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Singh P, Choudhary KK. Mechanistic insights on physiological, biochemical, and metabolite profiling of pearl millet cultivars focusing bioactive compounds under elevated UV-B radiation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2025; 222:109682. [PMID: 40010257 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2025.109682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2025] [Revised: 02/12/2025] [Accepted: 02/19/2025] [Indexed: 02/28/2025]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation is a potent stressor showing functional duality in plants. The escalating impact of climate change and UV-B radiation trigger a series of stress acclimation responses in plants, which are initiated through UVR8 signaling and result in accumulation of secondary metabolites. The impact of UV-B on major cereal crops has been explored, but its impact on pearl millet has not been investigated, specifically secondary metabolites linked with beneficial bioactive compounds. Four tropical cultivars of Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.), were grown under elevated UV-B radiation (eUV-B; ambient+7.2 kJ m-2 day-1) in natural field conditions to assess changes in physiology, leaf alterations, oxidative stress, antioxidant profile and secondary metabolites. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements showed decline in Fv/Fm ratio at PDS (panicle development stage) in MPMH-21, and MPMH-17, which leads to higher ROS as evidenced through spectrophotometric observations and histochemical localization. Protection from excessive O2- radical and H2O2 was manifested by stimulation of antioxidative defense and UV-B induced metabolites (phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanin). Alterations in stomatal aperture and wax deposition was also observed through SEM. Both MPMH-21 and MPMH-17 cultivar showed less biomass partitioning to grains, while HHB-272 and HHB-67 resulted in increased grain yield up to 28% and 23.2%, respectively. GC-MS analysis revealed an increase in phytosterol and triterpenoids like β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and squalene, under eUV-B. This suggests that plants adapt to UV-B stress by shifting the primary metabolites towards the production of secondary metabolites. Further, eUV-B promotes synthesis of few compounds, such as neophytadiene, and Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl) (2,4-DTBP), which possesses anti-cancerous activities. The findings indicated differential responses of the test plant might be due to mechanistic variations in the antioxidants and metabolites during the panicle development stage and grain filling stage, which protected these plants from oxidative stress induced via eUV-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Singh
- Department of Botany, MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
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2
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Barnes PW, Robson TM, Zepp RG, Bornman JF, Jansen MAK, Ossola R, Wang QW, Robinson SA, Foereid B, Klekociuk AR, Martinez-Abaigar J, Hou WC, Mackenzie R, Paul ND. Interactive effects of changes in UV radiation and climate on terrestrial ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles, and feedbacks to the climate system. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:1049-1091. [PMID: 36723799 PMCID: PMC9889965 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00376-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial organisms and ecosystems are being exposed to new and rapidly changing combinations of solar UV radiation and other environmental factors because of ongoing changes in stratospheric ozone and climate. In this Quadrennial Assessment, we examine the interactive effects of changes in stratospheric ozone, UV radiation and climate on terrestrial ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles in the context of the Montreal Protocol. We specifically assess effects on terrestrial organisms, agriculture and food supply, biodiversity, ecosystem services and feedbacks to the climate system. Emphasis is placed on the role of extreme climate events in altering the exposure to UV radiation of organisms and ecosystems and the potential effects on biodiversity. We also address the responses of plants to increased temporal variability in solar UV radiation, the interactive effects of UV radiation and other climate change factors (e.g. drought, temperature) on crops, and the role of UV radiation in driving the breakdown of organic matter from dead plant material (i.e. litter) and biocides (pesticides and herbicides). Our assessment indicates that UV radiation and climate interact in various ways to affect the structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems, and that by protecting the ozone layer, the Montreal Protocol continues to play a vital role in maintaining healthy, diverse ecosystems on land that sustain life on Earth. Furthermore, the Montreal Protocol and its Kigali Amendment are mitigating some of the negative environmental consequences of climate change by limiting the emissions of greenhouse gases and protecting the carbon sequestration potential of vegetation and the terrestrial carbon pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Barnes
- Biological Sciences and Environment Program, Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, USA.
| | - T M Robson
- Organismal & Evolutionary Biology (OEB), Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Sciences Centre (ViPS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- National School of Forestry, University of Cumbria, Ambleside, UK.
| | - R G Zepp
- ORD/CEMM, US Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, GA, USA
| | - J F Bornman
- Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | | | - R Ossola
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, USA
| | - Q-W Wang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenyang, China
| | - S A Robinson
- Global Challenges Program & School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - B Foereid
- Environment and Natural Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - A R Klekociuk
- Antarctic Climate Program, Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Australia
| | - J Martinez-Abaigar
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of La Rioja, Logroño (La Rioja), Spain
| | - W-C Hou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - R Mackenzie
- Cape Horn International Center (CHIC), Puerto Williams, Chile
- Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems (BASE), Santiago, Chile
| | - N D Paul
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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Rai K, Yadav K, Das M, Chaudhary S, Naik K, Singh P, Dubey AK, Yadav SK, Agrawal SB, Parmar AS. Effect of carbon quantum dots derived from extracts of UV-B-exposed Eclipta alba on alcohol-induced liver cirrhosis in Golden Hamster. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023:10.1007/s43630-023-00396-3. [PMID: 36826694 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00396-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
The Eclipta alba plant is considered hepatoprotective, owing to its phytoconstituents wedelolactone. In the current study, effect of elevated ultraviolet-B (eUV-B) radiation was investigated on biochemical, phytochemical, and antioxidative enzymatic activities of E. alba (Bhringraj) plant. The UV-B exposure resulted in an increase in oxidative stress, which has caused an imbalance in phytochemical, biochemical constituents, and induced antioxidative enzymatic activities. It was observed that the UV-B exposure promoted wedelolactone yield by 23.64%. Further, the leaf extract of UV-B-exposed plants was used for the synthesis of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) using low cost, one-step hydrothermal technique and its biocompatibility was studied using in vitro MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay on HepG2 liver cell line. It revealed no toxicity in any treatment groups in comparison to the control. Both CQDs and leaf extract were orally administered to the golden hamster suffering from alcohol-induced liver cirrhosis. In the morphometric study, it was clearly observed that a combination of UV-B-exposed leaf extract and synthesized CQDs delivered the best result with maximum recovery of liver tissues. The present study reveals the positive impact of UV-B exposure on the medicinally important plant, increased yield of wedelolactone, and its enhanced hepatoprotective efficacy for the treatment of damaged liver tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshama Rai
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Uttar Pradesh, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Kanchan Yadav
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Megha Das
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Uttar Pradesh, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Shilpi Chaudhary
- Department of Applied Sciences, Punjab Engineering College (Deemed to Be University), Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Kaustubh Naik
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Priya Singh
- Department of Ceramic Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Ashutosh Kumar Dubey
- Department of Ceramic Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Yadav
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Uttar Pradesh, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Shashi Bhushan Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Uttar Pradesh, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Avanish Singh Parmar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
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Effects of elevated ultraviolet-B on the floral and leaf characteristics of a medicinal plant Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr. along with essential oil contents. Trop Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42965-022-00270-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Zhang S, Zhang L, Zou H, Qiu L, Zheng Y, Yang D, Wang Y. Effects of Light on Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis in Medicinal Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:781236. [PMID: 34956277 PMCID: PMC8702564 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.781236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites (SMs) found in medicinal plants are one of main sources of drugs, cosmetics, and health products. With the increase in demand for these bioactive compounds, improving the content and yield of SMs in medicinal plants has become increasingly important. The content and distribution of SMs in medicinal plants are closely related to environmental factors, especially light. In recent years, artificial light sources have been used in controlled environments for the production and conservation of medicinal germplasm. Therefore, it is essential to elucidate how light affects the accumulation of SMs in different plant species. Here, we systematically summarize recent advances in our understanding of the regulatory roles of light quality, light intensity, and photoperiod in the biosynthesis of three main types of SMs (polyphenols, alkaloids, and terpenoids), and the underlying mechanisms. This article provides a detailed overview of the role of light signaling pathways in SM biosynthesis, which will further promote the application of artificial light sources in medicinal plant production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuncang Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Zou
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lin Qiu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuwei Zheng
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dongfeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Secondary Metabolism and Regulation of Zhejiang Province, College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Youping Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Zhou X, Lyu J, Sun L, Dong J, Xu H. Metabolic programming of Rhododendron chrysanthum leaves following exposure to UVB irradiation. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2021; 48:1175-1185. [PMID: 34600596 DOI: 10.1071/fp20386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Excessive UVB reaching the earth is a cause for concern. To decipher the mechanism concerning UVB resistance of plants, we studied the effects of UVB radiation on photosynthesis and metabolic profiling of Rhododendron chrysanthum Pall. by applying 2.3Wm-2 of UVB radiation for 2days. Results showed that maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm) and effective quantum yield of PSII (φPSII) decreased by 7.95% and 8.36%, respectively, following UVB exposure. Twenty five known metabolites were identified as most important by two different methods, including univariate and multivariate statistical analyses. Treatment of R. chrysanthum with UVB increased the abundance of flavonoids, organic acids, and amino acids by 62%, 22%, and 5%, respectively. UVB irradiation also induced about 1.18-fold increase in 11 top-ranked metabolites identified: five organic acids (d-2,3-dihydroxypropanoic acid, maleic acid, glyceric acid, fumaric acid and suberic acid), four amino acids (l-norleucine, 3-oxoalanine, l-serine and glycine), and two fatty acids (pelargonic acid and myristoleic acid). In addition, UVB irradiation increased the intermediate products of arginine biosynthesis and the TCA cycle. Taken together, the accumulation of flavonoids, organic acids, amino acids and fatty acids, accompanied by enhancement of TCA cycle and arginine biosynthesis, may protect R. chrysanthum plants against UVB deleterious effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofu Zhou
- Faculty of Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Spectral Regions Science and Green Production, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
| | - Jie Lyu
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Baotou Teachers' College, Baotou 014030, China
| | - Li Sun
- Faculty of Siping Central People's Hospital, Siping 136000, China
| | - Jiawei Dong
- Faculty of Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Spectral Regions Science and Green Production, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
| | - Hongwei Xu
- Faculty of Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Spectral Regions Science and Green Production, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
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Rai K, Agrawal SB. An assessment of dose-dependent UV-B sensitivity in Eclipta alba: Biochemical traits, antioxidative properties, and wedelolactone yield. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:45434-45449. [PMID: 33866503 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13963-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The UV-B-induced signals play a crucial role in improving the analeptic values of medicinally important plants. Eclipta alba L. (Hassak), commonly known as False Daisy, holds supreme stature with its pharmaceutical association in treating various ailments, particularly in Ayurvedic medicine. The present study aimed to evaluate the response of E. alba plants exposed to ambient (AT) and two different supplemental UV-B doses (eUV-B, ambient ±7.2 kJ m-2 day-1), i.e., intermittent (IT) and continuous (CT) UV-B treatment for 130 and 240 h respectively. Antioxidative activities and medicinally important compounds (wedelolactone) were measured in different plants' parts at three growth stages. Under both the eUV-B treatments, the photosynthetic pigments were adversely affected (along with reductions in protein content) with a concomitant increase in secondary metabolites. Substantial variations in enzymatic antioxidants and non-enzymatic compounds showed the adaptive resilience strategies of plants against eUV-B. The wedelolactone content increased in leaves but compromised in stem and roots under IT. The results concluded that IT UV-B exposure led to the improvement of plant growth and the yield of wedelolactone compared to CT, suggesting its ameliorative role in improving the test plant's medicinal value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshama Rai
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Shashi Bhushan Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Hamid A, Singh S, Agrawal M, Agrawal SB. Effects of plant age on performance of the tropical perennial fodder grass, Cenchrus ciliaris L. subjected to elevated ultraviolet-B radiation. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22:805-812. [PMID: 32219978 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress, notably high ultraviolet-B (eUV-B), limit growth and productivity of many crop plants, but information on response of forage grasses to eUV-B radiation is rather limited. The present study was therefore conducted to increase our understanding of differential age-related responses on growth, metabolism and fodder quality of Cenchrus ciliaris-3108 (Buffel grass) to elevated UV-B (eUV-B: 7.2 kJ·m-2 ·day-1 ). Plant growth at both growth stages was notably reduced in response to eUV-B, except for the number of nodes and tillers at vegetative and reproductive stages. At anthesis, tillering increased due to the perennial habit of this plant, but leaf senescence reduced the number of leaves per tiller. Unlike ambient UV-B, eUV-B at the vegetative stage resulted in diversion of photosynthate for the formation of secondary metabolites (tannins and phenolics), providing dual protection from photooxidative damage and from herbivory. The forage biomass as well as quality showed a marked decline under eUV-B and relative nutritive value was reduced at both growth stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hamid
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - S Singh
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - M Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - S B Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Rai K, Agrawal SB. Effect on essential oil components and wedelolactone content of a medicinal plant Eclipta alba due to modifications in the growth and morphology under different exposures of ultraviolet-B. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 26:773-792. [PMID: 32255939 PMCID: PMC7113363 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-020-00780-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In the present study sensitivity of a medicinal plant Eclipta alba L. (Hassk) (False daisy) was assessed under intermittent (IT) and continuous (CT) doses of elevated ultraviolet-B (eUV-B). Eclipta alba is rich in medicinally important phytochemical constituents, used against several diseases. The hypothesis of this study is that alterations in UV-B dose may modify the quantity and quality of medicinally valuable components with changes in the morphological and physiological parameters of test plant. To fulfill our hypothesis IT and CT of eUV-B (ambient ± 7.2 kJ m-2 day-2) was given for 130 and 240 h respectively to assess the impact of UV-B stress. Growth and physiological parameters were adversely affected under both the treatments with varying magnitude. The observation of leaf surfaces showed increase in stomatal and trichome densities suggesting the adaptive resilience of the plants against UV-B. Besides, biosynthesis of wedelolactone, a major medicinal compound of E. alba was observed to be stimulated under UV-B exposure. The essential oil content was reduced under IT while increased under CT. A total of 114 compounds were identified from oil extract of E. alba. n-Pentadecane (25.79%), n-Octadecane (12.98%), β-Farnesene (9.43%), α-Humulene (4.95%) (E)-Caryophyllene (4.87%), Phytol (4.25%), α-Copaene (2.26%), Humulene epoxide (1.46%), β-Pinene (1.07) and β-Caryophyllene oxide (1.06%) were identified as major components of oil. CT induced the synthesis of some medicinally important compounds such as α-terpineol, δ-cadinene, linolenic acid, methyl linoleate and myristic acid amide. Hence, the study revealed that continuous UV-B exposure of low intensity could be helpful for commercial exploitation of essential oil in E. alba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshama Rai
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
| | - Shashi Bhushan Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005 India
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Tripathi R, Rai K, Singh S, Agrawal M, Agrawal SB. Role of supplemental UV-B in changing the level of ozone toxicity in two cultivars of sunflower: growth, seed yield and oil quality. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 28:277-293. [PMID: 30761429 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-019-02020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B) is inherent part of solar spectrum and tropospheric ozone (O3) is a potent secondary air pollutant. Therefore the present study was conducted to evaluate the responses of Helianthus annuus L. cvs DRSF 108 and Sungold (sunflower) to supplemental UV-B (sUV-B; ambient + 7.2 kJ m-2 d-1) and elevated ozone (O3; ambient + 10 ppb), given singly and in combination under field conditions using open-top chambers. The individual and interactive effects of O3 and sUV-B induced varying changes in both the cultivars of sunflower ranging from ultrastructural variations to growth, biomass, yield and oil composition. Reduction in leaf area of Sungold acted as a protective feature which minimized the perception of sUV-B as well as uptake of O3 thus led to lesser carbon loss compared to DRSF 108. Number- and weight of heads plant-1 decreased although more in Sungold with decline of oil content. Both the stresses when given singly and combination induced rancidification of oil and thus made the oil less suitable for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchika Tripathi
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Kshama Rai
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Suruchi Singh
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Madhoolika Agrawal
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - S B Agrawal
- Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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