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Farnood R, Mahmoud H, Gibson J, Mao T, Odegaard C. Generalized Kubelka's theory for light transmission in multilayer materials and its application for UV light penetration in filtering facepiece respirators. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2022; 15:e202200068. [PMID: 35771214 PMCID: PMC9350410 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.202200068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The spread of SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in the shortage of filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs). As a result, the use of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation for disinfection and reuse of FFRs has been the topic of much investigation. In this article, a mathematical model is developed based on Kubelka's theory to determine light transmission in multilayer materials, such as N95 masks. Using this model, the predicted UV transmittance and absorbance of a N95 mask layers were found to be in close agreement with the experimental values. In addition, when the mask was exposed to UV equally from both surfaces, the estimated minimum UV irradiance inside the N95 mask was 14.5% of the incident irradiance, suggesting a significant degree of light penetration. The proposed model provides a simple and practical methodology for the design and use of UV decontamination equipment for FFRs and other multilayer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Farnood
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied ChemistryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | | | - John Gibson
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied ChemistryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Ted Mao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied ChemistryUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
- MW Technologies IncLondonOntarioCanada
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Mat Isa N, Hamzah Y, Abdul Halim KA, Osman B, Nasruddin AB, Amir Husin S. Effect of UV-C germicidal irradiation (UVGI) on the structural integrity of N95 and KN95 respirators. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2022; 19:580-589. [PMID: 35819354 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2022.2100408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on reprocessing a group of filtering facepiece respirators (FFR) using ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI). The aim is to explore the possibility of disinfecting selected KN95 FFRs, in comparison with the N95 FFRs, and assess their viability for reusage. For this purpose, five models of unused N95 and KN95 FFR models obtained from the hospital were exposed to UV-C light using a customized UVGI chamber. The material integrity of treated FFRs was examined in terms of particle penetration and strap tension. The surface morphology of all models is inspected to determine the visible changes of each FFR upon exposure to 1-100 cycles (1 cycle is equivalent to 1 J/cm2 UV dose). The penetration test results indicate that the physical properties of the KN95 and N95 FFRs remain within permissible limits despite being reprocessed by up to 100 cycles (100 J/cm2). Using a microscope, the physical observations also reveal that no visible damage can be seen even after 100 J/cm2 exposure. Apart from the filter bodies, the tension of each strap was also found to not be significantly affected by UV radiation by at least 10 disinfection cycles (10 J/cm2). This confirms that KN95, as well as N95 FFRs, can be subjected to UV treatment as a means of disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naurah Mat Isa
- Radiation Processing Technology Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yusof Hamzah
- Radiation Processing Technology Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Baderin Osman
- Dust Mask Laboratory, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Suraya Amir Husin
- Medical Development Division, Ministry of Health, Putrajaya, Malaysia
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Li R, Zhang M, Wu Y, Tang P, Sun G, Wang L, Mandal S, Wang L, Lang J, Passalacqua A, Subramaniam S, Song G. What We Are Learning from COVID-19 for Respiratory Protection: Contemporary and Emerging Issues. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4165. [PMID: 34883668 PMCID: PMC8659889 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious respiratory diseases such as the current COVID-19 have caused public health crises and interfered with social activity. Given the complexity of these novel infectious diseases, their dynamic nature, along with rapid changes in social and occupational environments, technology, and means of interpersonal interaction, respiratory protective devices (RPDs) play a crucial role in controlling infection, particularly for viruses like SARS-CoV-2 that have a high transmission rate, strong viability, multiple infection routes and mechanisms, and emerging new variants that could reduce the efficacy of existing vaccines. Evidence of asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic transmissions further highlights the importance of a universal adoption of RPDs. RPDs have substantially improved over the past 100 years due to advances in technology, materials, and medical knowledge. However, several issues still need to be addressed such as engineering performance, comfort, testing standards, compliance monitoring, and regulations, especially considering the recent emergence of pathogens with novel transmission characteristics. In this review, we summarize existing knowledge and understanding on respiratory infectious diseases and their protection, discuss the emerging issues that influence the resulting protective and comfort performance of the RPDs, and provide insights in the identified knowledge gaps and future directions with diverse perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Department of Apparel, Events, and Hospitality Management, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (R.L.); (M.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.W.)
| | - Mengying Zhang
- Department of Apparel, Events, and Hospitality Management, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (R.L.); (M.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.W.)
| | - Yulin Wu
- Department of Apparel, Events, and Hospitality Management, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (R.L.); (M.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.W.)
| | - Peixin Tang
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.T.); (G.S.)
| | - Gang Sun
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (P.T.); (G.S.)
| | - Liwen Wang
- Department of Apparel, Events, and Hospitality Management, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (R.L.); (M.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.W.)
| | - Sumit Mandal
- Department of Design, Housing and Merchandising, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA;
| | - Lizhi Wang
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA;
| | - James Lang
- Department of Kinesiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA;
| | - Alberto Passalacqua
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (A.P.); (S.S.)
| | - Shankar Subramaniam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (A.P.); (S.S.)
| | - Guowen Song
- Department of Apparel, Events, and Hospitality Management, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA; (R.L.); (M.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.W.)
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Geldert A, Balch HB, Gopal A, Su A, Grist SM, Herr AE. Best Practices for Germicidal Ultraviolet-C Dose Measurement for N95 Respirator Decontamination. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 126:126020. [PMID: 38469452 PMCID: PMC10046750 DOI: 10.6028/jres.126.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) decontamination holds promise in combating the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, particularly with its potential to mitigate the N95 respirator shortage. Safe, effective, and reproducible decontamination depends critically on UV-C dose, yet dose is frequently measured and reported incorrectly, which results in misleading and potentially harmful protocols. Understanding best practices in UV-C dose measurement for N95 respirator decontamination is essential to the safety of medical professionals, researchers, and the public. Here, we outline the fundamental optical principles governing UV-C irradiation and detection, as well as the key metrics of UV-C wavelength and dose. In particular, we discuss the technical and regulatory distinctions between UV-C N95 respirator decontamination and other applications of germicidal UV-C, and we highlight the unique considerations required for UV-C N95 respirator decontamination. Together, this discussion will inform best practices for UV-C dose measurement for N95 respirator decontamination during crisis-capacity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Geldert
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
- The University of California, Berkeley – University of California,
San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering,
Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
- N95DECON Consortium, University of California, Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Halleh B. Balch
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
- N95DECON Consortium, University of California, Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Anjali Gopal
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
- The University of California, Berkeley – University of California,
San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering,
Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
- N95DECON Consortium, University of California, Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
| | - Alison Su
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
- The University of California, Berkeley – University of California,
San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering,
Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
- N95DECON Consortium, University of California, Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
| | - Samantha M. Grist
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
- N95DECON Consortium, University of California, Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
| | - Amy E. Herr
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
- The University of California, Berkeley – University of California,
San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering,
Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
- N95DECON Consortium, University of California, Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
- Corresponding author
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Su A, Geldert A, Grist SM, Herr AE. Optical Attenuators Extend Dynamic Range but Alter Angular Response of Planar Ultraviolet-C Dosimeters. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 98:864-873. [PMID: 34596899 DOI: 10.1111/php.13532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Effective ultraviolet-C (UV-C) decontamination protocols of N95 respirators require validation that the entire N95 surface receives sufficient dose. Photochromic indicators (PCIs) can accurately measure UV-C dose on nonplanar surfaces, but often saturate below doses required to decontaminate porous, multilayered textiles like N95s. Here, we investigate the use of optical attenuators to extend PCI dynamic range while maintaining a near-ideal angular response-critical for accurate measurements of uncollimated UV-C. We show analytically that tuning attenuator refractive index, attenuation coefficient, and thickness can extend dynamic range, but compromises angular response unless the attenuator is an ideal diffuser. To investigate this tradeoff empirically, we stack PCIs behind model specular (floated borosilicate) and diffuse (polytetrafluoroethylene) attenuators, characterize the angular response, and evaluate on-N95 UV-C measurement accuracy within a decontamination system. Both attenuators increase PCI dynamic range >4×, but simultaneously introduce angle-dependent transmittance, which causes location-dependent underestimation of UV-C dose. PCI-borosilicate and PCI-polytetrafluoroethylene stacks underreport true on-N95 dose by (1) 14.7% and 3.6%, respectively, when near-normal to the source lamp array, and (2) 40.8% and 19.8%, respectively, in a steeply sloped location. Overall, we demonstrate that while planar attenuators can increase PCI dynamic range, verifying near-ideal angular response is critical for accurate UV-C measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Su
- University of California, Berkeley - University of California, San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA
| | - Alisha Geldert
- University of California, Berkeley - University of California, San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA
| | - Samantha M Grist
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Amy E Herr
- University of California, Berkeley - University of California, San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, CA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
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Ko D, Lyons AB, Kohli I, Narla S, Torres AE, Miller A, Ozog D, Hamzavi I, Lim HW. The value of photomedicine in a global health crisis: Utilizing ultraviolet C to decontaminate N95 respirators during the COVID-19 pandemic. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2021; 38:95-98. [PMID: 34467568 PMCID: PMC8661793 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One early problem during the height of the COVID‐19 global pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), was the shortage of personal protective equipment donned by healthcare workers, particularly N95 respirators. Given the known virucidal, bactericidal, and fungicidal properties of ultraviolet irradiation, in particular ultraviolet C (UVC) radiation, our photomedicine and photobiology unit explored the role of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) using UVC in effectively decontaminating N95 respirators. The review highlights the important role of photobiology and photomedicine in this pandemic. Namely, the goals of this review were to highlight: UVGI as a method of respirator disinfection—specifically against SARS‐CoV‐2, adverse reactions to UVC and precautions to protect against exposure, other methods of decontamination of respirators, and the importance of respirator fit testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayoung Ko
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Alexis B Lyons
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Indermeet Kohli
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Shanthi Narla
- Department of Dermatology, St. Luke's University Health Network, Easton, PA, USA
| | | | - Angela Miller
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - David Ozog
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Iltefat Hamzavi
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Henry W Lim
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
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Kapri RK, Saha S, Jaiswal VK, Sharma P. Theoretical Simulation for Evaluating Error in Irradiance Measurement Using Optical Detectors Having Different Cosine Responses. MAPAN 2021. [PMCID: PMC8236222 DOI: 10.1007/s12647-021-00486-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cosine response is an important characteristic of an optical detector for irradiance measurements. The non-ideal cosine response of a detector may lead to errors in irradiance measurements. In this paper, a theoretical simulation of irradiance generated due to isotropic point light sources is carried out for different illumination conditions. Simulation results show that the errors in irradiance measurements due to the cosine error of detectors become significantly high at the edges and corners of the floor when a light source is placed at the center of the roof. Further, it is observed that the errors are more in the enclosures having a height smaller than the floor dimensions. Even calibrated detectors measure erratic values of irradiance for a wider angle of incidence. Therefore, cosine errors in irradiance measurements are of great importance especially during the current scenarios of the COVID-19 pandemic, for ensuring the correct dose of Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation (UVGI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashtrapriya Kumar Kapri
- Optical Radiation Metrology Section, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Shibu Saha
- Optical Radiation Metrology Section, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - V. K. Jaiswal
- Optical Radiation Metrology Section, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi, 110012 India
| | - Parag Sharma
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002 India
- Optical Radiation Metrology Section, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi, 110012 India
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Schnell E, Karamooz E, Harriff MJ, Yates JE, Pfeiffer CD, Smith SM. Construction and validation of an ultraviolet germicidal irradiation system using locally available components. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255123. [PMID: 34297764 PMCID: PMC8301618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, is responsible for a global pandemic characterized by high transmissibility and morbidity. Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at risk of contracting COVID-19, but this risk has been mitigated through the use of personal protective equipment such as N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators (FFRs). At times the high demand for FFRs has exceeded supply, placing HCWs at increased exposure risk. Effective FFR decontamination of many FFR models using ultraviolet-C germicidal irradiation (UVGI) has been well-described, and could maintain respiratory protection for HCWs in the face of supply line shortages. Here, we detail the construction of an ultraviolet-C germicidal irradiation (UVGI) device using previously existing components available at our institution. We provide data on UV-C dosage delivered with our version of this device, provide information on how users can validate the UV-C dose delivered in similarly constructed systems, and describe a simple, novel methodology to test its germicidal effectiveness using in-house reagents and equipment. As similar components are readily available in many hospitals and industrial facilities, we provide recommendations on the local construction of these systems, as well as guidance and strategies towards successful institutional implementation of FFR decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Schnell
- Operative Care Division, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, OHSU, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Elham Karamooz
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, OHSU, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Melanie J. Harriff
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, OHSU, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Research and Development, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Jane E. Yates
- Research and Development, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Christopher D. Pfeiffer
- Infectious Diseases Section, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, OHSU, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Stephen M. Smith
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States of America
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, OHSU, Portland, OR, United States of America
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Grist SM, Geldert A, Gopal A, Su A, Balch HB, Herr AE. Current Understanding of Ultraviolet-C Decontamination of N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators. APPLIED BIOSAFETY 2021; 26:90-102. [DOI: 10.1089/apb.20.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M. Grist
- Department of Bioengineering and University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Alisha Geldert
- Department of Bioengineering and University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- The UC Berkeley—UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Anjali Gopal
- Department of Bioengineering and University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- The UC Berkeley—UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Alison Su
- Department of Bioengineering and University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- The UC Berkeley—UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Halleh B. Balch
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Amy E. Herr
- Department of Bioengineering and University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- The UC Berkeley—UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, California, USA
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Ozog DM, Sexton JZ, Narla S, Pretto-Kernahan CD, Mirabelli C, Lim HW, Hamzavi IH, Tibbetts RJ, Mi QS. The effect of ultraviolet C radiation against different N95 respirators inoculated with SARS-CoV-2. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 100:224-229. [PMID: 32891736 PMCID: PMC7470719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There are currently no studies that have examined whether one dosage can be uniformly applied to different respirator types to effectively decontaminate SARS-CoV-2 on N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs). Health care workers have been using this disinfection method during the pandemic. Our objective was to determine the effect of UVC on SARS-CoV-2 inoculated N95 respirators and whether this was respirator material/model type dependent. METHODS Four different locations (facepiece and strap) on five different N95 FFR models (3M 1860, 8210, 8511, 9211; Moldex 1511) were inoculated with a 10 μL drop of SARS-CoV-2 viral stock (8 × 107 TCID50/mL). The outside-facing and wearer-facing surfaces of the respirators were each irradiated with a dose of 1.5 J/cm2 UVC (254 nm). Viable SARS-CoV-2 was quantified by a median tissue culture infectious dose assay (TCID50). RESULTS UVC delivered using a dose of 1.5 J/cm2, to each side, was an effective method of decontamination for the facepieces of 3M 1860 and Moldex 1511, and for the straps of 3M 8210 and the Moldex 1511. CONCLUSION This dose is an appropriate decontamination method to facilitate the reuse of respirators for healthcare personnel when applied to specific models/materials. Also, some straps may require additional disinfection to maximize the safety of frontline workers. Implementation of widespread UVC decontamination methods requires careful consideration of model, material type, design, and fit-testing following irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M. Ozog
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA,Corresponding author at: Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Medical Center New Center One, 3031 W. Grand Blvd Suite 800, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Jonathan Z. Sexton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,University of Michigan Center for Drug Repurposing, USA
| | - Shanthi Narla
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Carla D. Pretto-Kernahan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Carmen Mirabelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Henry W. Lim
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Iltefat H. Hamzavi
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Robert J. Tibbetts
- Department of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Qing-Sheng Mi
- Center for Cutaneous Biology and Immunology, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA,Immunology Program/Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA,Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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