
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital del Mar, Mar Institute for Medical Research, Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN) (RD16/0009/0013), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raphaël Duivenvoorden
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ziad A. Massy
- Department of Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Boulogne-Billancourt, France
- Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMRS 1018, Team 5, University Versailles-Saint Quentin, University of Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS)–Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), Red de Investigación Renal (REDINREN), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Emily Petridou
- Representative of the European Kidney Patients’ Federation, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Kate Stevens
- Glasgow Renal and Transplant Unit, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Colin White
- Representative of the European Kidney Patients’ Federation, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Priya Vart
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ron T. Gansevoort
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Chang CC, Yang MH, Chang SM, Hsieh YJ, Lee CH, Chen YMA, Yuan CH, Chen YL, Ho SY, Tyan YC. Clinical significance of olfactory dysfunction in patients of COVID-19. J Chin Med Assoc 2021; 84:682-689. [PMID: 34074933 DOI: 10.1097/jcma.0000000000000560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, as the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has become a pandemic, rapidly obtaining accurate information of patient symptoms and their progression is crucial and vital. Although the early studies in China have illustrated that the representative symptoms of COVID-19 include (dry) cough, fever, headache, fatigue, gastrointestinal discomfort, dyspnea, and muscle pain, there is increasing evidence to suggest that olfactory and taste disorder are related to the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, we conduct this study to review the present literature about the correlation between anosmia or dysgeusia and COVID-19. METHODS A comprehensive literature search in 2020 of the electronic journal databases, mainly PubMed or Web of Science, was performed using the keywords COVID-19 or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), with hyposmia, anosmia, dysgeusia, olfactory disorder, or olfactory dysfunction. The country, study period, case number, inpatient or outpatient medical visit, evaluation method (subjective complaints of dysfunction or objective evaluation), and occurrence rate of olfactory or gustatory function were reviewed. RESULTS Many studies reported that the recoverable olfactory or gustatory dysfunction may play an important role as the early clinical symptom of COVID-19. It is associated with better prognosis, although further investigation and validation should be carried out. CONCLUSION Studies have shown that smell and taste disturbances may represent an early symptom of COVID-19 and healthcare professionals must be very vigilant when managing patients with these symptoms. In the pandemic era, this implies testing for COVID-19 by healthcare workers with full personal protective equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Chuan Chang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Neuroscience Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Electrical Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Hui Yang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Center of General Education, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu-Min Chang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ya-Ju Hsieh
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Che-Hsin Lee
- Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Ming Arthur Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng-Hui Yuan
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi-Ling Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sheng-Yow Ho
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Chang Tyan
- School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan, ROC
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18
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Rianto F, Sparks MA. Shining More Light on RAS Inhibition during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2021; 16:1002-1004. [PMID: 34597263 PMCID: PMC8425621 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.06000521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fitra Rianto
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Matthew A. Sparks
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Renal Section, Durham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Durham, North Carolina
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19
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Cui C, Huang C, Zhou W, Ji X, Zhang F, Wang L, Zhou Y, Cui Q. AGTR2, One Possible Novel Key Gene for the Entry of SARS-CoV-2 Into Human Cells. IEEE/ACM Trans Comput Biol Bioinform 2021; 18:1230-1233. [PMID: 32750889 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2020.3009099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, it was confirmed that ACE2 is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2, the pathogen causing the recent outbreak of severe pneumonia around the world. It is confused that ACE2 is widely expressed across a variety of organs and is expressed moderately but not highly in lung, which, however, is the major infected organ. Therefore, we hypothesized that there could be some other genes playing key roles in the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into human cells. Here we found that AGTR2 (angiotensin II receptor type 2), a G-protein coupled receptor, has interaction with ACE2 and is highly expressed in lung with a high tissue specificity. More importantly, simulation of 3D structure based protein-protein interaction reveals that AGTR2 shows a higher binding affinity with the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 than ACE2 (energy: -8.2 vs. -5.1 [kcal/mol]). A number of compounds, biologics and traditional Chinese medicine that could decrease the expression level of AGTR2 were predicted. Finally, we suggest that AGTR2 could be a putative novel gene for the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into human cells, which could provide different insight for the research of SARS-CoV-2 proteins with their receptors.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/chemistry
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/physiology
- Antiviral Agents/pharmacology
- COVID-19/genetics
- COVID-19/physiopathology
- COVID-19/virology
- Computational Biology
- Computer Simulation
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Humans
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Interaction Maps
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/chemistry
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/physiology
- Receptors, Virus/chemistry
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/physiology
- SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
- SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity
- SARS-CoV-2/physiology
- Serine Endopeptidases/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/physiology
- Transcriptome/drug effects
- Virus Internalization
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20
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Yalcin HC, Sukumaran V, Al-Ruweidi MKAA, Shurbaji S. Do Changes in ACE-2 Expression Affect SARS-CoV-2 Virulence and Related Complications: A Closer Look into Membrane-Bound and Soluble Forms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6703. [PMID: 34201415 PMCID: PMC8269184 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus utilizes angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE-2) for cell entry and infection. This enzyme has important functions in the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system to preserve cardiovascular function. In addition to the heart, it is expressed in many tissues including the lung, intestines, brain, and kidney, however, its functions in these organs are mostly unknown. ACE-2 has membrane-bound and soluble forms. Its expression levels are altered in disease states and by a variety of medications. Currently, it is not clear how altered ACE-2 levels influence ACE-2 virulence and relevant complications. In addition, membrane-bound and soluble forms are thought to have different effects. Most work on this topic in the literature is on the SARS-CoV virus that has a high genetic resemblance to SARS-Co-V-2 and also uses ACE-2 enzyme to enter the cell, but with much lower affinity. More recent studies on SARS-CoV-2 are mainly clinical studies aiming at relating the effect of medications that are thought to influence ACE-2 levels, with COVID-19 outcomes for patients under these medications. This review paper aims to summarize what is known about the relationship between ACE-2 levels and SARS-CoV/SARS-CoV-2 virulence under altered ACE-2 expression states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huseyin C. Yalcin
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (M.K.A.A.A.-R.); (S.S.)
| | - Vijayakumar Sukumaran
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (M.K.A.A.A.-R.); (S.S.)
| | - Mahmoud Khatib A. A. Al-Ruweidi
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (M.K.A.A.A.-R.); (S.S.)
- Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar
| | - Samar Shurbaji
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar; (M.K.A.A.A.-R.); (S.S.)
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21
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Sabetian S, Castiglioni I, Jahromi BN, Mousavi P, Cava C. In Silico Identification of miRNA-lncRNA Interactions in Male Reproductive Disorder Associated with COVID-19 Infection. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061480. [PMID: 34204705 PMCID: PMC8231607 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a global pandemic, is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor for SARS-CoV-2 and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) facilitates ACE2-mediated virus entry. Moreover, the expression of ACE2 in the testes of infertile men is higher than normal, which indicates that infertile men may be susceptible to be infected and SARS-CoV-2 may cause reproductive disorder through the pathway induced by ACE2 and TMPRSS2. Little is known about the pathway regulation of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression in male reproductive disorder. Since the regulation of gene expression is mediated by microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) at the post-transcriptional level, the aim of this study was to analyze the dysregulated miRNA–lncRNA interactions of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in male reproductive disorder. Using bioinformatics analysis, we speculate that the predicted miRNAs including miR-125a-5p, miR-125b-5p, miR-574-5p, and miR-936 as regulators of ACE2 and miR-204-5p as a modulator of TMPRSS2 are associated with male infertility. The lncRNAs with a tissue-specific expression for testis including GRM7-AS3, ARHGAP26-AS1, BSN-AS1, KRBOX1-AS1, CACNA1C-IT3, AC012361.1, FGF14-IT1, AC012494.1, and GS1-24F4.2 were predicted. The identified miRNAs and lncRNAs are proposed as potential biomarkers to study the possible association between COVID-19 and male infertility. This study encourages further studies of miRNA–lncRNA interactions to explain the molecular mechanisms of male infertility in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudabeh Sabetian
- Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; (S.S.); (B.N.J.)
| | - Isabella Castiglioni
- Department of Physics “Giuseppe Occhialini”, University of Milan-Bicocca Piazza dell’Ateneo Nuovo, 20126 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (I.C.); (C.C.)
| | - Bahia Namavar Jahromi
- Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; (S.S.); (B.N.J.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Pegah Mousavi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran;
| | - Claudia Cava
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology, National Research Council (IBFM-CNR), Via F.Cervi 93, Segrate, 20090 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (I.C.); (C.C.)
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22
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Abbasi J. "Nanotraps" Designed to Capture and Clear SARS-CoV-2. JAMA 2021; 325:2243. [PMID: 34100886 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.8165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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23
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Fenizia C, Galbiati S, Vanetti C, Vago R, Clerici M, Tacchetti C, Daniele T. SARS-CoV-2 Entry: At the Crossroads of CD147 and ACE2. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061434. [PMID: 34201214 PMCID: PMC8226513 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In late 2019, the betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2 was identified as the viral agent responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Coronaviruses Spike proteins are responsible for their ability to interact with host membrane receptors and different proteins have been identified as SARS-CoV-2 interactors, among which Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and Basigin2/EMMPRIN/CD147 (CD147). CD147 plays an important role in human immunodeficiency virus type 1, hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections. In particular, SARS-CoV recognizes the CD147 receptor expressed on the surface of host cells by its nucleocapsid protein binding to cyclophilin A (CyPA), a ligand for CD147. However, the involvement of CD147 in SARS-CoV-2 infection is still debated. Interference with both the function (blocking antibody) and the expression (knock down) of CD147 showed that this receptor partakes in SARS-CoV-2 infection and provided additional clues on the underlying mechanism: CD147 binding to CyPA does not play a role; CD147 regulates ACE2 levels and both receptors are affected by virus infection. Altogether, these findings suggest that CD147 is involved in SARS-CoV-2 tropism and represents a possible therapeutic target to challenge COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Fenizia
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Milano University Medical School, 20122 Milano, Italy; (C.F.); (C.V.); (M.C.)
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, Milano University Medical School, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Galbiati
- Complication of Diabetes Unit, Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy;
| | - Claudia Vanetti
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Milano University Medical School, 20122 Milano, Italy; (C.F.); (C.V.); (M.C.)
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences “L. Sacco”, Milano University Medical School, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Riccardo Vago
- Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy;
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Milano University Medical School, 20122 Milano, Italy; (C.F.); (C.V.); (M.C.)
- IRCCS Don Carlo Gnocchi Foundation, 20162 Milano, Italy
| | - Carlo Tacchetti
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milano, Italy
- Cancer Imaging Unit, Experimental Imaging Centre, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.T.); (T.D.)
| | - Tiziana Daniele
- Cancer Imaging Unit, Experimental Imaging Centre, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.T.); (T.D.)
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24
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Partridge LJ, Urwin L, Nicklin MJH, James DC, Green LR, Monk PN. ACE2-Independent Interaction of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein with Human Epithelial Cells Is Inhibited by Unfractionated Heparin. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061419. [PMID: 34200372 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.21.107870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2, which is responsible for COVID-19, depend on virus spike protein binding to host cell receptors to cause infection. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binds primarily to ACE2 on target cells and is then processed by membrane proteases, including TMPRSS2, leading to viral internalisation or fusion with the plasma membrane. It has been suggested, however, that receptors other than ACE2 may be involved in virus binding. We have investigated the interactions of recombinant versions of the spike protein with human epithelial cell lines that express low/very low levels of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in a proxy assay for interaction with host cells. A tagged form of the spike protein containing the S1 and S2 regions bound in a temperature-dependent manner to all cell lines, whereas the S1 region alone and the receptor-binding domain (RBD) interacted only weakly. Spike protein associated with cells independently of ACE2 and TMPRSS2, while RBD required the presence of high levels of ACE2 for interaction. As the spike protein has previously been shown to bind heparin, a soluble glycosaminoglycan, we tested the effects of various heparins on ACE2-independent spike protein interaction with cells. Unfractionated heparin inhibited spike protein interaction with an IC50 value of <0.05 U/mL, whereas two low-molecular-weight heparins were less effective. A mutant form of the spike protein, lacking the arginine-rich putative furin cleavage site, interacted only weakly with cells and had a lower affinity for unfractionated and low-molecular-weight heparin than the wild-type spike protein. This suggests that the furin cleavage site might also be a heparin-binding site and potentially important for interactions with host cells. The glycosaminoglycans heparan sulphate and dermatan sulphate, but not chondroitin sulphate, also inhibited the binding of spike protein, indicating that it might bind to one or both of these glycosaminoglycans on the surface of target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda J Partridge
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Lucy Urwin
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Martin J H Nicklin
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - David C James
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4NL, UK
| | - Luke R Green
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Peter N Monk
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
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25
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Partridge LJ, Urwin L, Nicklin MJH, James DC, Green LR, Monk PN. ACE2-Independent Interaction of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein with Human Epithelial Cells Is Inhibited by Unfractionated Heparin. Cells 2021; 10:1419. [PMID: 34200372 PMCID: PMC8229176 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2, which is responsible for COVID-19, depend on virus spike protein binding to host cell receptors to cause infection. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binds primarily to ACE2 on target cells and is then processed by membrane proteases, including TMPRSS2, leading to viral internalisation or fusion with the plasma membrane. It has been suggested, however, that receptors other than ACE2 may be involved in virus binding. We have investigated the interactions of recombinant versions of the spike protein with human epithelial cell lines that express low/very low levels of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in a proxy assay for interaction with host cells. A tagged form of the spike protein containing the S1 and S2 regions bound in a temperature-dependent manner to all cell lines, whereas the S1 region alone and the receptor-binding domain (RBD) interacted only weakly. Spike protein associated with cells independently of ACE2 and TMPRSS2, while RBD required the presence of high levels of ACE2 for interaction. As the spike protein has previously been shown to bind heparin, a soluble glycosaminoglycan, we tested the effects of various heparins on ACE2-independent spike protein interaction with cells. Unfractionated heparin inhibited spike protein interaction with an IC50 value of <0.05 U/mL, whereas two low-molecular-weight heparins were less effective. A mutant form of the spike protein, lacking the arginine-rich putative furin cleavage site, interacted only weakly with cells and had a lower affinity for unfractionated and low-molecular-weight heparin than the wild-type spike protein. This suggests that the furin cleavage site might also be a heparin-binding site and potentially important for interactions with host cells. The glycosaminoglycans heparan sulphate and dermatan sulphate, but not chondroitin sulphate, also inhibited the binding of spike protein, indicating that it might bind to one or both of these glycosaminoglycans on the surface of target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynda J. Partridge
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK;
| | - Lucy Urwin
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (L.U.); (M.J.H.N.); (L.R.G.)
| | - Martin J. H. Nicklin
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (L.U.); (M.J.H.N.); (L.R.G.)
| | - David C. James
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4NL, UK;
| | - Luke R. Green
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (L.U.); (M.J.H.N.); (L.R.G.)
| | - Peter N. Monk
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK; (L.U.); (M.J.H.N.); (L.R.G.)
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26
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Tang Q, Wang Y, Ou L, Li J, Zheng K, Zhan H, Gu J, Zhou G, Xie S, Zhang J, Huang W, Wang S, Wang X. Downregulation of ACE2 expression by SARS-CoV-2 worsens the prognosis of KIRC and KIRP patients via metabolism and immunoregulation. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:1925-1939. [PMID: 34131396 PMCID: PMC8193256 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.57802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) allow entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) into host cells and play essential roles in cancer therapy. However, the functions of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in kidney cancer remain unclear, especially as kidneys are targets for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: UCSC Xena project, the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases (GSE30589 and GSE59185) were searched for gene expression in human tissues, gene expression data, and clinical information. Several bioinformatics methods were utilized to analyze the correlation between ACE2 and TMPRSS2 with respect to the prognosis of kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) and kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma (KIRP). Results: ACE2 expression was significantly upregulated in tumor tissue, while its downregulation was associated with low survival in KIRC and KIRP patients. TMPRSS2 was downregulated in KIRC and KIRP, and its expression was not correlated with patient survival. According to clinical risk factor-based prediction models, ACE2 exhibits predictive accuracy for kidney cancer prognosis and is correlated with metabolism and immune infiltration. In an animal model, ACE2 expression was remarkably downregulated in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells compared to in the control. Conclusion: ACE2 expression is highly correlated with various metabolic pathways and is involved in immune infiltration.it plays a crucial role than TMPRSS2 in diagnosing and prognosis of kidney cancer patients. The overlap in ACE2 expression between kidney cancer and SARS-CoV-2 infection suggests that patients with KIRC or KIRP are at high risk of developing serious symptoms.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/biosynthesis
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/genetics
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/physiology
- Animals
- COVID-19/complications
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/complications
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/mortality
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Down-Regulation
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Regulatory Networks
- Humans
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Kidney Neoplasms/complications
- Kidney Neoplasms/immunology
- Kidney Neoplasms/metabolism
- Kidney Neoplasms/mortality
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Models, Animal
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Organ Specificity
- Prognosis
- Proportional Hazards Models
- Receptors, Virus/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Renin-Angiotensin System/physiology
- SARS-CoV-2
- Serine Endopeptidases/biosynthesis
- Serine Endopeptidases/genetics
- Serine Endopeptidases/physiology
- Tissue Array Analysis
- Vero Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Ling Ou
- Bacteriology & Antibacterial Resistance Surveillance Laboratory, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Jieling Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Kai Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Hui Zhan
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Jiayu Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Guibao Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Shouxia Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Jianping Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Bacteriology & Antibacterial Resistance Surveillance Laboratory, Shenzhen Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Shaoxiang Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen People's Hospital (The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University; The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology), Shenzhen 518020, China
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27
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Jin RU, Brown JW, Li QK, Bayguinov PO, Wang JS, Mills JC. Tropism of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 for Barrett's Esophagus May Increase Susceptibility to Developing Coronavirus Disease 2019. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:2165-2168.e4. [PMID: 33484686 PMCID: PMC7816599 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ramon U Jin
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Jeffrey W Brown
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri.
| | - Qing Kay Li
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Peter O Bayguinov
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Jean S Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Jason C Mills
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri.
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28
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Zhou D, Chan JFW, Zhou B, Zhou R, Li S, Shan S, Liu L, Zhang AJ, Chen SJ, Chan CCS, Xu H, Poon VKM, Yuan S, Li C, Chik KKH, Chan CCY, Cao J, Chan CY, Kwan KY, Du Z, Lau TTK, Zhang Q, Zhou J, To KKW, Zhang L, Ho DD, Yuen KY, Chen Z. Robust SARS-CoV-2 infection in nasal turbinates after treatment with systemic neutralizing antibodies. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:551-563.e5. [PMID: 33657424 PMCID: PMC7904446 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is characterized by a burst in the upper respiratory portal for high transmissibility. To determine human neutralizing antibodies (HuNAbs) for entry protection, we tested three potent HuNAbs (IC50 range, 0.0007-0.35 μg/mL) against live SARS-CoV-2 infection in the golden Syrian hamster model. These HuNAbs inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection by competing with human angiotensin converting enzyme-2 for binding to the viral receptor binding domain (RBD). Prophylactic intraperitoneal or intranasal injection of individual HuNAb or DNA vaccination significantly reduces infection in the lungs but not in the nasal turbinates of hamsters intranasally challenged with SARS-CoV-2. Although postchallenge HuNAb therapy suppresses viral loads and lung damage, robust infection is observed in nasal turbinates treated within 1-3 days. Our findings demonstrate that systemic HuNAb suppresses SARS-CoV-2 replication and injury in lungs; however, robust viral infection in nasal turbinate may outcompete the antibody with significant implications to subprotection, reinfection, and vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyan Zhou
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Carol Yu Center for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, the University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PRC
| | - Biao Zhou
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Runhong Zhou
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Shuang Li
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Sisi Shan
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center and School of Medicine, and Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PRC
| | - Li Liu
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Anna Jinxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Carol Yu Center for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Serena J Chen
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Chris Chung-Sing Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Haoran Xu
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Vincent Kwok-Man Poon
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Shuofeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Carol Yu Center for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, the University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PRC
| | - Cun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Kenn Ka-Heng Chik
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Chris Chun-Yiu Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Jianli Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Chun-Yin Chan
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Ka-Yi Kwan
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Zhenglong Du
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Thomas Tsz-Kan Lau
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Qi Zhang
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center and School of Medicine, and Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PRC
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Carol Yu Center for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC
| | - Kelvin Kai-Wang To
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Carol Yu Center for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, the University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PRC
| | - Linqi Zhang
- Center for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center and School of Medicine, and Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PRC
| | - David D Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Carol Yu Center for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, the University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PRC.
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PRC; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, the University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PRC.
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29
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Gaziano L, Giambartolomei C, Pereira AC, Gaulton A, Posner DC, Swanson SA, Ho YL, Iyengar SK, Kosik NM, Vujkovic M, Gagnon DR, Bento AP, Barrio-Hernandez I, Rönnblom L, Hagberg N, Lundtoft C, Langenberg C, Pietzner M, Valentine D, Gustincich S, Tartaglia GG, Allara E, Surendran P, Burgess S, Zhao JH, Peters JE, Prins BP, Angelantonio ED, Devineni P, Shi Y, Lynch KE, DuVall SL, Garcon H, Thomann LO, Zhou JJ, Gorman BR, Huffman JE, O'Donnell CJ, Tsao PS, Beckham JC, Pyarajan S, Muralidhar S, Huang GD, Ramoni R, Beltrao P, Danesh J, Hung AM, Chang KM, Sun YV, Joseph J, Leach AR, Edwards TL, Cho K, Gaziano JM, Butterworth AS, Casas JP. Actionable druggable genome-wide Mendelian randomization identifies repurposing opportunities for COVID-19. Nat Med 2021; 27:668-676. [PMID: 33837377 PMCID: PMC7612986 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01310-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Drug repurposing provides a rapid approach to meet the urgent need for therapeutics to address COVID-19. To identify therapeutic targets relevant to COVID-19, we conducted Mendelian randomization analyses, deriving genetic instruments based on transcriptomic and proteomic data for 1,263 actionable proteins that are targeted by approved drugs or in clinical phase of drug development. Using summary statistics from the Host Genetics Initiative and the Million Veteran Program, we studied 7,554 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and >1 million controls. We found significant Mendelian randomization results for three proteins (ACE2, P = 1.6 × 10-6; IFNAR2, P = 9.8 × 10-11 and IL-10RB, P = 2.3 × 10-14) using cis-expression quantitative trait loci genetic instruments that also had strong evidence for colocalization with COVID-19 hospitalization. To disentangle the shared expression quantitative trait loci signal for IL10RB and IFNAR2, we conducted phenome-wide association scans and pathway enrichment analysis, which suggested that IFNAR2 is more likely to play a role in COVID-19 hospitalization. Our findings prioritize trials of drugs targeting IFNAR2 and ACE2 for early management of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Gaziano
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Claudia Giambartolomei
- Central RNA Lab, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alexandre C Pereira
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Genetics Department, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna Gaulton
- Chemical Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Daniel C Posner
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sonja A Swanson
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yuk-Lam Ho
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sudha K Iyengar
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University and Louis Stoke, Cleveland VA, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nicole M Kosik
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marijana Vujkovic
- The Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David R Gagnon
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Patrícia Bento
- Chemical Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | | | - Lars Rönnblom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Niklas Hagberg
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Claudia Langenberg
- Berlin Institute of Health, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maik Pietzner
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dennis Valentine
- Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
- Health Data Research, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Elias Allara
- BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Praveen Surendran
- BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Health Data Research UK Cambridge, Wellcome Genome Campus and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen Burgess
- BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James E Peters
- Health Data Research UK Cambridge, Wellcome Genome Campus and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Dept of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Bram P Prins
- BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Health Data Research UK Cambridge, Wellcome Genome Campus and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emanuele Di Angelantonio
- BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Health Data Research UK Cambridge, Wellcome Genome Campus and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge and Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Poornima Devineni
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yunling Shi
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristine E Lynch
- VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Epidemiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Scott L DuVall
- VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Epidemiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Helene Garcon
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lauren O Thomann
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jin J Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Phoenix VA Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Bryan R Gorman
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer E Huffman
- Center for Population Genomics, Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher J O'Donnell
- Cardiology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philip S Tsao
- Epidemiology Research and Information Center (ERIC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jean C Beckham
- MIRECC, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Saiju Pyarajan
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sumitra Muralidhar
- Office of Research and Development, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Grant D Huang
- Office of Research and Development, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rachel Ramoni
- Office of Research and Development, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Pedro Beltrao
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - John Danesh
- BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Health Data Research UK Cambridge, Wellcome Genome Campus and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge and Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adriana M Hung
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
- Nephrology & Hypertension, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kyong-Mi Chang
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- The Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yan V Sun
- Atlanta VA Health Care System, Decatur, GA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jacob Joseph
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Medicine, Cardiovascular, VA Boston Healthcare System and Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew R Leach
- Chemical Biology, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Todd L Edwards
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Medicine, Epidemiology, Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kelly Cho
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Aging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Michael Gaziano
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Aging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adam S Butterworth
- BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Health Data Research UK Cambridge, Wellcome Genome Campus and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- National Institute for Health Research Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge and Cambridge University Hospitals, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Juan P Casas
- Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information Center (MAVERIC), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Aging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Abstract
This paper attempts to explain how the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus causes the complications that make coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) a serious disease in specific patient subgroups. It suggests that cortisol-associated activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) in epithelial and endothelial cells infected with the virus stimulates the release of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), which then acts back on purinergic receptors. In the lung this could produce the nonproductive cough via purinergic P2X3 receptors on vagal afferent nerves. In endothelial cells it could stimulate exocytosis of Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs) that contain angiopoietin-2, which is important in the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) by increasing capillary permeability and von Willebrand factor (VWF), which mediates platelet adhesion to the endothelium and hence clotting. Angiopoietin-2 and VWF levels both are markedly elevated in COVID-19-associated ARDS. This paper offers an explanation for the sex differences in SARS-CoV-2 complications and also for why these are strongly associated with age, race, diabetes, and body mass index. It also explains why individuals with blood group A have a higher risk of severe infection than those with blood group O. Dexamethasone has been shown to be of benefit in coronavirus ARDS patients and has been thought to act as an anti-inflammatory drug. This paper suggests that a major part of its effect may be due to suppression of cortisol secretion. There is an urgent need to trial the combination of dexamethasone and an MR antagonist such as spironolactone to more effectively block the MR and hence the exocytosis of WPBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Edwards
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Christopher Edwards, MD, Department of Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Rd, London W12 0NN, UK. E-mail:
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31
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de Melo BAG, Benincasa JC, Cruz EM, Maricato JT, Porcionatto MA. 3D culture models to study SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and antiviral candidates: From spheroids to bioprinting. Biomed J 2021; 44:31-42. [PMID: 33602633 PMCID: PMC7680063 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is receiving worldwide attention, due to the severity of the disease (COVID-19) that resulted in more than a million global deaths so far. The urgent need for vaccines and antiviral drugs is mobilizing the scientific community to develop strategies for studying the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection, replication kinetics, pathogenesis, host-virus interaction, and infection inhibition. In this work, we review the strategies of tissue engineering in the fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) models used in virology studies, which presented many advantages over conventional cell cultures, such as complex cytoarchitecture and a more physiological microenvironment. Scaffold-free (spheroids and organoids) and scaffold-based (3D scaffolding and 3D bioprinting) approach allow the biofabrication of more realistic models relevant to the pandemic, to be used as in vitro platforms for the development of new vaccines and therapies against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna A G de Melo
- Department of Biochemistry, Paulista School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julia C Benincasa
- Department of Biochemistry, Paulista School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elisa M Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry, Paulista School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Terzi Maricato
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Paulista School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marimelia A Porcionatto
- Department of Biochemistry, Paulista School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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32
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Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been a global challenge since December 2019. Although most patients with COVID-19 exhibit mild clinical manifestations, in approximately 5% of these patients, the disease eventually progresses to severe lung injury or even multiorgan dysfunction. This situation represents various challenges to hepatology. In the context of liver injury in patients with COVID-19, several key problems need to be solved. For instance, it is important to determine whether SARS-CoV-2 can directly invade liver, especially when ACE2 appears to be negligibly expressed on hepatocytes. In addition, the mechanisms underlying liver dysfunction in COVID-19 patients are not fully understood, which are likely multifactorial and related to hyperinflammation, dysregulated immune responses, abnormal coagulation and drugs. Here, we systematically describe the potential pathogenesis of COVID-19-associated liver injury and propose several hypotheses about its etiopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxiao Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiangming Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Meng Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Dean Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Limin Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Institute of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Hubei Key Laboratory of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Diseases, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, Hubei Province, China.
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33
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Dalan R, Boehm BO. The implications of COVID-19 infection on the endothelium: A metabolic vascular perspective. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2021; 37:e3402. [PMID: 32871617 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rinkoo Dalan
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bernhard O Boehm
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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34
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Abstract
COVID-19, the global threat to humanity, shares etiological cofactors with multiple diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Understanding the common links between COVID-19 and AD would harness strategizing therapeutic approaches against both. Considering the urgency of formulating COVID-19 medication, its AD association and manifestations have been reviewed here, putting emphasis on memory and learning disruption. COVID-19 and AD share common links with respect to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors and pro-inflammatory markers such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, cytoskeleton-associated protein 4 (CKAP4), galectin-9 (GAL-9 or Gal-9), and APOE4 allele. Common etiological factors and common manifestations described in this review would aid in developing therapeutic strategies for both COVID-19 and AD and thus impact on eradicating the ongoing global threat. Thus, people suffering from COVID-19 or who have come round of it as well as people at risk of developing AD or already suffering from AD, would be benefitted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Azizur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh.
| | - Kamrul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Saidur Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Md Alamin
- Global Center for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
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35
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Sansone A, Mollaioli D, Ciocca G, Limoncin E, Colonnello E, Vena W, Jannini EA. Addressing male sexual and reproductive health in the wake of COVID-19 outbreak. J Endocrinol Invest 2021; 44:223-231. [PMID: 32661947 PMCID: PMC7355084 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-020-01350-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2, represents an unprecedented challenge for healthcare. COVID-19 features a state of hyperinflammation resulting in a "cytokine storm", which leads to severe complications, such as the development of micro-thrombosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Despite isolation measures, the number of affected patients is growing daily: as of June 12th, over 7.5 million cases have been confirmed worldwide, with more than 420,000 global deaths. Over 3.5 million patients have recovered from COVID-19; although this number is increasing by the day, great attention should be directed towards the possible long-term outcomes of the disease. Despite being a trivial matter for patients in intensive care units (ICUs), erectile dysfunction (ED) is a likely consequence of COVID-19 for survivors, and considering the high transmissibility of the infection and the higher contagion rates among elderly men, a worrying phenomenon for a large part of affected patients. METHODS A literature research on the possible mechanisms involved in the development of ED in COVID-19 survivors was performed. RESULTS Endothelial dysfunction, subclinical hypogonadism, psychological distress and impaired pulmonary hemodynamics all contribute to the potential onset of ED. Additionally, COVID-19 might exacerbate cardiovascular conditions; therefore, further increasing the risk of ED. Testicular function in COVID-19 patients requires careful investigation for the unclear association with testosterone deficiency and the possible consequences for reproductive health. Treatment with phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitors might be beneficial for both COVID-19 and ED. CONCLUSION COVID-19 survivors might develop sexual and reproductive health issues. Andrological assessment and tailored treatments should be considered in the follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sansone
- Chair of Endocrinology and Medical Sexology (ENDOSEX), Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - D Mollaioli
- Chair of Endocrinology and Medical Sexology (ENDOSEX), Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - G Ciocca
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - E Limoncin
- Chair of Endocrinology and Medical Sexology (ENDOSEX), Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - E Colonnello
- Chair of Endocrinology and Medical Sexology (ENDOSEX), Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - W Vena
- Endocrinology, Diabetology and Andrology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Rozzano, MI, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - E A Jannini
- Chair of Endocrinology and Medical Sexology (ENDOSEX), Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, via Montpellier 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
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Sun H, Su X, Huang L, Mu D, Qu Y. Research Progress on the Cardiac Injury from ACE2 Targeting in SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Biomolecules 2021; 11:196. [PMID: 33573324 PMCID: PMC7911115 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidemic due to the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is now a global concern, posing a severe threat to the health of populations. At present, all countries in the world are stepping up the development of vaccines and antiviral agents to prevent the infection and further transmission of SARS-CoV-2. An in-depth investigation of the target organs and pathogenesis regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection will be beneficial for virus therapy. Besides pulmonary injury, SARS-CoV-2 also causes cardiac injury, but the exact mechanisms are unclear. This review summarizes the essential structural characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), describes the cardiac manifestations following SARS-CoV-2 infection, and explores the mechanisms of cardiac injury targeting ACE2 after the viral invasion. We aim to help the timely detection of related symptoms and implementation of therapeutic measures by clinicians for SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- Department of Pediatrics/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.S.); (X.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Xiaojuan Su
- Department of Pediatrics/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.S.); (X.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Lingyi Huang
- West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of Pediatrics/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.S.); (X.S.); (D.M.)
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Pediatrics/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; (H.S.); (X.S.); (D.M.)
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Mészáros B, Sámano-Sánchez H, Alvarado-Valverde J, Čalyševa J, Martínez-Pérez E, Alves R, Shields DC, Kumar M, Rippmann F, Chemes LB, Gibson TJ. Short linear motif candidates in the cell entry system used by SARS-CoV-2 and their potential therapeutic implications. Sci Signal 2021; 14:eabd0334. [PMID: 33436497 PMCID: PMC7928535 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abd0334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The first reported receptor for SARS-CoV-2 on host cells was the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). However, the viral spike protein also has an RGD motif, suggesting that cell surface integrins may be co-receptors. We examined the sequences of ACE2 and integrins with the Eukaryotic Linear Motif (ELM) resource and identified candidate short linear motifs (SLiMs) in their short, unstructured, cytosolic tails with potential roles in endocytosis, membrane dynamics, autophagy, cytoskeleton, and cell signaling. These SLiM candidates are highly conserved in vertebrates and may interact with the μ2 subunit of the endocytosis-associated AP2 adaptor complex, as well as with various protein domains (namely, I-BAR, LC3, PDZ, PTB, and SH2) found in human signaling and regulatory proteins. Several motifs overlap in the tail sequences, suggesting that they may act as molecular switches, such as in response to tyrosine phosphorylation status. Candidate LC3-interacting region (LIR) motifs are present in the tails of integrin β3 and ACE2, suggesting that these proteins could directly recruit autophagy components. Our findings identify several molecular links and testable hypotheses that could uncover mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 attachment, entry, and replication against which it may be possible to develop host-directed therapies that dampen viral infection and disease progression. Several of these SLiMs have now been validated to mediate the predicted peptide interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Mészáros
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany.
| | - Hugo Sámano-Sánchez
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Jesús Alvarado-Valverde
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
- Collaboration for joint PhD degree between EMBL and Heidelberg University, Faculty of Biosciences
| | - Jelena Čalyševa
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
- Collaboration for joint PhD degree between EMBL and Heidelberg University, Faculty of Biosciences
| | - Elizabeth Martínez-Pérez
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
- Laboratorio de bioinformática estructural, Fundación Instituto Leloir, C1405BWE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Renato Alves
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany
| | - Denis C Shields
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Manjeet Kumar
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany.
| | - Friedrich Rippmann
- Computational Chemistry & Biology, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lucía B Chemes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas "Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde", IIB-UNSAM, IIBIO-CONICET, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, CP1650 San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Toby J Gibson
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg 69117, Germany.
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Abstract
In December 2019, a novel coronavirus was isolated from the respiratory epithelium of patients with unexplained pneumonia in Wuhan, China. This pathogen, named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causes a pathogenic condition that has been termed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and has reached pandemic proportions. As of 17 September 2020, more than 30 million confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections have been reported in 204 different countries, claiming more than 1 million lives worldwide. Accumulating evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to a variety of clinical conditions, ranging from asymptomatic to life-threatening cases. In the early stages of the disease, most patients experience mild clinical symptoms, including a high fever and dry cough. However, 20% of patients rapidly progress to severe illness characterized by atypical interstitial bilateral pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiorgan dysfunction. Almost 10% of these critically ill patients subsequently die. Insights into the pathogenic mechanisms underlying SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 progression are emerging and highlight the critical role of the immunological hyper-response - characterized by widespread endothelial damage, complement-induced blood clotting and systemic microangiopathy - in disease exacerbation. These insights may aid the identification of new or existing therapeutic interventions to limit the progression of early disease and treat severe cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Perico
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Ariela Benigni
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | | | - Lisa F P Ng
- Infectious Diseases Horizontal Technology Centre (ID HTC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Laurent Renia
- Infectious Diseases Horizontal Technology Centre (ID HTC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Rios CI, Cassatt DR, Hollingsworth BA, Satyamitra MM, Tadesse YS, Taliaferro LP, Winters TA, DiCarlo AL. Commonalities Between COVID-19 and Radiation Injury. Radiat Res 2021; 195:1-24. [PMID: 33064832 PMCID: PMC7861125 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00188.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
As the multi-systemic components of COVID-19 emerge, parallel etiologies can be drawn between SARS-CoV-2 infection and radiation injuries. While some SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals present as asymptomatic, others exhibit mild symptoms that may include fever, cough, chills, and unusual symptoms like loss of taste and smell and reddening in the extremities (e.g., "COVID toes," suggestive of microvessel damage). Still others alarm healthcare providers with extreme and rapid onset of high-risk indicators of mortality that include acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multi-organ hypercoagulation, hypoxia and cardiovascular damage. Researchers are quickly refocusing their science to address this enigmatic virus that seems to unveil itself in new ways without discrimination. As investigators begin to identify early markers of disease, identification of common threads with other pathologies may provide some clues. Interestingly, years of research in the field of radiation biology documents the complex multiorgan nature of another disease state that occurs after exposure to high doses of radiation: the acute radiation syndrome (ARS). Inflammation is a key common player in COVID-19 and ARS, and drives the multi-system damage that dramatically alters biological homeostasis. Both conditions initiate a cytokine storm, with similar pro-inflammatory molecules increased and other anti-inflammatory molecules decreased. These changes manifest in a variety of ways, with a demonstrably higher health impact in patients having underlying medical conditions. The potentially dramatic human impact of ARS has guided the science that has identified many biomarkers of radiation exposure, established medical management strategies for ARS, and led to the development of medical countermeasures for use in the event of a radiation public health emergency. These efforts can now be leveraged to help elucidate mechanisms of action of COVID-19 injuries. Furthermore, this intersection between COVID-19 and ARS may point to approaches that could accelerate the discovery of treatments for both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen I. Rios
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - David R. Cassatt
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Brynn A. Hollingsworth
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Merriline M. Satyamitra
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Yeabsera S. Tadesse
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Lanyn P. Taliaferro
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Thomas A. Winters
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Andrea L. DiCarlo
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
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40
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Campbell RA, Boilard E, Rondina MT. Is there a role for the ACE2 receptor in SARS-CoV-2 interactions with platelets? J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:46-50. [PMID: 33119197 PMCID: PMC7899240 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to understand the underlying mechanisms contributing to thrombotic and inflammatory complications during COVID-19. Data from independent groups have identified that platelets are hyperreactive during COVID-19. Platelet hyperreactivity is accompanied by changes in platelet gene expression, and enhanced interactions between platelets and leukocytes. In some patients, SARS-CoV-2 mRNA has been detected in platelets. Together, this suggests that SARS-CoV-2 may interact with platelets. However, controversy remains on which receptors mediate SARS-CoV-2 platelet interactions. Most, but not all, transcriptomic and proteomic analyses fail to observe the putative SARS-CoV-2 receptor, angiotensin converting enzyme-2, or the cellular serine protease necessary for viral entry, TMPRSS2, on platelets and megakaryocytes. Interestingly, platelets express other known SARS-CoV-2 receptors, which induce similar patterns of activation to those observed when platelets are incubated with SARS-CoV-2. This article explores these findings and discusses ongoing areas of controversy and uncertainty with regard to SARS-CoV-2 platelet interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Campbell
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Departments of Internal Medicine & Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Eric Boilard
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier,, Universitaire de Québec- Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'immunologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Matthew T Rondina
- University of Utah Molecular Medicine Program, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Departments of Internal Medicine & Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- George E. Wahlen VAMC Department of Internal Medicine and GRECC, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Hopkins C, Lechien JR, Saussez S. More that ACE2? NRP1 may play a central role in the underlying pathophysiological mechanism of olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 and its association with enhanced survival. Med Hypotheses 2021; 146:110406. [PMID: 33246692 PMCID: PMC7678428 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Three mechanisms have been proposed to account for COVID-19 associated olfactory dysfunction; obstruction of the olfactory cleft; epithelial injury and infection of the sustentacular supporting cells, which are known to express ACE2, or injury to the olfactory bulb due to axonal transport through olfactory sensory neurones. The absence of ACE2 expression by olfactory sensory neurones has led to the neurotropic potential of COVID-19 to be discounted. While an accumulating body of evidence supports olfactory epithelial injury as an important mechanism, this does not account for all the features of olfactory dysfunction seen in COVID-19; for example the duration of loss in some patients, evidence of changes within the olfactory bulb on MRI imaging, identification of viral particles within the olfactory bulb in post-mortem specimens and the inverse association between severity of COVID-19 and the prevalence of olfactory loss. The recent identification of a second route of viral entry mediated by NRP1 addresses many of these inconsistencies. Expression by the olfactory sensory neurones and their progenitor cells may facilitate direct injury and axonal transport to the olfactory bulb as well as a mechanism for delayed or absent recovery. Expression by regulatory T cells may play a central role in the cytokine storm. Variability in expression by age, race or gender may explain differing morbidity of infection and inverse association between anosmia and severity; in the case of higher expression there may be a higher risk of olfactory function but greater activation of regulatory T cells that may suppress the cytokine storm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Hopkins
- Guy's and St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; King's College, London, UK.
| | - Jerome R Lechien
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France; Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium; Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, CHU de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, UFR Simone Veil, Foch Hospital, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (Paris Saclay University), Paris, France
| | - Sven Saussez
- COVID-19 Task Force of the Young-Otolaryngologists of the International Federations of Oto-rhino-laryngological Societies (YO-IFOS), Paris, France; Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium; Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU Saint-Pierre, School of Medicine, CHU de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Carcaterra M, Caruso C. Alveolar epithelial cell type II as main target of SARS-CoV-2 virus and COVID-19 development via NF-Kb pathway deregulation: A physio-pathological theory. Med Hypotheses 2021; 146:110412. [PMID: 33308936 PMCID: PMC7681037 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) requires a rapid solution and global collaborative efforts in order to define preventive and treatment strategies. One of the major challenges of this disease is the high number of patients needing advanced respiratory support due to the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as the lung is the major - although not exclusive - target of the virus. The molecular mechanisms, pathogenic drivers and the target cell type(s) in SARS-CoV-2 infection are still poorly understood, but the development of a "hyperactive" immune response is proposed to play a role in the evolution of the disease and it is envisioned as a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Here we propose a theory by which the main targets for SARS-CoV-2 are the Type II Alveolar Epithelial Cells and the clinical manifestations of the syndrome are a direct consequence of their involvement. We propose the existence of a vicious cycle by which once alveolar damage starts in AEC II cells, the inflammatory state is supported by macrophage pro-inflammatory polarization (M1), cytokines release and by the activation of the NF-κB pathway. If this theory is confirmed, future therapeutic efforts can be directed to target Type 2 alveolar cells and the molecular pathogenic drivers associated with their dysfunction with currently available therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristina Caruso
- Radiation Oncology, San Giovanni Addolorata Hospital, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
Understanding how severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) highjacks epithelial cells and infiltrates the lung, as well as other organs and tissues, is essential for developing treatment strategies and vaccines against this highly contagious virus. Another major goal is to fully elucidate the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV- 2 bypasses the innate immune system and induces a cytokine storm, and its effects on mortality. Currently, SARS- CoV-2 is thought to evade innate antiviral immunity, undergo endocytosis, and fuse with the host cell membrane by exploiting ACE2 receptors and the protease TMMPRSS2, with cathepsin B/L as alternative protease, for entry into the epithelial cells of tissues vulnerable to developing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) symptoms. However, the incorporation of new and unique binding sites, i.e., O-linked glycans, and the preservation and augmentation of effective binding sites (N-linked glycans) on the outer membrane of SARS-CoV-2 may represent other strategies of infecting the human host. Here, I will rationalize the possibility that other host molecules-i.e., sugar molecules and the sialic acidsN-glycolylneuraminic acid, N-acetylneuraminic acid, and their derivates could be viable candidates for the use as virus receptors by SARS-CoV-2 and/or serve as determinants for the adherence on ACE2 of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Pruimboom
- Pontifical University of Salamanca, Spain; PNI Europe, The Hague, The Netherlands.
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Xiao D, Li X, Su X, Mu D, Qu Y. Could SARS-CoV-2-induced lung injury be attenuated by vitamin D? Int J Infect Dis 2021; 102:196-202. [PMID: 33129966 PMCID: PMC7591873 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2) has been confirmed as having the capacity to transmit from humans to humans, causing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and acute lung injury. Angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) is known to be expressed on type II pneumocytes. As a counter-regulatory arm of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), ACE2 plays critical roles in the pathogenesis of ARDS and acute lung injury. The affinity of the spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 for human ACE2 (hACE2) largely determines the degree of clinical symptoms after infection by SARS-CoV-2. Previous studies have shown that regulating the ACE2/RAS system is effective in the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-induced ARDS and acute lung injury. Since ACE2 is the host cell receptor for both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, regulating the ACE2/RAS system may alleviate ARDS and acute lung injury caused by SARS-CoV-2 as well as SARS-CoV. Vitamin D was found to affect ACE2, the target of SARS-CoV-2; therefore, we propose that vitamin D might alleviate ARDS and acute lung injury induced by SARS-CoV-2 by modulating ACE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqiong Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Xihong Li
- Department of Pediatrics/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Xiaojuan Su
- Department of Pediatrics/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of Pediatrics/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Pediatrics/Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Ministry of Education), West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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45
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46
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Mercan M, Şehirli AÖ, Chukwunyere U, Abacıoğlu N. Acute kidney injury due to COVID-19 and the circadian rhythm. Med Hypotheses 2021; 146:110463. [PMID: 33387941 PMCID: PMC7833969 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) affects several organs including the kidneys. When examining patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) due to COVID-19, it is important to consider the circadian rhythm because in addition to its biological clock function, disruption of the circadian rhythm has been reported to be associated with the pathogenesis of several disorders, including AKI. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), an important component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), displays circadian rhythmicity. Studies have shown that over-expression of human ACE2 increases the replication of SARS-CoV-2, which may lead to disruptions and tissue damage due to the suppression of the brain and muscle ARNT-like protein-1(Bmal1) gene and high pro-inflammatory cytokines expressions in the tissues. Therefore, understanding and regulating the circadian rhythm and expression pattern of the key components of RAAS can prevent or reduce the severity of acute kidney injury that may occur with COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Mercan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Ahmet Özer Şehirli
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ugochukwu Chukwunyere
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Nurettin Abacıoğlu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kyrenia University, Kyrenia, Cyprus
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Cocozza F, Névo N, Piovesana E, Lahaye X, Buchrieser J, Schwartz O, Manel N, Tkach M, Théry C, Martin‐Jaular L. Extracellular vesicles containing ACE2 efficiently prevent infection by SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein-containing virus. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 10:e12050. [PMID: 33391636 PMCID: PMC7769856 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 entry is mediated by binding of the spike protein (S) to the surface receptor ACE2 and subsequent priming by host TMPRSS2 allowing membrane fusion. Here, we produced extracellular vesicles (EVs) exposing ACE2 and demonstrate that ACE2-EVs are efficient decoys for SARS-CoV-2 S protein-containing lentivirus. Reduction of infectivity positively correlates with the level of ACE2, is much more efficient than with soluble ACE2 and further enhanced by the inclusion of TMPRSS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Cocozza
- INSERM U932Institut Curie Centre de RecherchePSL Research UniversityParisFrance
- Université de ParisParisFrance
| | - Nathalie Névo
- INSERM U932Institut Curie Centre de RecherchePSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Ester Piovesana
- INSERM U932Institut Curie Centre de RecherchePSL Research UniversityParisFrance
- Université de ParisParisFrance
| | - Xavier Lahaye
- INSERM U932Institut Curie Centre de RecherchePSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Julian Buchrieser
- Virus and Immunity UnitInstitut Pasteur and CNRS UMR 3569ParisFrance
| | - Olivier Schwartz
- Virus and Immunity UnitInstitut Pasteur and CNRS UMR 3569ParisFrance
| | - Nicolas Manel
- INSERM U932Institut Curie Centre de RecherchePSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Mercedes Tkach
- INSERM U932Institut Curie Centre de RecherchePSL Research UniversityParisFrance
| | - Clotilde Théry
- INSERM U932Institut Curie Centre de RecherchePSL Research UniversityParisFrance
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunz Yannic
- Department of Urology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Horninger Wolfgang
- Department of Urology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Pinggera Germar-Michael
- Department of Urology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstrasse 35, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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49
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Ebrahimi N, Aslani S, Babaie F, Hemmatzadeh M, Hosseinzadeh R, Joneidi Z, Mehdizadeh Tourzani Z, Pakravan N, Mohammadi H. Recent findings on the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); immunopathogenesis and immunotherapeutics. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 89:107082. [PMID: 33068865 PMCID: PMC7547582 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for recent ongoing public health emergency in the world. Sharing structural and behavioral similarities with its ancestors [SARS and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)], SARS-CoV-2 has lower fatality but faster transmission. We have gone through a long path to recognize SARS and MERS, therefore our knowledge regarding SARS-CoV-2 is not raw. Various responses of the immune system account for the wide spectrum of clinical manifestations in Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Given the innate immune response as the front line of defense, it is immediately activated after the virus entry. Consequently, adaptive immune response is activated to eradicate the virus. However, this does not occur in every case and immune response is the main culprit causing the pathological manifestations of COVID-19. Lethal forms of the disease are correlated with inefficient and/or insufficient immune responses associated with cytokine storm. Current therapeutic approach for COVID-19 is in favor of suppressing extreme inflammatory responses, while maintaining the immune system alert and responsive against the virus. This could be contributing along with administration of antiviral drugs in such patients. Furthermore, supplementation with different compounds, such as vitamin D, has been tested to modulate the immune system responses. A thorough understanding of chronological events in COVID-19 contributing to the development of a highly efficient treatment has not figured out yet. This review focuses on the virus-immune system interaction as well as currently available and potential therapeutic approaches targeting immune system in the treatment of COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negin Ebrahimi
- Department of International Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health Sciences University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Saeed Aslani
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Babaie
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Department of Medical Genetics and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Maryam Hemmatzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ramin Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | | | | | - Nafiseh Pakravan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
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50
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Ferreira-Duarte M, Estevinho MM, Duarte-Araújo M, Magro F, Morato M. Unraveling the Role of ACE2, the Binding Receptor for SARS-CoV-2, in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020; 26:1787-1795. [PMID: 33064147 PMCID: PMC7665510 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izaa249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been highlighted for its role as a receptor for SARS-CoV-2, responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic. This review summarizes current knowledge about ACE2 as a multifunctional protein, focusing on its relevance in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). As an enzyme, ACE2 may be protective in IBD because it favors the counter-regulatory arm of the renin-angiotensin system or deleterious because it metabolizes other anti-inflammatory/repairing elements. Meanwhile, as a receptor for SARS-CoV-2, the impact of ACE2 expression/activity on infection is still under debate because no direct evidence has been reported and, again, both protective and deleterious pathways are possible. Research has shown that ACE2 regulates the expression of the neutral amino acid transporter B0AT1, controlling tryptophan-associated intestinal inflammation and nutritional status. Finally, intact membrane-bound or shed soluble ACE2 can also trigger integrin signaling, modulating the response to anti-integrin biologic drugs used to treat IBD (such as vedolizumab) and fibrosis, a long-term complication of IBD. As such, future studies on ACE2 expression/activity in IBD can improve monitoring of the disease and explore an alternative pharmacological target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Ferreira-Duarte
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Manuela Estevinho
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Margarida Duarte-Araújo
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Immuno-Physiology and Pharmacology, ICBAS-UP, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Magro
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
- MedInUP, Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines, Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuela Morato
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV@REQUIMTE, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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