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Hurtado G, Knoche M. Microcracking of strawberry fruit cuticles: mechanism and factors. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19376. [PMID: 37938590 PMCID: PMC10632442 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46366-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microscopic cracks in the cuticle (microcracks) are the first symptom of the strawberry fruit disorder 'water soaking' in which the fruit surface appears watery, translucent, and pale. Water soaking severely impacts fruit quality. The objective was to investigate the factors and mechanisms of cuticular microcracking in strawberry. Fluorescence microscopy revealed numerous microcracks in the achene depressions, on the rims between depressions and at the bases of trichomes. Microcracks in the achene depressions and on the rims were either parallel or transversely oriented relative to a radius drawn from the rim to the point of attachment of the achene. In the achene depression, the frequency of microcracks with parallel orientation decreased from the calyx end of the fruit, towards the fruit tip, while the frequency of those with transverse orientation remained constant. Most microcracks occurred above the periclinal cell walls of the epidermal cells. The long axes of the epidermal cells were primarily parallel-oriented. Microcracking increased during fruit development. Cuticle mass per fruit remained constant as fruit surface area increased but cuticle thickness decreased. When fruit developed under high relative humidity (RH) conditions, the cuticle had more microcracks than under low RH conditions. Exposing the fruit surface to increasing RHs, increased microcracking, especially above 75% RH. Liquid-phase water on the fruit surface was markedly more effective in inducing microcracking than high vapor-phase water (high RH). The results demonstrate that a combination of surface area growth strain and water exposure is causal in inducing microcracking of the strawberry cuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grecia Hurtado
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz University Hanover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Moritz Knoche
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz University Hanover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany.
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2
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Li X, Pei Z, Meng L, Jiang Y, Liu H, Pan Y. Investigation on epidermal structure and water migration of postharvest passion fruit during storage. J Food Sci 2023; 88:4046-4058. [PMID: 37602822 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Passion fruit is a tropical fruit that has plenty of fruit fragrance. During storage, passion fruit quickly loses water, resulting in its poor quality. Researching the mechanism of water loss contributes to prolonging the storage time. In this study, passion fruit was stored at 7 or 25°C to analyze the relationship between epidermal structure and water migration. The epidermal wax and structure of passion fruit began to show signs of destruction from the middle stage (day 8) during storage. The mobility of free water was decreased at 7°C and increased at 25°C in passion fruit from the middle stage of storage (day 8). The migration rate of free water in passion fruit stored at 7°C was lower than that at 25°C. The mobility of immobile water was weaker in the late storage period but that of bound water changed barely. These results showed that the migration of free, immobile, and bound water had a connection with the epidermal structure. Incomplete epidermal structure promoted water loss in passion fruit, with the most pronounced loss of free water. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Maintaining the epidermal structure of passion fruit well can decrease the water loss ratio. Passion fruit stored at low temperatures could better sustain the integrity of epidermal wax and structure; it was able to change the water migration rate in the epidermis of passion fruit, which was conducive to maintaining the water content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyan Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
| | - Zhisheng Pei
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
| | - Lanhuan Meng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
| | - Hanmei Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
| | - Yonggui Pan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Functional Food of Hainan Province, Haikou, China
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3
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Straube J, Suvarna S, Chen YH, Khanal BP, Knoche M, Debener T. Time course of changes in the transcriptome during russet induction in apple fruit. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:457. [PMID: 37775771 PMCID: PMC10542230 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04483-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Russeting is a major problem in many fruit crops. Russeting is caused by environmental factors such as wounding or moisture exposure of the fruit surface. Despite extensive research, the molecular sequence that triggers russet initiation remains unclear. Here, we present high-resolution transcriptomic data by controlled russet induction at very early stages of fruit development. During Phase I, a patch of the fruit surface is exposed to surface moisture. For Phase II, moisture exposure is terminated, and the formerly exposed surface remains dry. We targeted differentially expressed transcripts as soon as 24 h after russet induction. RESULTS During moisture exposure (Phase I) of 'Pinova' apple, transcripts associated with the cell cycle, cell wall, and cuticle synthesis (SHN3) decrease, while those related to abiotic stress increase. NAC35 and MYB17 were the earliest induced genes during Phase I. They are therefore linked to the initial processes of cuticle microcracking. After moisture removal (Phase II), the expression of genes related to meristematic activity increased (WOX4 within 24 h, MYB84 within 48 h). Genes related to lignin synthesis (MYB52) and suberin synthesis (MYB93, WRKY56) were upregulated within 3 d after moisture removal. WOX4 and AP2B3 are the earliest differentially expressed genes induced in Phase II. They are therefore linked to early events in periderm formation. The expression profiles were consistent between two different seasons and mirrored differences in russet susceptibility in a comparison of cultivars. Furthermore, expression profiles during Phase II of moisture induction were largely identical to those following wounding. CONCLUSIONS The combination of a unique controlled russet induction technique with high-resolution transcriptomic data allowed for the very first time to analyse the formation of cuticular microcracks and periderm in apple fruit immediately after the onset of triggering factors. This data provides valuable insights into the spatial-temporal dynamics of russeting, including the synthesis of cuticles, dedifferentiation of cells, and impregnation of cell walls with suberin and lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Straube
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Molecular Plant Breeding Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Shreya Suvarna
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Molecular Plant Breeding Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Yun-Hao Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bishnu P Khanal
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Moritz Knoche
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Debener
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Molecular Plant Breeding Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419, Hannover, Germany.
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4
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The role of cuticle in fruit shelf-life. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 78:102802. [PMID: 36162185 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ensuring the availability of high-quality fresh fruits requires the development of strategies to maintain prolonged shelf-life. The plant cuticle is a modification of the outer epidermal cell wall and, as such, acts as a barrier with the environment. Understanding how the cuticle naturally changes during postharvest is crucial to address the potential effect of different storage conditions on the cuticle biophysical properties. The impact of different cuticle traits in fruit water loss, its relevance in several fruit-skin disorders, and its participation in postharvest decay caused by pathogens are discussed. Future challenges to study in vivo the physicochemical properties of the cuticle are also addressed.
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5
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Chen YH, Straube J, Khanal BP, Zeisler-Diehl V, Suresh K, Schreiber L, Debener T, Knoche M. Apple fruit periderms (russeting) induced by wounding or by moisture have the same histologies, chemistries and gene expressions. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274733. [PMID: 36174078 PMCID: PMC9522254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Russeting is a cosmetic defect of some fruit skins. Russeting (botanically: induction of periderm formation) can result from various environmental factors including wounding and surface moisture. The objective was to compare periderms resulting from wounding with those from exposure to moisture in developing apple fruit. Wounding or moisture exposure both resulted in cuticular microcracking. Cross-sections revealed suberized hypodermal cell walls by 4 d, and the start of periderm formation by 8 d after wounding or moisture treatment. The expression of selected target genes was similar in wound and moisture induced periderms. Transcription factors involved in the regulation of suberin (MYB93) and lignin (MYB42) synthesis, genes involved in the synthesis (CYP86B1) and the transport (ABCG20) of suberin monomers and two uncharacterized transcription factors (NAC038 and NAC058) were all upregulated in induced periderm samples. Genes involved in cutin (GPAT6, SHN3) and wax synthesis (KCS10, WSD1, CER6) and transport of cutin monomers and wax components (ABCG11) were all downregulated. Levels of typical suberin monomers (ω-hydroxy-C20, -C22 and -C24 acids) and total suberin were high in the periderms, but low in the cuticle. Periderms were induced only when wounding occurred during early fruit development (32 and 66 days after full bloom (DAFB)) but not later (93 DAFB). Wound and moisture induced periderms are very similar morphologically, histologically, compositionally and molecularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hao Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jannis Straube
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Molecular Plant Breeding Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bishnu P. Khanal
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Viktoria Zeisler-Diehl
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), Department of Ecophysiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kiran Suresh
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), Department of Ecophysiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), Department of Ecophysiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Debener
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Molecular Plant Breeding Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Moritz Knoche
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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6
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Wang YZ, Dai MS, Cai DY, Shi ZB. Solving the regulation puzzle of periderm development using advances in fruit skin. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1006153. [PMID: 36247566 PMCID: PMC9558172 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1006153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Periderm protects enlarged organs of most dicots and gymnosperms as a barrier to water loss and disease invasion during their secondary growth. Its development undergoes a complex process with genetically controlled and environmental stress-induced characters. Different development of periderm makes the full and partial russet of fruit skin, which diverges in inheritance with qualitative and quantitative characters, respectively, in pear pome. In addition to its specific genetics, fruit periderm has similar development and structure as that of stem and other organs, making it an appropriate material for periderm research. Recently, progress in histochemical as well as transcriptome and proteome analyses, and quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping have revealed the regulatory molecular mechanism in the periderm based on the identification of switch genes. In this review, we concentrate on the periderm development, propose the conservation of periderm regulation between fruit and other plant organs based on their morphological and molecular characteristics, and summarize a regulatory network with the elicitors and repressors for the tissue development. Spontaneous programmed-cell death (PCD) or environmental stress produces the original signal that triggers the development of periderm. Spatio-temporal specific PCD produced by PyPPCD1 gene and its homologs can play a key role in the coordinated regulation of cell death related tissue development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ze-bin Shi
- *Correspondence: Yue-zhi Wang, ; Ze-bin Shi,
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7
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Abstract
The skin of a fruit protects the vulnerable, nutrient-rich flesh and seed(s) within from the hostile environment. It is also responsible for the fruit’s appearance. In many fruitcrop species, russeting compromises fruit appearance and thus commercial value. Here, we review the literature on fruit russeting, focusing on the factors and mechanisms that induce it and on the management and breeding strategies that may reduce it. Compared with a primary fruit skin, which is usually distinctively colored and shiny, a secondary fruit skin is reddish-brown, dull and slightly rough to the touch (i.e., russeted). This secondary skin (periderm) comprises phellem cells with suberized cell walls, a phellogen and a phelloderm. Russeted (secondary) fruit skins have similar mechanical properties to non-russeted (primary) ones but are more plastic. However, russeted fruit skins are more permeable to water vapor, so russeted fruits suffer higher postharvest water loss, reduced shine, increased shrivel and reduced packed weight (most fruit is sold per kg). Orchard factors that induce russeting include expansion-growth-induced strain, surface wetness, mechanical damage, freezing temperatures, some pests and diseases and some agrochemicals. All these probably act via an increased incidence of cuticular microcracking as a result of local concentrations of mechanical stress. Microcracking impairs the cuticle’s barrier properties. Potential triggers of russeting (the development of a periderm), consequent on cuticular microcracking, include locally high concentrations of O2, lower concentrations of CO2 and more negative water potentials. Horticulturists sometimes spray gibberellins, cytokinins or boron to reduce russeting. Bagging fruit (to exclude surface moisture) is also reportedly effective. From a breeding perspective, genotypes having small and more uniform-sized epidermal cells are judged less likely to be susceptible to russeting.
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8
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Si Y, Khanal BP, Schlüter OK, Knoche M. Direct Evidence for a Radial Gradient in Age of the Apple Fruit Cuticle. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:730837. [PMID: 34745165 PMCID: PMC8567170 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.730837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The pattern of cuticle deposition plays an important role in managing strain buildup in fruit cuticles. Cuticular strain is the primary trigger for numerous fruit-surface disorders in many fruit crop species. Recent evidence indicates a strain gradient may exist within the apple fruit cuticle. The outer layers of the cuticle are more strained and thus more susceptible to microcracking than the inner layers. A radial gradient in cuticle age is the most likely explanation. Our study aimed to establish whether (or not) deposition of new cutin in a developing apple fruit occurs on the inner surface of the cuticle, i.e., immediately abutting the outward-facing epidermal cell wall. Developing apples were fed with 13C oleic acid through the skin. Following a 14-d period for incorporation, the fruit was harvested and the cuticular membranes (CMs) isolated enzymatically. The CMs were then ablated to varying extents from the inner or the outer surfaces, using a cold atmospheric pressure plasma (CAPP). Afterwards, the ablated CMs were dewaxed and the 13C contents were determined by mass spectrometry. The incorporation of 13C in the cutin fraction was higher than in the wax fraction. The 13C content was highest in non-ablated, dewaxed CM (DCM) and decreased as ablation depth from the inner surface increased. There was no change in 13C content when ablation was carried out from the outer surface. As fruit development proceeded, more 13C label was found towards the middle of the DCM. These results offered direct evidence for deposition of cutin being on the inner surface of the cuticle, resulting in a radial gradient in cuticular age-the most recent deposition (youngest) being on the inner cuticle surface (abutting the epidermal cell wall) and the earliest deposition (oldest) being on the outer surface (abutting the atmosphere).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiru Si
- Fruit Science Section, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bishnu P. Khanal
- Fruit Science Section, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Oliver K. Schlüter
- Department of Horticultural Engineering, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Moritz Knoche
- Fruit Science Section, Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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9
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Low cuticle deposition rate in 'Apple' mango increases elastic strain, weakens the cuticle and increases russet. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258521. [PMID: 34644345 PMCID: PMC8513900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Russeting compromises appearance and downgrades the market value of many fruitcrops, including of the mango cv. ‘Apple’. The objective was to identify the mechanistic basis of ‘Apple’ mango’s high susceptibility to russeting. We focused on fruit growth, cuticle deposition, stress/strain relaxation analysis and the mechanical properties of the cuticle. The non-susceptible mango cv. ‘Tommy Atkins’ served for comparison. Compared with ‘Tommy Atkins’, fruit of ‘Apple’ had a lower mass, a smaller surface area and a lower growth rate. There were little differences between the epidermal and hypodermal cells of ‘Apple’ and ‘Tommy Atkins’ including cell size, cell orientation and cell number. Lenticel density decreased during development, being lower in ‘Apple’ than in ‘Tommy Atkins’. The mean lenticel area increased during development but was consistently greater in ‘Apple’ than in ‘Tommy Atkins’. The deposition rate of the cuticular membrane was initially rapid but later slowed till it matched the area expansion rate, thereafter mass per unit area was effectively constant. The cuticle of ‘Apple’ is thinner than that of ‘Tommy Atkins’. Cumulative strain increased sigmoidally with fruit growth. Strains released stepwise on excision and isolation (εexc+iso), and on wax extraction (εextr) were higher in ‘Apple’ than in ‘Tommy Atkins’. Membrane stiffness increased during development being consistently lower in ‘Apple’ than in ‘Tommy Atkins’. Membrane fracture force (Fmax) was low and constant in developing ‘Apple’ but increased in ‘Tommy Atkin’. Membrane strain at fracture (εmax) decreased linearly during development but was lower in ‘Apple’ than in ‘Tommy Atkins’. Frequency of membrane failure associated with lenticels increased during development and was consistently higher in ‘Apple’ than in ‘Tommy Atkins’. The lower rate of cuticular deposition, the higher strain releases on excision, isolation and wax extraction and the weaker cuticle account for the high russet susceptibility of ‘Apple’ mango.
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10
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Hurtado G, Knoche M. Water Soaking Disorder in Strawberries: Triggers, Factors, and Mechanisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:694123. [PMID: 34354724 PMCID: PMC8330803 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.694123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Water soaking is an important surface disorder of strawberries that limits unprotected field production. The objective was to identify the mechanism(s) of water soaking. Symptomatic fruit show pale, deliquescent patches of skin. This damage extends into the flesh. Numerous cuticular microcracks occurred in water-soaked areas. Water soaking occurred only if the skin was exposed to liquid water. Water soaking was more rapid when the cuticle had been abraded. Water soaking, anthocyanin leakage, and water uptake all increased with incubation time. There was a lag phase for water soaking and anthocyanin leakage, but not for water uptake. Susceptibility to water soaking increased with fruit ripening and mass. Incubation in isotonic PEG 6000 increased cuticular microcracking but decreased water soaking and water uptake. Incubation in hypotonic fruit juice (natural and artificial) increased water soaking incidence and severity but reduced water uptake. Incubation in dilute citric and malic acids increased plasma membrane permeability as indexed by anthocyanin leakage and increased water soaking. Thus, water soaking involves cuticular microcracking, localized water uptake, bursting of cells, and the release of organic acids into the apoplast. The damage propagates from cell to cell.
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11
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Straube J, Chen YH, Khanal BP, Shumbusho A, Zeisler-Diehl V, Suresh K, Schreiber L, Knoche M, Debener T. Russeting in Apple is Initiated after Exposure to Moisture Ends: Molecular and Biochemical Evidence. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:plants10010065. [PMID: 33396789 PMCID: PMC7824318 DOI: 10.3390/plants10010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of the fruit surface to moisture during early development is causal in russeting of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.). Moisture exposure results in formation of microcracks and decreased cuticle thickness. Periderm differentiation begins in the hypodermis, but only after discontinuation of moisture exposure. Expressions of selected genes involved in cutin, wax and suberin synthesis were quantified, as were the wax, cutin and suberin compositions. Experiments were conducted in two phases. In Phase I (31 days after full bloom) the fruit surface was exposed to moisture for 6 or 12 d. Phase II was after moisture exposure had been discontinued. Unexposed areas on the same fruit served as unexposed controls. During Phase I, cutin and wax synthesis genes were down-regulated only in the moisture-exposed patches. During Phase II, suberin synthesis genes were up-regulated only in the moisture-exposed patches. The expressions of cutin and wax genes in the moisture-exposed patches increased slightly during Phase II, but the levels of expression were much lower than in the control patches. Amounts and compositions of cutin, wax and suberin were consistent with the gene expressions. Thus, moisture-induced russet is a two-step process: moisture exposure reduces cutin and wax synthesis, moisture removal triggers suberin synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Straube
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Molecular Plant Breeding Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Yun-Hao Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany; (Y.-H.C.); (B.P.K.); (A.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Bishnu P. Khanal
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany; (Y.-H.C.); (B.P.K.); (A.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Alain Shumbusho
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany; (Y.-H.C.); (B.P.K.); (A.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Viktoria Zeisler-Diehl
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), Department of Ecophysiology, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (V.Z.-D.); (K.S.); (L.S.)
| | - Kiran Suresh
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), Department of Ecophysiology, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (V.Z.-D.); (K.S.); (L.S.)
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany (IZMB), Department of Ecophysiology, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (V.Z.-D.); (K.S.); (L.S.)
| | - Moritz Knoche
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany; (Y.-H.C.); (B.P.K.); (A.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Thomas Debener
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Molecular Plant Breeding Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany;
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12
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Chen YH, Straube J, Khanal BP, Knoche M, Debener T. Russeting in Apple Is Initiated After Exposure to Moisture Ends-I. Histological Evidence. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9101293. [PMID: 33008020 PMCID: PMC7650782 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Russeting (periderm formation) is a critical fruit-surface disorder in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.). The first symptom of insipient russeting is cuticular microcracking. Humid and rainy weather increases russeting. The aim was to determine the ontogeny of moisture-induced russeting in 'Pinova' apple. We recorded the effects of duration of exposure to water and the stage of fruit development at exposure on microcracking, periderm formation and cuticle deposition. Early on (21 or 31 days after full bloom; DAFB) short periods (2 to 12 d) of moisture exposure induced cuticular microcracking-but not later on (66 or 93 DAFB). A periderm was not formed during moisture exposure but 4 d after exposure ended. A periderm was formed in the hypodermis beneath a microcrack. Russeting frequency and severity were low for up to 4 d of moisture exposure but increased after 6 d. Cuticle thickness was not affected by moisture for up to 8 d but decreased for longer exposures. Cuticular ridge thickness decreased around a microcrack. In general, moisture did not affect cuticular strain release. We conclude that a hypodermal periderm forms after termination of moisture exposure and after microcrack formation. Reduced cuticle deposition may cause moisture-induced microcracking and, thus, russeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hao Chen
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany; (Y.-H.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Jannis Straube
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Molecular Plant Breeding Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany; (J.S.); (T.D.)
| | - Bishnu P. Khanal
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany; (Y.-H.C.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-511-762-9004
| | - Moritz Knoche
- Institute of Horticultural Production Systems, Fruit Science Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany; (Y.-H.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Thomas Debener
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Molecular Plant Breeding Section, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Straße 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany; (J.S.); (T.D.)
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