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Fortineau A, Combes D, Richard-Molard C, Frak E, Jullien A. LightCue: An Innovative Far-Red Light Emitter for Locally Modifying the Spectral Cue in Outdoor Conditions with Global Consequences on Plant Architecture. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10112483. [PMID: 34834846 PMCID: PMC8625856 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plasticity of plant architecture is a promising lever to increase crop resilience to biotic and abiotic damage. Among the main drivers of its regulation are the spectral signals which occur via photomorphogenesis processes. In particular, branching, one of the yield components, is responsive to photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and to red to far-red ratio (R:FR), both signals whose effects are tricky to decorrelate in the field. Here, we developed a device consisting of far-red light emitting diode (LED) rings. It can reduce the R:FR ratio to 0.14 in the vicinity of an organ without changing the PPFD in outdoor high irradiance fluctuating conditions, which is a breakthrough as LEDs have been mostly used in non-fluctuant controlled conditions at low irradiance over short periods of time. Applied at the base of rapeseed stems during the whole bolting-reproductive phase, LightCue induced an expected significant inhibitory effect on two basal targeted axillary buds and a strong unexpected stimulatory effect on the overall plant aerial architecture. It increased shoot/root ratio while not modifying the carbon balance. LightCue therefore represents a promising device for progress in the understanding of light signal regulation in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Fortineau
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR EcoSys, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France; (A.F.); (C.R.-M.)
| | - Didier Combes
- INRAE, UR P3F, 86600 Lusignan, France; (D.C.); (E.F.)
| | - Céline Richard-Molard
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR EcoSys, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France; (A.F.); (C.R.-M.)
| | - Ela Frak
- INRAE, UR P3F, 86600 Lusignan, France; (D.C.); (E.F.)
| | - Alexandra Jullien
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR EcoSys, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France; (A.F.); (C.R.-M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-130815579
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O’Sullivan H, Raumonen P, Kaitaniemi P, Perttunen J, Sievänen R. Integrating terrestrial laser scanning with functional-structural plant models to investigate ecological and evolutionary processes of forest communities. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 128:663-684. [PMID: 34610091 PMCID: PMC8557364 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Woody plants (trees and shrubs) play an important role in terrestrial ecosystems, but their size and longevity make them difficult subjects for traditional experiments. In the last 20 years functional-structural plant models (FSPMs) have evolved: they consider the interplay between plant modular structure, the immediate environment and internal functioning. However, computational constraints and data deficiency have long been limiting factors in a broader application of FSPMs, particularly at the scale of forest communities. Recently, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), has emerged as an invaluable tool for capturing the 3-D structure of forest communities, thus opening up exciting opportunities to explore and predict forest dynamics with FSPMs. SCOPE The potential synergies between TLS-derived data and FSPMs have yet to be fully explored. Here, we summarize recent developments in FSPM and TLS research, with a specific focus on woody plants. We then evaluate the emerging opportunities for applying FSPMs in an ecological and evolutionary context, in light of TLS-derived data, with particular consideration of the challenges posed by scaling up from individual trees to whole forests. Finally, we propose guidelines for incorporating TLS data into the FSPM workflow to encourage overlap of practice amongst researchers. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that TLS is a feasible tool to help shift FSPMs from an individual-level modelling technique to a community-level one. The ability to scan multiple trees, of multiple species, in a short amount of time, is paramount to gathering the detailed structural information required for parameterizing FSPMs for forest communities. Conventional techniques, such as repeated manual forest surveys, have their limitations in explaining the driving mechanisms behind observed patterns in 3-D forest structure and dynamics. Therefore, other techniques are valuable to explore how forests might respond to environmental change. A robust synthesis between TLS and FSPMs provides the opportunity to virtually explore the spatial and temporal dynamics of forest communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah O’Sullivan
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
| | - Pasi Raumonen
- Mathematics, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 7, FI-33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Pekka Kaitaniemi
- Hyytiälä Forestry Field Station, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Hyytiäläntie 124, FI-35500 Korkeakoski, Finland
| | - Jari Perttunen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanontie 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
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Zhao P, Zhang X, Gong Y, Wang D, Xu D, Wang N, Sun Y, Gao L, Liu SS, Deng XW, Kliebenstein DJ, Zhou X, Fang RX, Ye J. Red-light is an environmental effector for mutualism between begomovirus and its vector whitefly. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1008770. [PMID: 33428670 PMCID: PMC7822537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Environments such as light condition influence the spread of infectious diseases by affecting insect vector behavior. However, whether and how light affects the host defense which further affects insect preference and performance, remains unclear, nor has been demonstrated how pathogens co-adapt light condition to facilitate vector transmission. We previously showed that begomoviral βC1 inhibits MYC2-mediated jasmonate signaling to establish plant-dependent mutualism with its insect vector. Here we show red-light as an environmental catalyzer to promote mutualism of whitefly-begomovirus by stabilizing βC1, which interacts with PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTORS (PIFs) transcription factors. PIFs positively control plant defenses against whitefly by directly binding to the promoter of terpene synthase genes and promoting their transcription. Moreover, PIFs interact with MYC2 to integrate light and jasmonate signaling and regulate the transcription of terpene synthase genes. However, begomovirus encoded βC1 inhibits PIFs' and MYC2' transcriptional activity via disturbing their dimerization, thereby impairing plant defenses against whitefly-transmitted begomoviruses. Our results thus describe how a viral pathogen hijacks host external and internal signaling to enhance the mutualistic relationship with its insect vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingzhi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Duan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongqing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lianbo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xing Wang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, School of Advanced Agriculture Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Daniel J. Kliebenstein
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong-Xiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zhu B, Liu F, Xie Z, Guo Y, Li B, Ma Y. Quantification of light interception within image-based 3-D reconstruction of sole and intercropped canopies over the entire growth season. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:701-712. [PMID: 32179920 PMCID: PMC7489074 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Light interception is closely related to canopy architecture. Few studies based on multi-view photography have been conducted in a field environment, particularly studies that link 3-D plant architecture with a radiation model to quantify the dynamic canopy light interception. In this study, we combined realistic 3-D plant architecture with a radiation model to quantify and evaluate the effect of differences in planting patterns and row orientations on canopy light interception. METHODS The 3-D architectures of maize and soybean plants were reconstructed for sole crops and intercrops based on multi-view images obtained at five growth dates in the field. We evaluated the accuracy of the calculated leaf length, maximum leaf width, plant height and leaf area according to the measured data. The light distribution within the 3-D plant canopy was calculated with a 3-D radiation model. Finally, we evaluated canopy light interception in different row orientations. KEY RESULTS There was good agreement between the measured and calculated phenotypic traits, with an R2 >0.97. The light distribution was more uniform for intercropped maize and more concentrated for sole maize. At the maize silking stage, 85 % of radiation was intercepted by approx. 55 % of the upper canopy region for maize and by approx. 33 % of the upper canopy region for soybean. There was no significant difference in daily light interception between the different row orientations for the entire intercropping and sole systems. However, for intercropped maize, near east-west orientations showed approx. 19 % higher daily light interception than near south-north orientations. For intercropped soybean, daily light interception showed the opposite trend. It was approx. 49 % higher for near south-north orientations than for near east-west orientations. CONCLUSIONS The accurate reconstruction of 3-D plants grown in the field based on multi-view images provides the possibility for high-throughput 3-D phenotyping in the field and allows a better understanding of the relationship between canopy architecture and the light environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binglin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fusang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziwen Xie
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Baoguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuntao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (North China), Ministry of Agriculture, College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Ballaré CL, Austin AT. Recalculating growth and defense strategies under competition: key roles of photoreceptors and jasmonates. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:3425-3434. [PMID: 31099390 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The growth-defense trade-off in plant biology has gained enormous traction in the last two decades, highlighting the importance of understanding how plants deal with two of the greatest challenges for their survival and reproduction. It has been well established that in response to competition signals perceived by informational photoreceptors, shade-intolerant plants typically activate the shade-avoidance syndrome (SAS). In turn, in response to signals of biotic attack, plants activate a suite of defense responses, many of which are directed to minimize the loss of plant tissue to the attacking agent (broadly defined, the defense syndrome, DS). We argue that components of the SAS, including increased elongation, apical dominance, reduced leaf mass per area (LMA), and allocation to roots, are in direct conflict with configurational changes that plants require to maximize defense. We hypothesize that these configurational trade-offs provide a functional explanation for the suppression of components of the DS in response to competition cues. Based on this premise, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms by which informational photoreceptors, by interacting with jasmonic acid (JA) signaling, help the plant to make intelligent allocation and developmental decisions that optimize its configuration in complex biotic contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos L Ballaré
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- IIB-INTECH, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, HMP Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Amy T Austin
- IFEVA, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Hilker M, Schmülling T. Stress priming, memory, and signalling in plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:753-761. [PMID: 30779228 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants need to cope with changing environmental conditions, be it variable light or temperature, different availability of water or nutrients, or attack by pathogens or insects. Some of these changing conditions can become stressful and require strong countermeasures to ensure plant survival. Plants have evolved numerous distinct sensing and signalling mechanisms to perceive and respond appropriately to a variety of stresses. Because of the unpredictable nature of numerous stresses, resource-saving stress response mechanisms are inducible and become activated only upon a stress experience. Furthermore, plants have evolved mechanisms by which they can remember past stress events and prime their responses in order to react more rapidly or more strongly to recurrent stress. Research over the last decade has revealed mechanisms of this information storage and retrieval, which include epigenetic regulation, transcriptional priming, primed conformation of proteins, or specific hormonal or metabolic signatures. There is also increasing understanding of the ecological constraints and relevance of stress priming and memory. This special issue presents research articles and reviews addressing various aspects of this exciting and growing field of research. Here, we introduce the topic by referring to the articles published in this issue, and we outline open questions and future directions of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Hilker
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Institute of Biology/Applied Zoology & Ecology, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmülling
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
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