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Araujo Flores GV, Sandoval Pacheco CM, Ferreira AF, Tomokane TY, Nunes JB, Colombo FA, Sosa-Ochoa WH, Zúniga C, Silveira FT, Corbett CEP, Laurenti MD. Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi isolated from skin lesions of patients affected by non-ulcerated cutaneous leishmaniasis lead to visceral lesion in hamsters. Parasitol Int 2023; 93:102723. [PMID: 36566911 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In Central America, Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi infection causes visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and non-ulcerated cutaneous leishmaniasis (NUCL). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the course of an experimental infection in hamsters caused by L. (L.) infantum chagasi isolated from patients affected by NUCL compared with a strain isolated from a patient with VL. Stationary phase parasites in culture were inoculated through subcutaneous and intraperitoneal routes in hamsters. Following the post-infection times, a histopathological study, parasite load and cytokine determination in skin from the cutaneous inoculation site and viscera were performed. Animals subcutaneously infected with the different strains did not develop macroscopic lesions at the inoculation site, and the histopathological changes in the dermis were very slight. Regarding the histopathological study of the viscera, we observed the portal mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate, the presence of nodules in the hepatic parenchyma and the proliferation of macrophages in the spleen, which increased over the infection course. Overall, the parasite load in the liver and spleen and in the total IgG titres in the sera of infected hamster showed an increase with the time of infection, regardless of the route of inoculation. Regarding cellular immunity, we did not observe an increase or decrease in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines compared to the healthy control, except for IL-10, which was evident in the infected animals. The data showed that strains isolated from NUCL cause visceral lesions in the hamsters regardless of the route of inoculation, and they were similar to parasites isolated from VL humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela V Araujo Flores
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carmen M Sandoval Pacheco
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Aurea F Ferreira
- Laboratório de Investigação Médica, LIM50, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, HCFMUSP, SP, Brazil
| | - Thaise Yumie Tomokane
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Wilfredo H Sosa-Ochoa
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Concepción Zúniga
- Departamento de Vigilancia de la Salud, Hospital Escuela, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Fernando T Silveira
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belém, PA, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Carlos E P Corbett
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia D Laurenti
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Rodrigues GF, Alcântara LS, Barros JPB, de Lima ACS, Campos MB, Moraes C, Ferreira AF, Matta VLR, Laurenti MD, Corbett CEP, Silveira FT, Gomes CMC. In situ expression of Th17 immunologic mediators in American cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (V.) braziliensis and Leishmania (L.) amazonensis in the Brazilian Amazon. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2023.1067595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) presents a wide spectrum of clinical and immunopathological manifestations. In Brazil, Leishmania (L.) amazonensis[La] and Leishmania(V.)braziliensis[Lb] show the highest pathogenic potential for humans causing different clinical forms: localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL : Lb/La), anergic diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (ADCL : La) and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL : Lb). ADCL and MCL are the most severe forms and infection leads to a cellular immune response at the hyposensitivity and hypersensitivity poles. Th17-cells are involved in the ACL pathogenesis, are derived from naïve TCD4+ cells regulated by RORγt, differentiate in presence of IL-6, TGF-β, IL- 1β, IL-23 and express IL-17. Aim of this study was to characterize the cellular immune response mediated by Th17-profile cells through in situ determination of the expression of RORγt, IL-17, IL-6, TGF-β, IL-1β, and IL-23 in the ACL clinical-immunopathological spectrum caused by L.(L.)amazonensis and L.(V.)braziliensis. Biopsies of skin and mucosal lesions from forty patients including ADCL(n=8), LCL[La](n=17), LCL[Lb](n=9) and MCL(n=6), were examined by immunohistochemistry. The immunostained cells density (cells/mm2) was determined in image analysis system using AxionVision 4.8 software (Zeiss). As the disease evolution time (DET) was different among ACL patients, the effect of DET on the expression of immunological markers was evaluated in different clinical forms and histopathological changes, using ANCOVA. Our results showed significantly increased expression of RORγt, IL-17, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-23 in patients with ACL polar forms (ADCL and MCL); higher TGF-β expression was found in ADCL. DET influenced the expression of RORγt and IL-6 in: clinical forms of ACL and in categories of parasitism. DET also affected the production of RORγt, IL-17, IL-6, TGF-β and IL-1β in types of inflammatory infiltrate, evidencing that DET had effect on the expression of Th17 profile cytokines in ACL. Together, the expression of immunological mediators of Th17 profile in the ACL spectrum, as well as the DET effect, demonstrate the participation of this cell lineage in the immunopathogenesis of ACL, mainly in the polar and more severe forms of ACL spectrum. The dubious role played by Th17-cells may favors immune response suppression and parasitic persistence in ADCL, while in MCL it contributes to an exacerbated immune response and parasite scarcity.
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de Mesquita TGR, Junior JDES, da Silva LDO, Silva GAV, de Araújo FJ, Pinheiro SK, Kerr HKA, da Silva LS, de Souza LM, de Almeida SA, Queiroz KLGD, de Souza JL, da Silva CC, Sequera HDG, de Souza MLG, Barbosa AN, Pontes GS, Guerra MVDF, Ramasawmy R. Distinct plasma chemokines and cytokines signatures in Leishmania guyanensis-infected patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:974051. [PMID: 36091007 PMCID: PMC9453042 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.974051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunopathology associated with Leishmaniasis is a consequence of inflammation. Upon infection with Leishmania, the type of host-immune response is determinant for the clinical manifestations that can lead to either self-healing or chronic disease. Multiple pathways may determine disease severity. A comparison of systemic immune profiles in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. guyanensis and healthy individuals with the same socio-epidemiological characteristics coming from the same endemic areas as the patients is performed to identify particular immune profile and pathways associated with the progression of disease development. Twenty-seven plasma soluble circulating factors were evaluated between the groups by univariate and multivariate analysis. The following biomarkers pairs IL-17/IL-9 (ρ=0,829), IL-17/IL-12 (ρ=0,786), IL-6/IL-1ra (ρ=0,785), IL-6/IL-12 (ρ=0,780), IL-1β/G-CSF (ρ=0,758) and IL-17/MIP-1β (ρ=0,754) showed the highest correlation mean among the patient while only INF-γ/IL-4 (ρ=0.740), 17/MIP-1β (ρ=0,712) and IL-17/IL-9 (ρ=0,707) exhibited positive correlation among the control group. The cytokine IL-17 and IL1β presented the greater number of positive pair correlation among the patients. The linear combinations of biomarkers displayed IP-10, IL-2 and RANTES as the variables with the higher discriminatory activity in the patient group compared to PDGF, IL-1ra and eotaxin among the control subjects. IP-10, IL-2, IL-1β, RANTES and IL-17 seem to be predictive value of progression to the development of disease among the Lg-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirza Gabrielle Ramos de Mesquita
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - José do Espírito Santo Junior
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina Nilton Lins, Universidade Nilton Lins, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - George Allan Villarouco Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Felipe Jules de Araújo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina Nilton Lins, Universidade Nilton Lins, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Suzana Kanawati Pinheiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Lener Santos da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Luciane Macedo de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | | | - Josué Lacerda de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina Nilton Lins, Universidade Nilton Lins, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Cilana Chagas da Silva
- Department of Molecular Biology, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Héctor David Graterol Sequera
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Mara Lúcia Gomes de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | | | - Gemilson Soares Pontes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Department of Virology, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil
- Genomic Health Surveillance Network: Optimization of Assistance and Research in The State of Amazonas – REGESAM, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinitius de Farias Guerra
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Rajendranath Ramasawmy
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina Nilton Lins, Universidade Nilton Lins, Manaus, Brazil
- Genomic Health Surveillance Network: Optimization of Assistance and Research in The State of Amazonas – REGESAM, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Rajendranath Ramasawmy,
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Kumari D, Singh K. Exploring the paradox of defense between host and Leishmania parasite. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 102:108400. [PMID: 34890999 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease, still remains a global concern for the healthcare sector. The primary causative agents of the disease comprise diverse leishmanial species, leading to recurring failures in disease diagnosis and delaying the initiation of appropriate chemotherapy. Various species of the Leishmania parasite cause diverse clinical manifestations ranging from skin ulcers to systemic infections. Therefore, host immunity in response to different forms of infecting species of Leishmania becomes pivotal in disease progression or regression. Thus, understanding the paradox of immune arsenals during host and parasite interface becomes crucial to eliminate this deadly disease. In the present review, we have elaborated on the immunological perspectives of the disease and discussed primary host immune cells that form a defense line to counteract parasite infection. Furthermore, we also have shed light on the immune cells and effector molecules responsible for parasite survival in host lethal milieu/ environment. Next, we have highlighted recent molecules/compounds showing potent leishmanicidal activities pertaining to their pro-oxidant and immuno-modulatory mechanisms. This review addresses an immuno-biological overview of the factors influencing the parasitic disease, as this knowledge can aid in the unraveling/ identification of potential biomarkers, novel therapeutics, and vaccine candidates against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Kumari
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Kuljit Singh
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Laurenti MD, Sosa-Ochoa W, Araujo Flores GV, Sandoval Pacheco CM, Tomokane TY, Oliveira LMDS, Zúniga C, Silveira FT, Corbett CEP. Evaluation of systemic immunity in atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi. Parasite Immunol 2021; 44:e12896. [PMID: 34748659 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In some central-American countries, Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi infection can cause non-ulcerated or atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis (NUCL) in addition to the classic clinical form, visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Little is known about the host-parasite relationship that can contribute to the determination of one or another clinical form. The present study had the objective to evaluate the humoral and cellular immunity in the sera of individuals affected by NUCL to improve the comprehension of this atypical host-parasite interaction. Based on clinical and laboratory diagnosis, serum of 80 individuals was collected to evaluate the cytokines and immunoglobulins profile of NUCL (n = 47), VL patients (n = 5), and negative controls (n = 28). Cytokines were detected using Cytokine Bead Array (CBA) Human Th1/Th2/Th17 kit according to the manufacturer's instructions; class (IgG and IgM), and subclass of (IgG1 and IgG2) immunoglobulins was evaluated by ELISA using specific antigens. The concentration of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-4 cytokines in NUCL, VL and control was present below the detection threshold of CBA kit. IL-6, IL-10 and IL-17A cytokines was lower in NUCL compared to LV patients. Regarding to immunoglobulins, NUCL patients produced 4.0 times more IgG than the control, while VL patients produced 6.6 times more; and IgM level was 1.6 times higher in NUCL and 2.6 times in VL patients compared to the control. Concerning the immunoglobulins subclass, only VL patients showed positive reaction for IgG1, and IgG2 did not show positive reaction among the groups. The results showed a weak cellular and humoral systemic immune response in NUCL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Dalastra Laurenti
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas (LIM-50), Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Wilfredo Sosa-Ochoa
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas (LIM-50), Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Gabriela Venicia Araujo Flores
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas (LIM-50), Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Carmen Maria Sandoval Pacheco
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas (LIM-50), Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Thaise Yumie Tomokane
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas (LIM-50), Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Luanda Mara da Silva Oliveira
- Laboratório de Dermatologia e Imunodeficiências (LIM-56), Departamento de Dermatologia, Faculdade de Medicina e Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Concepción Zúniga
- Departamento de Vigilancia de la Salud, Hospital Escuela, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Fernando Tobias Silveira
- Laboratório de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas (Ministério da Saúde), Belém, PA, Brasil.,Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Pereira Corbett
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas (LIM-50), Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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da Silva LS, Santo JDE, de Mesquita TGR, Santos VAM, de Souza JL, de Araújo FJ, da Silveira CM, da Silva CC, Queiroz KLGD, Sequera HDG, Guerra MVDF, de Souza MLG, Ramasawmy R. IL-23R variant rs11805303 is associated with susceptibility to the development of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Leishmania guyanensis-infected individuals. J Infect Dis 2021; 225:163-171. [PMID: 34139757 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests that the IL-17/IL-23 axis may play a role in the pathogenesis of leishmaniasis. Our aim was to investigate whether the IL-23R variant rs11805303 is a risk factor for the development of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Leishmania guyanensis-infected individuals. METHODS We genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism the rs11805303 C/T in 828 patients with CL and 806 healthy individuals. Plasma TNF-α, IL-6, IFG-γ, IL-1β and IL-17 were measured with the Bioplex assay. RESULTS The distribution of the genotypes differed between patients with CL and HC with a common odds ratio (OR) of 1.78 (p = 2.2 x10 -11) for the disease-associated T allele. L. guyanensis-infected individuals homozygous for the T allele show a 200% increased risk of progressing to disease development, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) ranging from 81% to 400% (P = 9.9 x 10 -6) in comparison to individuals homozygous for the C allele. Males homozygous for the T allele have higher plasma levels of IL-17 compared with heterozygous or homozygous CC individuals. CONCLUSION The present association of the IL-23R variant rs11805303 with the development of cutaneous leishmaniasis suggests that the IL-17/IL-23 axis may play an important role in the pathogenesis of CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lener Santos da Silva
- Fundação de , Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Viera Dourado, Manaus, Amazona, Brazil.,PPGMT, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - José do Espírito Santo
- Fundação de , Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Viera Dourado, Manaus, Amazona, Brazil.,PPGIBA, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Tirza Gabrielle Ramos de Mesquita
- Fundação de , Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Viera Dourado, Manaus, Amazona, Brazil.,PPGMT, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | - Josué Lacerda de Souza
- Fundação de , Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Viera Dourado, Manaus, Amazona, Brazil.,PPGIBA, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Felipe Jules de Araújo
- Fundação de , Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Viera Dourado, Manaus, Amazona, Brazil.,PPGMT, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Héctor David Graterol Sequera
- Fundação de , Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Viera Dourado, Manaus, Amazona, Brazil.,PPGMT, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rajendranath Ramasawmy
- Fundação de , Medicina Tropical Dr Heitor Viera Dourado, Manaus, Amazona, Brazil.,PPGMT, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.,PPGIBA, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Nilton Lins, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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Macrophage Polarization in the Skin Lesion Caused by Neotropical Species of Leishmania sp. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:5596876. [PMID: 33937417 PMCID: PMC8055412 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5596876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play important roles in the innate and acquired immune responses against Leishmania parasites. Depending on the subset and activation status, macrophages may eliminate intracellular parasites; however, these host cells also can offer a safe environment for Leishmania replication. In this sense, the fate of the parasite may be influenced by the phenotype of the infected macrophage, linked to the subtype of classically activated (M1) or alternatively activated (M2) macrophages. In the present study, M1 and M2 macrophage subsets were analyzed by double-staining immunohistochemistry in skin biopsies from patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) caused by L. (L.) amazonensis, L. (V.) braziliensis, L. (V.) panamensis ,and L. (L.) infantum chagasi. High number of M1 macrophages was detected in nonulcerated cutaneous leishmaniasis (NUCL) caused by L. (L.) infantum chagasi (M1 = 112 ± 12, M2 = 43 ± 12 cells/mm2). On the other side, high density of M2 macrophages was observed in the skin lesions of patients with anergic diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (ADCL) (M1 = 195 ± 25, M2 = 616 ± 114), followed by cases of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) caused by L. (L.) amazonensis (M1 = 97 ± 24, M2 = 219 ± 29), L. (V.) panamensis (M1 = 71 ± 14, M2 = 164 ± 14), and L. (V.) braziliensis (M1 = 50 ± 13, M2 = 53 ± 10); however, low density of M2 macrophages was observed in NUCL. The data presented herein show the polarization of macrophages in skin lesions caused by different Leishmania species that may be related with the outcome of the disease.
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8
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Sandoval C, Araujo G, Sosa W, Avalos S, Silveira F, Corbett C, Zúniga C, Laurenti M. In situ cellular immune response in non-ulcerated skin lesions due to Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi infection. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2021; 27:e20200149. [PMID: 33708246 PMCID: PMC7909480 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Skin lesions of patients affected by non-ulcerated cutaneous leishmaniasis
(NUCL) caused by L. (L.) infantum chagasi are characterized
by lymphohistiocytic inflammatory infiltrate associated with epithelioid
granuloma and scarce parasitism. However, the in situ
cellular immune response of these patients is unclear. Therefore, the aim of
the present study was to characterize the cellular immune response in the
skin lesions of patients affected by NUCL. Methods Twenty biopsies were processed by immunohistochemistry using primary
antibodies to T lymphocytes (CD4, CD8), NK cells, B lymphocytes,
macrophages, nitric oxide synthase and interferon-gamma. Results Immunohistochemistry revealed higher expression of all cellular types and
molecules (IFN-γ, iNOS) in the dermis of diseased skin compared to the skin
of healthy individuals (p < 0.05). Morphometric analysis performed in the
skin lesions sections showed the predominance of CD8+ T
lymphocytes in the mononuclear infiltrate, followed by macrophages, mostly
iNOS+, a response that could be mediated by IFN-γ. Conclusion Our study improves knowledge of the cellular immune response in
non-ulcerated or atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. (L.)
infantum chagasi in Central America and pointed to the pivotal
participation of CD8+ T lymphocytes in the host defense
mechanisms against the parasite in patients with NUCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Sandoval
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Pathology, Department of Pathology, Medical School (FMUSP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Araujo
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Pathology, Department of Pathology, Medical School (FMUSP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wilfredo Sosa
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Pathology, Department of Pathology, Medical School (FMUSP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Microbiology Research Institute, National Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Sara Avalos
- Master Program in Infectious and Zoonotic diseases, School of Microbiology, National Autonomous University of Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Fernando Silveira
- Department of Parasitology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Secretariat of Health Surveillance, Ministry of Health, Belém, PA, Brazil.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Carlos Corbett
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Pathology, Department of Pathology, Medical School (FMUSP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Concepción Zúniga
- Department of Health Surveillance, School Hospital, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Marcia Laurenti
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Pathology, Department of Pathology, Medical School (FMUSP), University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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