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Heidari B, Nemie-Feyissa D, Lillo C. Distinct Clades of Protein Phosphatase 2A Regulatory B'/B56 Subunits Engage in Different Physiological Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12255. [PMID: 37569631 PMCID: PMC10418862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a strongly conserved and major protein phosphatase in all eukaryotes. The canonical PP2A complex consists of a catalytic (C), scaffolding (A), and regulatory (B) subunit. Plants have three groups of evolutionary distinct B subunits: B55, B' (B56), and B''. Here, the Arabidopsis B' group is reviewed and compared with other eukaryotes. Members of the B'α/B'β clade are especially important for chromatid cohesion, and dephosphorylation of transcription factors that mediate brassinosteroid (BR) signaling in the nucleus. Other B' subunits interact with proteins at the cell membrane to dampen BR signaling or harness immune responses. The transition from vegetative to reproductive phase is influenced differentially by distinct B' subunits; B'α and B'β being of little importance, whereas others (B'γ, B'ζ, B'η, B'θ, B'κ) promote transition to flowering. Interestingly, the latter B' subunits have three motifs in a conserved manner, i.e., two docking sites for protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), and a POLO consensus phosphorylation site between these motifs. This supports the view that a conserved PP1-PP2A dephosphorelay is important in a variety of signaling contexts throughout eukaryotes. A profound understanding of these regulators may help in designing future crops and understand environmental issues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cathrine Lillo
- IKBM, Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway; (B.H.); (D.N.-F.)
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ROS-dependent cell death of Heterosigma akashiwo induced by algicidal bacterium Hahella sp. KA22. Mar Genomics 2023; 69:101027. [PMID: 36921441 DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2023.101027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Marine algicidal bacteria and their metabolites are considered to be one of the most effective strategies to mitigate the harmful algal blooms (HABs). The bacterium Hahella sp. KA22 has previously been confirmed to have strong algicidal activity against the HABs causing microalgae, Heterosigma akashiwo. In this study, the molecular mechanism of microalgae cell death was detected. The results showed that the cell growth rate and photosynthetic efficiency were inhibited with addition of algicidal strain KA22, while the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative damage in H. akashiwo cells increased. A total of 2056 unigenes were recognized to be differentially expressed in transcriptome sequences. In particular, the transcriptional levels of light-harvesting pigments and structural proteins in the oxygen-evolving-complex were continuously down-regulated, corresponding to the significant reduction of photosynthetic efficiency and the accumulation of ROS. Furthermore, glutamate dehydrogenase was significantly up-regulated in abundance. Meanwhile, calcium-dependent protein kinases were also detected with significant changes. Collectively, algicidal stress caused the suppressed electron transfer in chloroplast and impaired detoxification of intracellular oxidants by glutathione, which may subsequently result in multiple cell regulation and metabolic responses and ultimately lead to the ROS-dependent cell death of H. akashiwo.
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Máthé C, Freytag C, Kelemen A, M-Hamvas M, Garda T. "B" Regulatory Subunits of PP2A: Their Roles in Plant Development and Stress Reactions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065147. [PMID: 36982222 PMCID: PMC10049431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase PP2A is an enzyme complex consisting of C (catalytic), A (scaffold) and B (regulatory) subunits. B subunits are a large family of proteins that regulate activity, substrate specificity and subcellular localization of the holoenzyme. Knowledge on the molecular functions of PP2A in plants is less than for protein kinases, but it is rapidly increasing. B subunits are responsible for the large diversity of PP2A functioning. This paper intends to give a survey on their multiple regulatory mechanisms. Firstly, we give a short description on our current knowledge in terms of "B"-mediated regulation of metabolic pathways. Next, we present their subcellular localizations, which extend from the nucleus to the cytosol and membrane compartments. The next sections show how B subunits regulate cellular processes from mitotic division to signal transduction pathways, including hormone signaling, and then the emerging evidence for their regulatory (mostly modulatory) roles in both abiotic and biotic stress responses in plants. Knowledge on these issues should be increased in the near future, since it contributes to a better understanding of how plant cells work, it may have agricultural applications, and it may have new insights into how vascular plants including crops face diverse environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Máthé
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csongor Freytag
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Kelemen
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Márta M-Hamvas
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Garda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Tan B, Ingvarsson PK. Integrating genome-wide association mapping of additive and dominance genetic effects to improve genomic prediction accuracy in Eucalyptus. THE PLANT GENOME 2022; 15:e20208. [PMID: 35441826 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) is a powerful and widely used approach to decipher the genetic control of complex traits. Still, a significant challenge for dissecting quantitative traits in forest trees is statistical power. This study uses a population consisting of 1,123 samples derived from two successive generations of crosses between Eucalyptus grandis (W. Hill) and E. urophylla (S.T. Blake). All samples have been phenotyped for growth and wood property traits and genotyped using the EuChip60K chip, yielding 37,832 informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We use multi-locus GWAS models to assess additive and dominance effects to identify markers associated with growth and wood property traits in the eucalypt hybrids. Additive and dominance association models identified 78 and 82 significant SNPs across all traits, respectively, which captured between 39 and 86% of the genomic-based heritability. We also used SNPs identified from the GWAS and SNPs using less stringent significance thresholds to evaluate predictive abilities in a genomic selection framework. Genomic selection models based on the top 1% SNPs captured a substantially greater proportion of the genetic variance of traits compared with when we used all SNPs for model training. The prediction ability of estimated breeding values improved significantly for all traits when using either the top 1% SNPs or SNPs identified using a relaxed p value threshold (p < 10-3 ). This study also highlights the added value of incorporating dominance effects for identifying genomic regions controlling growth traits in trees. Moreover, integrating GWAS results into genomic selection method provides enhanced power relative to discrete associations for identifying genomic variation potentially valuable for forest tree breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyue Tan
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Dep. of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå Univ., Umeå, SE-90187, Sweden
- Stora Enso AB, Nacka, SE-131 04, Sweden
| | - Pär K Ingvarsson
- Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Dep. of Plant Biology, Uppsala BioCenter, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, SE-750 07, Sweden
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5
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Zhu X, Shen G, Wijewardene I, Cai Y, Esmaeili N, Sun L, Zhang H. The B'ζ subunit of protein phosphatase 2A negatively regulates ethylene signaling in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 169:81-91. [PMID: 34773805 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene is a major plant hormone that regulates plant growth, development, and defense responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. The major pieces of the ethylene signaling pathway have been put together, although several details still need to be elucidated. For instance, the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation processes controlling the ethylene responses are poorly understood and need to be further explored. The type 2A protein phosphatase (PP2A) was suggested to play an important role in the regulation of ethylene biosynthesis, where the A1 subunit of PP2A was shown to be involved in the regulation of the rate-limiting enzyme of the ethylene biosynthetic pathway. However, whether other subunits of PP2A play roles in the ethylene signal transduction pathway is yet to be answered. In this study, we demonstrate that a B subunit, PP2A-B'ζ, positively regulates plant germination and seedling development, as a pp2a-b'ζ mutant is very sensitive to ethylene treatment. Furthermore, PP2A-B'ζ interacts with and stabilizes the kinase CTR1 (Constitutive Triple Response 1), a key enzyme in the ethylene signal transduction pathway, and like CTR1, PP2A-B'ζ negatively regulates ethylene signaling in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunlu Zhu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Guoxin Shen
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Inosha Wijewardene
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Yifan Cai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Nardana Esmaeili
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA.
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An Y, Xiong L, Hu S, Wang L. PP2A and microtubules function in 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated H 2 O 2 signaling in Arabidopsis guard cells. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 168:709-724. [PMID: 31381165 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a plant growth regulator with great application potential in agriculture and horticulture, induces stomatal opening and inhibits stomatal closure by decreasing guard cell H2 O2 . However, the mechanisms behind ALA-decreased H2 O2 in guard cells are not fully understood. Here, using type 2A protein phosphatase (PP2A) inhibitors, microtubule-stabilizing/disrupting drugs and green fluorescent protein-tagged α-tubulin 6 transgenic Arabidopsis (GFP-TUA6), we find that PP2A and cortical microtubules (MTs) are involved in ALA-regulated stomatal movement. Then, we analyze stomatal responses of Arabidopsis overexpressing C2 catalytic subunit of PP2A (PP2A-C2) and pp2a-c2 mutant to ALA and abscisic acid (ABA) under both light and dark conditions, and show that PP2A-C2 participates in ALA-induced stomatal movement. Furthermore, using pharmacological methods and confocal studies, we reveal that PP2A and MTs function upstream and downstream, respectively, of H2 O2 in guard cell signaling. Finally, we demonstrate the role of H2 O2 -mediated microtubule arrangement in ALA inhibiting ABA-induced stomatal closure. Our findings indicate that MTs regulated by PP2A-mediated H2 O2 decreasing play an important role in ALA guard cell signaling, revealing new insights into stomatal movement regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan An
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lijun Xiong
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shu Hu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Liangju Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Máthé C, Garda T, Freytag C, M-Hamvas M. The Role of Serine-Threonine Protein Phosphatase PP2A in Plant Oxidative Stress Signaling-Facts and Hypotheses. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123028. [PMID: 31234298 PMCID: PMC6628354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abiotic and biotic factors induce oxidative stress involving the production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This review is a survey of well-known and possible roles of serine-threonine protein phosphatases in plant oxidative stress signaling, with special emphasis on PP2A. ROS mediated signaling involves three interrelated pathways: (i) perception of extracellular ROS triggers signal transduction pathways, leading to DNA damage and/or the production of antioxidants; (ii) external signals induce intracellular ROS generation that triggers the relevant signaling pathways and (iii) external signals mediate protein phosphorylation dependent signaling pathway(s), leading to the expression of ROS producing enzymes like NADPH oxidases. All pathways involve inactivation of serine-threonine protein phosphatases. The metal dependent phosphatase PP2C has a negative regulatory function during ABA mediated ROS signaling. PP2A is the most abundant protein phosphatase in eukaryotic cells. Inhibitors of PP2A exert a ROS inducing activity as well and we suggest that there is a direct relationship between these two effects of drugs. We present current findings and hypotheses regarding PP2A-ROS signaling connections related to all three ROS signaling pathways and anticipate future research directions for this field. These mechanisms have implications in the understanding of stress tolerance of vascular plants, having applications regarding crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Máthé
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Garda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Csongor Freytag
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Márta M-Hamvas
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
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Zhang Z, Ke D, Hu M, Zhang C, Deng L, Li Y, Li J, Zhao H, Cheng L, Wang L, Yuan H. Quantitative phosphoproteomic analyses provide evidence for extensive phosphorylation of regulatory proteins in the rhizobia-legume symbiosis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:265-283. [PMID: 30989446 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00857-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation in root nodules of grain legumes is essential for high yielding. Protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation plays important role in root nodule development. Differences in the phosphoproteomes may either be developmental specific and related to nitrogen fixation activity. An iTRAQ-based quantitative phosphoproteomic analyses during nodule development enables identification of specific phosphorylation signaling in the Lotus-rhizobia symbiosis. During evolution, legumes (Fabaceae) have evolved a symbiotic relationship with rhizobia, which fix atmospheric nitrogen and produce ammonia that host plants can then absorb. Root nodule development depends on the activation of protein phosphorylation-mediated signal transduction cascades. To investigate possible molecular mechanisms of protein modulation during nodule development, we used iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analyses to identify root phosphoproteins during rhizobial colonization and infection of Lotus japonicus. 1154 phosphoproteins with 2957 high-confidence phosphorylation sites were identified. Gene ontology enrichment analysis of functional groups of these genes revealed that the biological processes mediated by these proteins included cellular processes, signal transduction, and transporter activity. Quantitative data highlighted the dynamics of protein phosphorylation during nodule development and, based on regulatory trends, seven groups were identified. RNA splicing and brassinosteroid (BR) signaling pathways were extensively affected by phosphorylation, and most Ser/Arg-rich (SR) proteins were multiply phosphorylated. In addition, many proposed kinase-substrate pairs were predicted, and in these MAPK6 substrates were found to be highly enriched. This study offers insights into the regulatory processes underlying nodule development, provides an accessible resource cataloging the phosphorylation status of thousands of Lotus proteins during nodule development, and develops our understanding of post-translational regulatory mechanisms in the Lotus-rhizobia symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaibao Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Danxia Ke
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Menghui Hu
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Lijun Deng
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Yuting Li
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Jiuli Li
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Hai Zhao
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China.
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China.
| | - Hongyu Yuan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China.
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, Henan, China.
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Bheri M, Pandey GK. PP2A Phosphatases Take a Giant Leap in the Post-Genomics Era. Curr Genomics 2019; 20:154-171. [PMID: 31929724 PMCID: PMC6935955 DOI: 10.2174/1389202920666190517110605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein phosphorylation is an important reversible post-translational modifica-tion, which regulates a number of critical cellular processes. Phosphatases and kinases work in a con-certed manner to act as a "molecular switch" that turns-on or - off the regulatory processes driving the growth and development under normal circumstances, as well as responses to multiple stresses in plant system. The era of functional genomics has ushered huge amounts of information to the framework of plant systems. The comprehension of who's who in the signaling pathways is becoming clearer and the investigations challenging the conventional functions of signaling components are on a rise. Protein phosphatases have emerged as key regulators in the signaling cascades. PP2A phosphatases due to their diverse holoenzyme compositions are difficult to comprehend. CONCLUSION In this review, we highlight the functional versatility of PP2A members, deciphered through the advances in the post-genomic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malathi Bheri
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi-110021, India
| | - Girdhar K. Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi-110021, India
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Zhu X, Wang Y, Su Z, Lv L, Zhang Z. Silencing of the Wheat Protein Phosphatase 2A Catalytic Subunit TaPP2Ac Enhances Host Resistance to the Necrotrophic Pathogen Rhizoctonia cerealis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1437. [PMID: 30429858 PMCID: PMC6220131 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic type 2A protein phosphatases (protein phosphatase 2A, PP2A) consist of a scaffold subunit A, a regulatory subunit B, and a catalytic subunit C. Little is known about the roles of PP2Ac proteins that are involved in plant responses to necrotrophic fungal pathogens. Sharp eyespot, caused by the necrotrophic fungus Rhizoctonia cerealis, is a destructive disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum), an important staple food crop. Here, we isolated TaPP2Ac-4D from wheat, which encodes a catalytic subunit of the heterotrimeric PP2A, and characterized its properties and role in plant defense response to R. cerealis. Based on the sequence alignment of TaPP2Ac-4D with the draft sequences of wheat chromosomes from the International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium (IWGSC), it was found that TaPP2Ac-4D gene is located on the long arm of the wheat chromosome 4D and has two homologs assigned on wheat chromosomes 4A and 4B. Sequence and phylogenetic tree analyses revealed that the TaPP2Ac protein is a typical member of the PP2Ac family and belongs to the subfamily II. TaPP2Ac-4B and TaPP2Ac-4D displayed higher transcriptional levels in the R. cerealis-susceptible wheat cultivar Wenmai 6 than those seen in the resistant wheat line CI12633. The transcriptional levels of TaPP2Ac-4B and TaPP2Ac-4D were significantly elevated in wheat R. cerealis after infection and upon H2O2 treatment. Virus-induced gene silencing results revealed that the transcriptional knockdown of TaPP2Ac-4D and TaPP2Ac-4B significantly increased wheat resistance to R. cerealis infection. Meanwhile, the transcriptional levels of certain pathogenesis-related (PR) and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging enzyme encoding genes were increased in TaPP2Ac-silenced wheat plants. These results suggest that TaPP2Ac-4B and TaPP2Ac-4D negatively regulate defense response to R. cerealis infection possibly through modulation of the expression of certain PR and ROS-scavenging enzyme genes in wheat. This study reveals a novel function of the plant PP2Ac genes in plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuliang Zhu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenqi Su
- Institute for Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Liangjie Lv
- Institute for Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zengyan Zhang
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zengyan Zhang,
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11
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Kim LW. Dual TORCs driven and B56 orchestrated signaling network guides eukaryotic cell migration. BMB Rep 2017; 50:437-444. [PMID: 28571594 PMCID: PMC5625690 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2017.50.9.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Different types of eukaryotic cells may adopt seemingly distinct modes of directional cell migration. However, several core aspects are regarded common whether the movement is either ameoboidal or mesenchymal. The region of cells facing the attractive signal is often termed leading edge where lamellipodial structures dominates and the other end of the cell called rear end is often mediating cytoskeletal F-actin contraction involving Myosin-II. Dynamic remodeling of cell-to-matrix adhesion involving integrin is also evident in many types of migrating cells. All these three aspects of cell migration are significantly affected by signaling networks of TorC2, TorC1, and PP2A/B56. Here we review the current views of the mechanistic understanding of these regulatory signaling networks and how these networks affect eukaryotic cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lou W Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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12
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Rahikainen M, Trotta A, Alegre S, Pascual J, Vuorinen K, Overmyer K, Moffatt B, Ravanel S, Glawischnig E, Kangasjärvi S. PP2A-B'γ modulates foliar trans-methylation capacity and the formation of 4-methoxy-indol-3-yl-methyl glucosinolate in Arabidopsis leaves. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:112-127. [PMID: 27598402 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSL) of cruciferous plants comprise a major group of structurally diverse secondary compounds which act as deterrents against aphids and microbial pathogens and have large commercial and ecological impacts. While the transcriptional regulation governing the biosynthesis and modification of GSL is now relatively well understood, post-translational regulatory components that specifically determine the structural variation of indole glucosinolates have not been reported. We show that the cytoplasmic protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B'γ (PP2A-B'γ) physically interacts with indole glucosinolate methyltransferases and controls the methoxylation of indole glucosinolates and the formation of 4-methoxy-indol-3-yl-methyl glucosinolate in Arabidopsis leaves. By taking advantage of proteomic approaches and metabolic analysis we further demonstrate that PP2A-B'γ is required to control the abundance of oligomeric protein complexes functionally linked with the activated methyl cycle and the trans-methylation capacity of leaf cells. These findings highlight the key regulatory role of PP2A-B'γ in methionine metabolism and provide a previously unrecognized perspective for metabolic engineering of glucosinolate metabolism in cruciferous plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moona Rahikainen
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Andrea Trotta
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Sara Alegre
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Jesús Pascual
- Plant Physiology Lab, Organisms and Systems Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Katariina Vuorinen
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirk Overmyer
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Barbara Moffatt
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Stéphane Ravanel
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, CNRS UMR5168, INRA UMR1417, CEA, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38054, Grenoble, France
| | - Erich Glawischnig
- Department of Plant Sciences, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Str.4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Saijaliisa Kangasjärvi
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
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Lee DS, Kim YC, Kwon SJ, Ryu CM, Park OK. The Arabidopsis Cysteine-Rich Receptor-Like Kinase CRK36 Regulates Immunity through Interaction with the Cytoplasmic Kinase BIK1. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1856. [PMID: 29163585 PMCID: PMC5663720 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-like kinases are important signaling components that regulate a variety of cellular processes. In this study, an Arabidopsis cDNA microarray analysis led to the identification of the cysteine-rich receptor-like kinase CRK36 responsive to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen, Alternaria brassicicola. To determine the function of CRK36 in plant immunity, T-DNA-insertion knockdown (crk36) and overexpressing (CRK36OE) plants were prepared. CRK36OE plants exhibited increased hypersensitive cell death and ROS burst in response to avirulent pathogens. Treatment with a typical pathogen-associated molecular pattern, flg22, markedly induced pattern-triggered immune responses, notably stomatal defense, in CRK36OE plants. The immune responses were weakened in crk36 plants. Protein-protein interaction assays revealed the in vivo association of CRK36, FLS2, and BIK1. CRK36 enhanced flg22-triggered BIK1 phosphorylation, which showed defects with Cys mutations in the DUF26 motifs of CRK36. Disruption of BIK1 and RbohD/RbohF genes further impaired CRK36-mediated stomatal defense. We propose that CRK36, together with BIK1 and NADPH oxidases, may form a positive activation loop that enhances ROS burst and leads to the promotion of stomatal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Sook Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Cheon Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Jae Kwon
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, KRIBB, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ohkmae K. Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Ohkmae K. Park
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14
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Sztatelman O, Łabuz J, Hermanowicz P, Banaś AK, Bażant A, Zgłobicki P, Aggarwal C, Nadzieja M, Krzeszowiec W, Strzałka W, Gabryś H. Fine tuning chloroplast movements through physical interactions between phototropins. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4963-78. [PMID: 27406783 PMCID: PMC5014152 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phototropins are plant photoreceptors which regulate numerous responses to blue light, including chloroplast relocation. Weak blue light induces chloroplast accumulation, whereas strong light leads to an avoidance response. Two Arabidopsis phototropins are characterized by different light sensitivities. Under continuous light, both can elicit chloroplast accumulation, but the avoidance response is controlled solely by phot2. As well as continuous light, brief light pulses also induce chloroplast displacements. Pulses of 0.1s and 0.2s of fluence rate saturating the avoidance response lead to transient chloroplast accumulation. Longer pulses (up to 20s) trigger a biphasic response, namely transient avoidance followed by transient accumulation. This work presents a detailed study of transient chloroplast responses in Arabidopsis. Phototropin mutants display altered chloroplast movements as compared with the wild type: phot1 is characterized by weaker responses, while phot2 exhibits enhanced chloroplast accumulation, especially after 0.1s and 0.2s pulses. To determine the cause of these differences, the abundance and phosphorylation levels of both phototropins, as well as the interactions between phototropin molecules are examined. The formation of phototropin homo- and heterocomplexes is the most plausible explanation of the observed phenomena. The physiological consequences of this interplay are discussed, suggesting the universal character of this mechanism that fine-tunes plant reactions to blue light. Additionally, responses in mutants of different protein phosphatase 2A subunits are examined to assess the role of protein phosphorylation in signaling of chloroplast movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sztatelman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Łabuz
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Paweł Hermanowicz
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Katarzyna Banaś
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Aneta Bażant
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Zgłobicki
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Chhavi Aggarwal
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Nadzieja
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Weronika Krzeszowiec
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Wojciech Strzałka
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Halina Gabryś
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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15
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Järvi S, Isojärvi J, Kangasjärvi S, Salojärvi J, Mamedov F, Suorsa M, Aro EM. Photosystem II Repair and Plant Immunity: Lessons Learned from Arabidopsis Mutant Lacking the THYLAKOID LUMEN PROTEIN 18.3. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:405. [PMID: 27064270 PMCID: PMC4814454 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts play an important role in the cellular sensing of abiotic and biotic stress. Signals originating from photosynthetic light reactions, in the form of redox and pH changes, accumulation of reactive oxygen and electrophile species or stromal metabolites are of key importance in chloroplast retrograde signaling. These signals initiate plant acclimation responses to both abiotic and biotic stresses. To reveal the molecular responses activated by rapid fluctuations in growth light intensity, gene expression analysis was performed with Arabidopsis thaliana wild type and the tlp18.3 mutant plants, the latter showing a stunted growth phenotype under fluctuating light conditions (Biochem. J, 406, 415-425). Expression pattern of genes encoding components of the photosynthetic electron transfer chain did not differ between fluctuating and constant light conditions, neither in wild type nor in tlp18.3 plants, and the composition of the thylakoid membrane protein complexes likewise remained unchanged. Nevertheless, the fluctuating light conditions repressed in wild-type plants a broad spectrum of genes involved in immune responses, which likely resulted from shade-avoidance responses and their intermixing with hormonal signaling. On the contrary, in the tlp18.3 mutant plants there was an imperfect repression of defense-related transcripts upon growth under fluctuating light, possibly by signals originating from minor malfunction of the photosystem II (PSII) repair cycle, which directly or indirectly modulated the transcript abundances of genes related to light perception via phytochromes. Consequently, a strong allocation of resources to defense reactions in the tlp18.3 mutant plants presumably results in the stunted growth phenotype under fluctuating light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Järvi
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
| | - Janne Isojärvi
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
| | | | - Jarkko Salojärvi
- Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, University of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
| | - Fikret Mamedov
- Molecular Biomimetics, Department of Chemistry—Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala UniversityUppsala, Sweden
| | - Marjaana Suorsa
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
| | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
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PP2A Phosphatase as a Regulator of ROS Signaling in Plants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2016; 5:antiox5010008. [PMID: 26950157 PMCID: PMC4808757 DOI: 10.3390/antiox5010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) carry out vital functions in determining appropriate stress reactions in plants, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the sensing, signaling and response to ROS as signaling molecules are not yet fully understood. Recent studies have underscored the role of Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) in ROS-dependent responses involved in light acclimation and pathogenesis responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetic, proteomic and metabolomic studies have demonstrated that trimeric PP2A phosphatases control metabolic changes and cell death elicited by intracellular and extracellular ROS signals. Associated with this, PP2A subunits contribute to transcriptional and post-translational regulation of pro-oxidant and antioxidant enzymes. This review highlights the emerging role of PP2A phosphatases in the regulatory ROS signaling networks in plants.
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Durian G, Rahikainen M, Alegre S, Brosché M, Kangasjärvi S. Protein Phosphatase 2A in the Regulatory Network Underlying Biotic Stress Resistance in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:812. [PMID: 27375664 PMCID: PMC4901049 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Biotic stress factors pose a major threat to plant health and can significantly deteriorate plant productivity by impairing the physiological functions of the plant. To combat the wide range of pathogens and insect herbivores, plants deploy converging signaling pathways, where counteracting activities of protein kinases and phosphatases form a basic mechanism for determining appropriate defensive measures. Recent studies have identified Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) as a crucial component that controls pathogenesis responses in various plant species. Genetic, proteomic and metabolomic approaches have underscored the versatile nature of PP2A, which contributes to the regulation of receptor signaling, organellar signaling, gene expression, metabolic pathways, and cell death, all of which essentially impact plant immunity. Associated with this, various PP2A subunits mediate post-translational regulation of metabolic enzymes and signaling components. Here we provide an overview of protein kinase/phosphatase functions in plant immunity signaling, and position the multifaceted functions of PP2A in the tightly inter-connected regulatory network that controls the perception, signaling and responding to biotic stress agents in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Durian
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
| | - Moona Rahikainen
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
| | - Sara Alegre
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
| | - Mikael Brosché
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
| | - Saijaliisa Kangasjärvi
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
- *Correspondence: Saijaliisa Kangasjärvi,
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18
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Durian G, Rahikainen M, Alegre S, Brosché M, Kangasjärvi S. Protein Phosphatase 2A in the Regulatory Network Underlying Biotic Stress Resistance in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016. [PMID: 27375664 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00812/abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Biotic stress factors pose a major threat to plant health and can significantly deteriorate plant productivity by impairing the physiological functions of the plant. To combat the wide range of pathogens and insect herbivores, plants deploy converging signaling pathways, where counteracting activities of protein kinases and phosphatases form a basic mechanism for determining appropriate defensive measures. Recent studies have identified Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) as a crucial component that controls pathogenesis responses in various plant species. Genetic, proteomic and metabolomic approaches have underscored the versatile nature of PP2A, which contributes to the regulation of receptor signaling, organellar signaling, gene expression, metabolic pathways, and cell death, all of which essentially impact plant immunity. Associated with this, various PP2A subunits mediate post-translational regulation of metabolic enzymes and signaling components. Here we provide an overview of protein kinase/phosphatase functions in plant immunity signaling, and position the multifaceted functions of PP2A in the tightly inter-connected regulatory network that controls the perception, signaling and responding to biotic stress agents in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Durian
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Moona Rahikainen
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Sara Alegre
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Mikael Brosché
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku Turku, Finland
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