1
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Kim WD, Sin DD. Granzyme B May Act as an Effector Molecule to Control the Inflammatory Process in COPD. COPD 2024; 21:1-11. [PMID: 38314671 DOI: 10.1080/15412555.2023.2299104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is caused by smoking, but only a small proportion of smokers have disease severe enough to develop COPD. COPD is not always progressive. The question then arises as to what explains the different trajectories of COPD. The role of autoimmunity and regulatory T (Treg) cells in the pathogenesis of COPD is increasingly being recognized. Nine published studies on Treg cells in the lung tissue or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid have shown that smokers with COPD have fewer Treg cells than smokers without COPD or nonsmokers. Three studies showed a positive correlation between Treg cell count and FEV1%, suggesting an important role for Treg cells in COPD progression. Treg cells can regulate immunological responses via the granzyme B (GzmB) pathway. Immunohistochemical staining for GzmB in surgically resected lungs with centrilobular emphysema showed that the relationship between the amount of GzmB+ cells and FEV1% was comparable to that between Treg cell count and FEV1% in the COPD lung, suggesting that GzmB could be a functional marker for Treg cells. The volume fraction of GzmB+ cells in the small airways, the number of alveolar GzmB+ cells, and GzmB expression measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in the lung tissue of smokers were significantly correlated with FEV1%. These results suggest that the GzmB content in lung tissue may determine the progression of COPD by acting as an effector molecule to control inflammatory process. Interventions to augment GzmB-producing immunosuppressive cells in the early stages of COPD could help prevent or delay COPD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Dong Kim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Don D Sin
- Center for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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2
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Kayongo A, Robertson NM, Siddharthan T, Ntayi ML, Ndawula JC, Sande OJ, Bagaya BS, Kirenga B, Mayanja-Kizza H, Joloba ML, Forslund SK. Airway microbiome-immune crosstalk in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1085551. [PMID: 36741369 PMCID: PMC9890194 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1085551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) has significantly contributed to global mortality, with three million deaths reported annually. This impact is expected to increase over the next 40 years, with approximately 5 million people predicted to succumb to COPD-related deaths annually. Immune mechanisms driving disease progression have not been fully elucidated. Airway microbiota have been implicated. However, it is still unclear how changes in the airway microbiome drive persistent immune activation and consequent lung damage. Mechanisms mediating microbiome-immune crosstalk in the airways remain unclear. In this review, we examine how dysbiosis mediates airway inflammation in COPD. We give a detailed account of how airway commensal bacteria interact with the mucosal innate and adaptive immune system to regulate immune responses in healthy or diseased airways. Immune-phenotyping airway microbiota could advance COPD immunotherapeutics and identify key open questions that future research must address to further such translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Kayongo
- Makerere University Lung Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda,Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda,Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda,Department of Medicine, Center for Emerging Pathogens, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| | | | - Trishul Siddharthan
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Moses Levi Ntayi
- Makerere University Lung Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda,Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda,Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Josephine Caren Ndawula
- Makerere University Lung Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Obondo J. Sande
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bernard S. Bagaya
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Bruce Kirenga
- Makerere University Lung Institute, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Harriet Mayanja-Kizza
- Department of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Moses L. Joloba
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sofia K. Forslund
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany,Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation of Charité - Universitatsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany,Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany,*Correspondence: Sofia K. Forslund,
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3
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Xu F, Vasilescu DM, Kinose D, Tanabe N, Ng KW, Coxson HO, Cooper JD, Hackett TL, Verleden SE, Vanaudenaerde BM, Stevenson CS, Lenburg ME, Spira A, Tan WC, Sin DD, Ng RT, Hogg JC. The molecular and cellular mechanisms associated with the destruction of terminal bronchioles in COPD. Eur Respir J 2022; 59:2101411. [PMID: 34675046 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01411-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Peripheral airway obstruction is a key feature of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but the mechanisms of airway loss are unknown. This study aims to identify the molecular and cellular mechanisms associated with peripheral airway obstruction in COPD. METHODS Ten explanted lung specimens donated by patients with very severe COPD treated by lung transplantation and five unused donor control lungs were sampled using systematic uniform random sampling (SURS), resulting in 240 samples. These samples were further examined by micro-computed tomography (CT), quantitative histology and gene expression profiling. RESULTS Micro-CT analysis showed that the loss of terminal bronchioles in COPD occurs in regions of microscopic emphysematous destruction with an average airspace size of ≥500 and <1000 µm, which we have termed a "hot spot". Based on microarray gene expression profiling, the hot spot was associated with an 11-gene signature, with upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes and downregulation of inhibitory immune checkpoint genes, indicating immune response activation. Results from both quantitative histology and the bioinformatics computational tool CIBERSORT, which predicts the percentage of immune cells in tissues from transcriptomic data, showed that the hot spot regions were associated with increased infiltration of CD4 and CD8 T-cell and B-cell lymphocytes. INTERPRETATION The reduction in terminal bronchioles observed in lungs from patients with COPD occurs in a hot spot of microscopic emphysema, where there is upregulation of IFNG signalling, co-stimulatory immune checkpoint genes and genes related to the inflammasome pathway, and increased infiltration of immune cells. These could be potential targets for therapeutic interventions in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- The Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, The University of British Columbia, located at St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dragoş M Vasilescu
- The Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, The University of British Columbia, located at St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Daisuke Kinose
- The Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, The University of British Columbia, located at St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Shiga, Japan
| | - Naoya Tanabe
- The Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, The University of British Columbia, located at St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Harvey O Coxson
- The Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, The University of British Columbia, located at St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joel D Cooper
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tillie-Louise Hackett
- The Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, The University of British Columbia, located at St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stijn E Verleden
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, BREATHE, Dept of CHROMETA, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Marc E Lenburg
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Dept of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Avrum Spira
- Division of Computational Biomedicine, Dept of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wan C Tan
- The Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, The University of British Columbia, located at St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Don D Sin
- The Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, The University of British Columbia, located at St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Raymond T Ng
- The Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, The University of British Columbia, located at St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Dept of Computer Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - James C Hogg
- The Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, The University of British Columbia, located at St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Um-Bergström P, Pourbazargan M, Brundin B, Ström M, Ezerskyte M, Gao J, Berggren Broström E, Melén E, Wheelock ÅM, Lindén A, Sköld CM. Increased cytotoxic T-cells in the airways of adults with former bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Eur Respir J 2022; 60:13993003.02531-2021. [PMID: 35210327 PMCID: PMC9520031 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02531-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rationale Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in preterm-born infants is a risk factor for chronic airway obstruction in adulthood. Cytotoxic T-cells are implicated in COPD, but their involvement in BPD is not known. Objectives To characterise the distribution of airway T-cell subsets in adults with a history of BPD. Methods Young adults with former BPD (n=22; median age 19.6 years), age-matched adults born preterm (n=22), patients with allergic asthma born at term (n=22) and healthy control subjects born at term (n=24) underwent bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). T-cell subsets in BAL were analysed using flow cytometry. Results The total number of cells and the differential cell counts in BAL were similar among the study groups. The percentage of CD3+CD8+ T-cells was higher (p=0.005) and the proportion of CD3+CD4+ T-cells was reduced (p=0.01) in the BPD group, resulting in a lower CD4/CD8 ratio (p=0.007) compared to the healthy controls (median 2.2 versus 5.3). In BPD and preterm-born study subjects, both CD3+CD4+ T-cells (rs=0.38, p=0.03) and CD4/CD8 ratio (rs=0.44, p=0.01) correlated positively with forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1). Furthermore, CD3+CD8+ T-cells were negatively correlated with both FEV1 and FEV1/forced vital capacity (rs= −0.44, p=0.09 and rs= −0.41, p=0.01, respectively). Conclusions Young adults with former BPD have a T-cell subset pattern in the airways resembling features of COPD. Our findings are compatible with the hypothesis that CD3+CD8+ T-cells are involved in mechanisms behind chronic airway obstruction in these patients. Young adults with former BPD display more cytotoxic T-cells in the airways than healthy subjects. These T-cells correlate with FEV1. Thus, cytotoxic T-cells may contribute to the pathology behind chronic airway obstruction in adults with former BPD.https://bit.ly/3soI4lK
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Um-Bergström
- Sachs' Children and Youth Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden petra.um.bergstrom@ki.,Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medicine Solna and Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Melvin Pourbazargan
- Department of Medicine Solna and Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Emergency and Reparative Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bettina Brundin
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marika Ström
- Department of Medicine Solna and Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monika Ezerskyte
- Department of Medicine Solna and Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jing Gao
- Department of Medicine Solna and Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Berggren Broström
- Sachs' Children and Youth Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Melén
- Sachs' Children and Youth Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa M Wheelock
- Department of Medicine Solna and Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Lindén
- Department of Medicine Solna and Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Magnus Sköld
- Department of Medicine Solna and Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Eyraud E, Berger P, Contin-Bordes C, Dupin I. Lymphocytes T CD8+ et fibrocytes : un jeu dangereux dans les bronches distales des patients atteints de bronchopneumopathie chronique obstructive ? Rev Mal Respir 2022; 39:90-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2022.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio‐targeting Theranostics National Center for International Research of Bio‐targeting Theranostics Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy Guangxi Medical University Nanning China
| | - Yong Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio‐targeting Theranostics National Center for International Research of Bio‐targeting Theranostics Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy Guangxi Medical University Nanning China
| | - Jian He
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio‐targeting Theranostics National Center for International Research of Bio‐targeting Theranostics Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy Guangxi Medical University Nanning China
| | - Liping Zhong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio‐targeting Theranostics National Center for International Research of Bio‐targeting Theranostics Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy Guangxi Medical University Nanning China
| | - Yongxiang Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Bio‐targeting Theranostics National Center for International Research of Bio‐targeting Theranostics Collaborative Innovation Center for Targeting Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy Guangxi Medical University Nanning China
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7
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Verschoor CP, Haynes L, Pawelec G, Loeb M, Andrew MK, Kuchel GA, McElhaney JE. Key Determinants of Cell-Mediated Immune Responses: A Randomized Trial of High Dose Vs. Standard Dose Split-Virus Influenza Vaccine in Older Adults. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2021; 2. [PMID: 35128529 PMCID: PMC8813165 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.649110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Efforts to improve influenza vaccine effectiveness in older adults have resulted in some successes, such as the introduction of high-dose split-virus influenza vaccine (HD-SVV), yet studies of cell-mediated immune responses to these vaccines remain limited. We have shown that granzyme B (GrB) activity in influenza A/H3N2 challenged peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) correlates with protection against influenza following standard dose vaccination (SD-SVV) in older adults. Further, the interferon-γ (IFNγ) to interleukin-10 (IL-10) ratio can be a correlate of protection. Methods: In a double-blind trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02297542) older adults (≥65 years, n = 582) were randomized to receive SD-SVV or HD-SVV (Fluzone®) from 2014/15 to 2017/18. Young adults (20–40 years, n = 79) received SD-SVV. At 0, 4, 10, and 20 weeks post-vaccination, serum antibody titers, IFNγ, IL-10, and inducible GrB (iGrB) were measured in ex vivo influenza-challenged PBMC. iGrB is defined as the fold change in GrB activity from baseline levels (bGrB) in circulating T cells. Responses of older adults were compared to younger controls, and in older adults, we analyzed effects of age, sex, cytomegalovirus (CMV) serostatus, frailty, and vaccine dose. Results: Prior to vaccination, younger compared to older adults produced significantly higher IFNγ, IL-10, and iGrB levels. Relative to SD-SVV recipients, older HD-SVV recipients exhibited significantly lower IFNγ:IL-10 ratios at 4 weeks post-vaccination. In contrast, IFNγ and iGrB levels were higher in younger SD vs. older SD or HD recipients; only the HD group showed a significant IFNγ response to vaccination compared to the SD groups; all three groups showed a significant iGrB response to vaccination. In a regression analysis, frailty was associated with lower IFNγ levels, whereas female sex and HD-SVV with higher IL-10 levels. Age and SD-SVV were associated with lower iGrB levels. The effect of prior season influenza vaccination was decreased iGrB levels, and increased IFNγ and IL-10 levels, which correlated with influenza A/H3N2 hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers. Conclusion: Overall, HD-SVV amplified the IL-10 response consistent with enhanced antibody responses, with little effect on the iGrB response relative to SD-SVV in either younger or older adults. These results suggest that enhanced protection with HD-SVV is largely antibody-mediated. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02297542).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris P. Verschoor
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON, Canada
| | - Laura Haynes
- UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Graham Pawelec
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mark Loeb
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Melissa K. Andrew
- Department of Medicine (Geriatrics), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - George A. Kuchel
- UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Janet E. McElhaney
- Health Sciences North Research Institute, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Janet E. McElhaney,
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8
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Wang Z, Liang W, Ma C, Wang J, Gao X, Wei L. Macrophages Inhibit Ciliary Protein Levels by Secreting BMP-2 Leading to Airway Epithelial Remodeling Under Cigarette Smoke Exposure. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:663987. [PMID: 33981724 PMCID: PMC8107431 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.663987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic respiratory disease with high morbidity and mortality worldwide. So far, smoking is still its leading cause. The characteristics of COPD are emphysema and airway remodeling, as well as chronic inflammation, which were predominated by macrophages. Some studies have reported that macrophages were involved in emphysema and chronic inflammation, but whether there is a link between airway remodeling and macrophages remains unclear. In this study, we found that both acute and chronic cigarette smoke exposure led to an increase of macrophages in the lung and a decrease of ciliated cells in the airway epithelium of a mouse model. The results of in vitro experiments showed that the ciliary protein (β-tubulin-IV) levels of BEAS-2B cells could be inhibited when co-cultured with human macrophage line THP-1, and the inhibitory effect was augmented with the stimulation of cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Based on the results of transcriptome sequencing, we focused on the protein, bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), secreted by the macrophage, which might mediate this inhibitory effect. Further studies confirmed that BMP-2 protein inhibited β-tubulin-IV protein levels of BEAS-2B cells under the stimulation of CSE. Coincidentally, this inhibitory effect could be nearly blocked by the BMP receptor inhibitor, LDN, or could be interfered with BMP-2 siRNA. This study suggests that activation and infiltration of macrophages in the lung induced by smoke exposure lead to a high expression of BMP-2, which in turn inhibits the ciliary protein levels of the bronchial epithelial cells, contributing to the remodeling of airway epithelium, and aggravates the development of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Wang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Intensive Care Unit, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenzhang Liang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Cuiqing Ma
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jiachao Wang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xue Gao
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lin Wei
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention on Serious Disease in Hebei Province, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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9
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Velotti F, Barchetta I, Cimini FA, Cavallo MG. Granzyme B in Inflammatory Diseases: Apoptosis, Inflammation, Extracellular Matrix Remodeling, Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:587581. [PMID: 33262766 PMCID: PMC7686573 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.587581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is strictly interconnected to anti-inflammatory mechanisms to maintain tissue homeostasis. The disruption of immune homeostasis can lead to acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, as cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic diseases and cancer. The knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the development and progression of these pathological conditions is important to find effective therapies. Granzyme B (GrB) is a serine protease produced by a variety of immune, non-immune and tumor cells. Apoptotic intracellular and multiple extracellular functions of GrB have been recently identified. Its capability of cleaving extracellular matrix (ECM) components, cytokines, cell receptors and clotting proteins, revealed GrB as a potential multifunctional pro-inflammatory molecule with the capability of contributing to the pathogenesis of different inflammatory conditions, including inflammaging, acute and chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer. Here we give an overview of recent data concerning GrB activity on multiple targets, potentially allowing this enzyme to regulate a wide range of crucial biological processes that play a role in the development, progression and/or severity of inflammatory diseases. We focus our attention on the promotion by GrB of perforin-dependent and perforin-independent (anoikis) apoptosis, inflammation derived by the activation of some cytokines belonging to the IL-1 cytokine family, ECM remodeling, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and fibrosis. A greater comprehension of the pathophysiological consequences of GrB-mediated multiple activities may favor the design of new therapies aim to inhibit different inflammatory pathological conditions such as inflammaging and age-related diseases, EMT and organ fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Velotti
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB), Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Ilaria Barchetta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Agata Cimini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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10
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Kim WD, Chi HS, Choe KH, Kim WS, Hogg JC, Sin DD. The Role of Granzyme B Containing Cells in the Progression of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2020; 83:S25-S33. [PMID: 33076634 PMCID: PMC7837379 DOI: 10.4046/trd.2020.0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lung inflammation plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but the characteristics of the inflammatory process remain unclear. There is growing interest in the role of granzyme B (GzmB) because CD8+ T cells can induce apoptosis of target cells by releasing GzmB, which in turn may cause tissue injury and remodeling. However, GzmB is also expressed by regulatory cells, which are able to suppress CD8+ T cell. The role of GzmB+ cells needs to be defined in COPD. Methods GzmB+ and CD8+ cells on alveolar wall of surgically resected lungs of microscopically classified 12 nonsmoking control, 12 panlobular emphysema (PLE) and 30 centrilobular emphysema (CLE) subjects were localized by immunohistochemical method. Positively stained cells on alveolar wall were counted and length of corresponding alveolar wall was measured. The results were expressed as mean number of positively stained cells per mm of alveolar wall in each subject. Results The number of GzmB+ and CD8+ cells on alveolar wall of CLE was greater than that of control or PLE subjects (p<0.05 and p<0.001, respectively). There was a positive relationship between the number of alveolar GzmB+ cells and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) (r=0.610, p=0.003) in CLE subjects. The number of alveolar GzmB+ cells progressively decreased with decline of FEV1. Conclusion Our finding that number of alveolar GzmB+ cells was associated with FEV1 suggests that GzmB+ cells might have protective role in the progression of lung destruction and airflow limitation in CLE, which is the predominant emphysema subtype of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Dong Kim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Sook Chi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Hyeon Choe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Sung Kim
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - James C Hogg
- The James Hogg iCAPTURE Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Don D Sin
- The James Hogg iCAPTURE Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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11
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Williams M, Todd I, Fairclough LC. The role of CD8 + T lymphocytes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review. Inflamm Res 2020; 70:11-18. [PMID: 33037881 PMCID: PMC7806561 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01408-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN This systematic review aims to establish the role of CD8 + T lymphocytes in COPD. METHODS Forty-eight papers published in the last 15 years were identified for inclusion. RESULTS CD8 + T-cells are increased in the lungs of patients with COPD (17 studies, 16 positive) whereas in the circulation, findings were inconclusive. Activation of CD8 + T-cells was enhanced in lungs (four studies, three positive) but cell phenotype was unclear. There was substantial evidence of a higher proportion of type 1 CD8 + (Tc1) cells in COPD (11 studies, 9 positive), though the population of type 2 (Tc2) cells was also increased (5 studies, 4 positive). CD8 + T-cells in COPD exhibited greater expression of cytotoxic proteins (five studies, five positive). Studies assessed a variety of questions so evidence was insufficient to draw firm conclusions. The role of CD8 + T-cells at acute exacerbation of COPD and also their contribution to alveolar destruction can only be hypothesised at this stage. CONCLUSIONS Not only is the number of CD8 + T-cells increased in COPD, these cells have increased capacity to exert effector functions and are likely to contribute to disease pathogenesis. Several mechanisms highlighted show promise for future investigation to consolidate current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Williams
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Life Sciences Building, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Ian Todd
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Life Sciences Building, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Lucy C Fairclough
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Life Sciences Building, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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12
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Guo-Parke H, Linden D, Weldon S, Kidney JC, Taggart CC. Mechanisms of Virus-Induced Airway Immunity Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of COPD Disease, Progression, and Exacerbation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1205. [PMID: 32655557 PMCID: PMC7325903 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the integrated form of chronic obstructive bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema, characterized by persistent small airway inflammation and progressive irreversible airflow limitation. COPD is characterized by acute pulmonary exacerbations and associated accelerated lung function decline, hospitalization, readmission and an increased risk of mortality, leading to huge social-economic burdens. Recent evidence suggests ~50% of COPD acute exacerbations are connected with a range of respiratory viral infections. Nevertheless, respiratory viral infections have been linked to the severity and frequency of exacerbations and virus-induced secondary bacterial infections often result in a synergistic decline of lung function and longer hospitalization. Here, we review current advances in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of COPD and the increased susceptibility to virus-induced exacerbations and associated immune dysfunction in patients with COPD. The multiple immune regulators and inflammatory signaling pathways known to be involved in host-virus responses are discussed. As respiratory viruses primarily target airway epithelial cells, virus-induced inflammatory responses in airway epithelium are of particular focus. Targeting virus-induced inflammatory pathways in airway epithelial cells such as Toll like receptors (TLRs), interferons, inflammasomes, or direct blockade of virus entry and replication may represent attractive future therapeutic targets with improved efficacy. Elucidation of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of virus infections in COPD pathogenesis will undoubtedly facilitate the development of these potential novel therapies that may attenuate the relentless progression of this heterogeneous and complex disease and reduce morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Guo-Parke
- Airway Innate Immunity Research Group, Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Dermot Linden
- Airway Innate Immunity Research Group, Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Sinéad Weldon
- Airway Innate Immunity Research Group, Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph C Kidney
- Department of Respiratory Medicine Mater Hospital Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Clifford C Taggart
- Airway Innate Immunity Research Group, Wellcome Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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Gao S, Chen J, Xie J, Wang J. The effects of BAFF on T lymphocytes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res 2020; 21:66. [PMID: 32160903 PMCID: PMC7066828 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01333-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It has been reported that B cell activating factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF) expression is increased in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However its role in this chronic inflammatory disease is not fully understood. Previous studies have suggested that BAFF also affects T cell function. We therefore investigated the effects of BAFF on T lymphocytes in COPD. Methods BAFF was detected in the cells of sputum and the plasma. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from COPD patients and treated with BAFF or BAFF plus BR3-Fc (BAFF antagonist). The apoptosis of CD4+ cells and CD8+ cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. CD4+ cells and CD8+ cells were isolated from peripheral blood of COPD patients respectively and treated with BAFF or BAFF plus BR3-Fc. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) were detected in the CD4+ cells, and perforin and granzyme B were detected in the CD8+ cells. Results BAFF expression was increased in the cells of sputum and the plasma from COPD patients compared with control subjects. The plasma BAFF levels were inversely correlated with FEV1 percentage of predicted in patients with COPD. BAFF did not significantly alter the apoptosis of CD4+ cells, however it significantly inhibited the apoptosis of CD8+ cells from COPD patients. BAFF increased IFN-γ expression in the CD4+ cells from COPD patients, while it did not significantly alter the expresson of IL-4 in these cells. BAFF increased the expression of perforin and granzyme B in the CD8+ cells from COPD patients. Conclusions Our findings indicate that BAFF may be involved in the inflammatory response in COPD via affecting T lymphocytes, suggesting a possible role of BAFF in the pathogenesis of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shupei Gao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jinqing Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jungang Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jianmiao Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Paul T, Blanco I, Aguilar D, Tura-Ceide O, Bonjoch C, Smolders VF, Peinado VI, Barberà JA. Therapeutic effects of soluble guanylate cyclase stimulation on pulmonary hemodynamics and emphysema development in guinea pigs chronically exposed to cigarette smoke. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2019; 317:L222-L234. [PMID: 31166128 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00399.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have analyzed the effect of the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulator BAY 41-2272 in a therapeutic intervention in guinea pigs chronically exposed to cigarette smoke (CS). The effects of sGC stimulation on respiratory function, pulmonary hemodynamics, airspace size, vessel remodeling, and inflammatory cell recruitment to the lungs were evaluated in animals that had been exposed to CS for 3 mo. CS exposure was continued for an additional 3 mo in half of the animals and withdrawn in the other half. Animals that stopped CS exposure had slightly lower pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) and right ventricle (RV) hypertrophy than those who continued CS exposure, but they did not recover from the emphysema and the inflammatory cell infiltrate. Conversely, oral BAY 41-2272 administration stopped progression or even reversed the CS-induced emphysema in both current and former smokers, respectively. Furthermore, BAY 41-2272 produced a reduction in the RV hypertrophy, which correlated with a decrease in the PAP values. By contrast, the degree of vessel remodeling induced by CS remained unchanged in the treated animals. Functional network analysis suggested perforin/granzyme pathway downregulation as an action mechanism capable of stopping the progression of emphysema after sGC stimulation. The pathway analysis also showed normalization of the expression of cGMP-dependent serine/kinases. In conclusion, in guinea pigs chronically exposed to CS, sGC stimulation exerts beneficial effects on the lung parenchyma and the pulmonary vasculature, suggesting that sGC stimulators might be a potential alternative for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treatment that deserves further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Paul
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Respiratory Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Blanco
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Respiratory Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Aguilar
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Hepatic and Digestive Diseases, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Tura-Ceide
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Respiratory Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Bonjoch
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Valérie F Smolders
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor I Peinado
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Respiratory Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan A Barberà
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Respiratory Diseases, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Relationship between neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and short-term prognosis in the chronic obstructive pulmonary patients with acute exacerbation. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20190675. [PMID: 31015366 PMCID: PMC6522720 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20190675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We retrospectively collected data from a large sample size of population and explore the relationship between neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and adverse outcomes, and assessed the clinical prognostic utility of NLR in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary patients with acute exacerbation (AECOPD). We reviewed 3 years medical case records, 622 patients were identified including 48 died and 574 alive. Compared with alive group, the died group had significantly elevated neutrophils, lymphocyte, and NLR level (P<0.001). The high-sensitive C-protein level of died group was also higher compared with alive group (7.48 ± 4.2 vs 1.26 ± 0.56, vs P<0.001). The univariate logistic regression indicated that elevated NLR level was associated with the increased of adverse outcome (odds ratio [OR] = 4.59, 95% CI: 2.27–8.94, P<0.001). After adjusted potential confounding factors, the elevated NLR level was still associated with adverse outcomes in the chronic obstructive pulmonary patients with acute exacerbation (OR = 2.05, 95% CI: 1.21–3.48, P=0.008). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for death at 90 days was 0.742 (95% CI: 0.554–0.881). NLR cutoff of >4.19 had a sensitivity of 71.4% and specificity of 74.2%. Our results suggested that NLR, as a rapid, inexpensive and easily obtained blood routine index was associated with short-term adverse outcomes in patients with AECOPD. The elevated NLR predicted the increased the risk of 90-day mortality in patients with AECOPD.
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Wang Y, Xu J, Meng Y, Adcock IM, Yao X. Role of inflammatory cells in airway remodeling in COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2018; 13:3341-3348. [PMID: 30349237 PMCID: PMC6190811 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s176122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
COPD is characterized by chronic bronchitis, chronic airway obstruction, and emphysema, leading to a progressive and irreversible decline in lung function. Inflammation is central for the development of COPD. Chronic inflammation in COPD mainly involves the infiltration of neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and other inflammatory cells into the small airways. The contribution of resident airway structural cells to the inflammatory process is also important in COPD. Airway remodeling consists of detrimental changes in structural tissues and cells including airway wall thickening, epithelial metaplasia, goblet cell hypertrophy, and smooth muscle hyperplasia. Persistent airway inflammation might contribute to airway remodeling and small airway obstruction. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this review, we will provide an overview of recent insights into the role of major immunoinflammatory cells in COPD airway remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Jiayan Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,
| | - Yaqi Meng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Cell and Molecular Biology Group, Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Xin Yao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,
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17
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Pfeffer PE, Ho TR, Mann EH, Kelly FJ, Sehlstedt M, Pourazar J, Dove RE, Sandstrom T, Mudway IS, Hawrylowicz CM. Urban particulate matter stimulation of human dendritic cells enhances priming of naive CD8 T lymphocytes. Immunology 2018; 153:502-512. [PMID: 29044495 PMCID: PMC5838419 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have consistently shown associations between elevated concentrations of urban particulate matter (UPM) air pollution and exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which are both associated with viral respiratory infections. The effects of UPM on dendritic cell (DC) -stimulated CD4 T lymphocytes have been investigated previously, but little work has focused on CD8 T-lymphocyte responses despite their importance in anti-viral immunity. To address this, we examined the effects of UPM on DC-stimulated naive CD8 T-cell responses. Expression of the maturation/activation markers CD83, CCR7, CD40 and MHC class I on human myeloid DCs (mDCs) was characterized by flow cytometry after stimulation with UPMin vitro in the presence/absence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). The capacity of these mDCs to stimulate naive CD8 T-lymphocyte responses in allogeneic co-culture was then assessed by measuring T-cell cytokine secretion using cytometric bead array, and proliferation and frequency of interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-producing T lymphocytes by flow cytometry. Treatment of mDCs with UPM increased expression of CD83 and CCR7, but not MHC class I. In allogeneic co-cultures, UPM treatment of mDCs enhanced CD8 T-cell proliferation and the frequency of IFN-γ+ cells. The secretion of tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-13, Granzyme A and Granzyme B were also increased. GM-CSF alone, and in concert with UPM, enhanced many of these T-cell functions. The PM-induced increase in Granzyme A was confirmed in a human experimental diesel exposure study. These data demonstrate that UPM treatment of mDCs enhances priming of naive CD8 T lymphocytes and increases production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Such UPM-induced stimulation of CD8 cells may potentiate T-lymphocyte cytotoxic responses upon concurrent airway infection, increasing bystander damage to the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E. Pfeffer
- MRC and Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of AsthmaKing's College LondonGuy's HospitalLondonUK
- Present address:
William Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonEC1M 6BQUK
| | - Tzer R. Ho
- MRC and Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of AsthmaKing's College LondonGuy's HospitalLondonUK
| | - Elizabeth H. Mann
- MRC and Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of AsthmaKing's College LondonGuy's HospitalLondonUK
| | - Frank J. Kelly
- MRC and Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of AsthmaKing's College LondonGuy's HospitalLondonUK
- Environmental Research GroupMRC‐PHE Centre for Environment and HealthKing's College LondonLondonUK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental HazardsFaculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Maria Sehlstedt
- Division of MedicineDepartment of Public Health and Clinical MedicineUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Jamshid Pourazar
- Division of MedicineDepartment of Public Health and Clinical MedicineUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Rosamund E. Dove
- Environmental Research GroupMRC‐PHE Centre for Environment and HealthKing's College LondonLondonUK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental HazardsFaculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Thomas Sandstrom
- Division of MedicineDepartment of Public Health and Clinical MedicineUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Ian S. Mudway
- Environmental Research GroupMRC‐PHE Centre for Environment and HealthKing's College LondonLondonUK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental HazardsFaculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Catherine M. Hawrylowicz
- MRC and Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of AsthmaKing's College LondonGuy's HospitalLondonUK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental HazardsFaculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
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Arias M, Martínez-Lostao L, Santiago L, Ferrandez A, Granville DJ, Pardo J. The Untold Story of Granzymes in Oncoimmunology: Novel Opportunities with Old Acquaintances. Trends Cancer 2017; 3:407-422. [PMID: 28718416 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For more than 20 years perforin and granzymes (GZMs) have been recognized as key cell death executors of cytotoxic T (Tc) and natural killer (NK) cells during cancer immunosurveillance. In immune surveillance, perforin and GZMB, the most potent cytotoxic molecules, act mainly as antitumoral and anti-infectious factors. However, when expressed by immune regulatory cells they may contribute to immune evasion of specific cancer types. By contrast, the other major granzyme, GZMA, seems not to play a major role in Tc/NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity, but acts as a proinflammatory cytokine that might contribute to cancer development. Members of the GZM family also regulate other biological processes unrelated to cell death, such as angiogenesis, vascular integrity, extracellular matrix remodeling, and barrier function, all of which contribute to cancer initiation and progression. Thus, a new paradigm is emerging in the field of oncoimmunology. Can GZMs act as protumoral factors under some circumstances? We review the diverse roles of GZMs in cancer progression, and new therapeutic opportunities emerging from targeting these protumoral roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maykel Arias
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Luis Martínez-Lostao
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, and Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine, and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Servicio de Inmunología Hospital Clínico Universitario Lorenzo Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain; Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Llipsy Santiago
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Angel Ferrandez
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Servicio de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Clínico Universitario Lorenzo Blesa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - David J Granville
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Julián Pardo
- Fundación Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Biomedical Research Centre of Aragon (CIBA), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, and Department of Microbiology, Preventive Medicine, and Public Health, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; Nanoscience Institute of Aragon (INA), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain; Aragon I+D Foundation (ARAID), Zaragoza, Spain.
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den Otter I, Willems LNA, van Schadewijk A, van Wijngaarden S, Janssen K, de Jeu RC, Sont JK, Sterk PJ, Hiemstra PS. Lung function decline in asthma patients with elevated bronchial CD8, CD4 and CD3 cells. Eur Respir J 2016; 48:393-402. [PMID: 27230446 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.01525-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Which inflammatory markers in the bronchial mucosa of asthma patients are associated with decline of lung function during 14 years of prospective follow-up?To address this question, 19 mild-to-moderate, atopic asthmatic patients underwent spirometry and bronchoscopy at baseline and after 14 years of follow-up (t=14). Baseline bronchial biopsies were analysed for reticular layer thickness, eosinophil cationic protein (EG2), mast cell tryptase (AA1), CD3, CD4 and CD8. Follow-up biopsies were stained for EG2, AA1, neutrophil elastase, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, granzyme B, CD68, DC-SIGN, Ki67 and mucins.Decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) % predicted was highest in patients with high CD8 (p=0.01, both pre- and post-bronchodilator) or high CD4 counts at baseline (p=0.04 pre-bronchodilator, p=0.03 post-bronchodilator). Patients with high CD8, CD3 or granzyme B counts at t=14 also exhibited faster decline in FEV1 (p=0.00 CD8 pre-bronchodilator, p=0.04 CD8 post-bronchodilator, p=0.01 granzyme B pre-bronchodilator, and p<0.01 CD3 pre-bronchodilator).Long-term lung function decline in asthma is associated with elevation of bronchial CD8 and CD4 at baseline, and CD8, CD3 and granzyme B at follow-up. This suggests that high-risk groups can be identified on the basis of inflammatory phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene den Otter
- Dept of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Luuk N A Willems
- Dept of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Kirsten Janssen
- Dept of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald C de Jeu
- Dept of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob K Sont
- Dept of Medical Decision Making, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Sterk
- Dept of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter S Hiemstra
- Dept of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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20
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Martinez L, Gomez C, Vazquez-Padron RI. Age-related changes in monocytes exacerbate neointimal hyperplasia after vascular injury. Oncotarget 2016; 6:17054-64. [PMID: 25965835 PMCID: PMC4627291 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neointimal hyperplasia is the leading cause of restenosis after endovascular interventions. It is characterized by the accumulation of myofibroblast-like cells and extracellular matrix in the innermost layer of the wall and is exacerbated by inflammation. Monocytes from either young or aged rats were applied perivascularly to injured vascular walls of young recipient animals. Monocytes from aged rats, but not young donors, increased neointima thickness. Accordingly, the gene expression profiles of CD11b+ monocytes from aged rats showed significant up-regulation of genes involved in cellular adhesion, lipid degradation, cytotoxicity, differentiation, and inflammation. These included cadherin 13 (Cdh13), colony stimulating factor 1 (Csf1), chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 1 (Cxcl1), endothelial cell-selective adhesion molecule (Esam), and interferon gamma (Ifng). In conclusion, our results suggest that the increased inflammatory and adhesive profile of monocytes contributes to pathological wall remodeling in aged-related vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laisel Martinez
- Department of Surgery and Vascular Biology Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Camilo Gomez
- Department of Surgery and Vascular Biology Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Roberto I Vazquez-Padron
- Department of Surgery and Vascular Biology Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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21
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Annoni R, Silva LFF, Nussbaumer-Ochsner Y, van Schadewijk A, Mauad T, Hiemstra PS, Rabe KF. Increased expression of granzymes A and B in fatal asthma. Eur Respir J 2015; 45:1485-8. [DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00213814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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22
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Yoshizaki K, Brito JM, Moriya HT, Toledo AC, Ferzilan S, Ligeiro de Oliveira AP, Machado ID, Farsky SHP, Silva LFF, Martins MA, Saldiva PHN, Mauad T, Macchione M. Chronic exposure of diesel exhaust particles induces alveolar enlargement in mice. Respir Res 2015; 16:18. [PMID: 25848680 PMCID: PMC4345004 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0172-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) are deposited into the respiratory tract and are thought to be a risk factor for the development of diseases of the respiratory system. In healthy individuals, the timing and mechanisms of respiratory tract injuries caused by chronic exposure to air pollution remain to be clarified. Methods We evaluated the effects of chronic exposure to DEP at doses below those found in a typical bus corridor in Sao Paulo (150 μg/m3). Male BALB/c mice were divided into mice receiving a nasal instillation: saline (saline; n = 30) and 30 μg/10 μL of DEP (DEP; n = 30). Nasal instillations were performed five days a week, over a period of 90 days. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed, and the concentrations of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10, IL-13 and interferon-gamma (INF-γ) were determined by ELISA-immunoassay. Assessment of respiratory mechanics was performed. The gene expression of Muc5ac in lung was evaluated by RT-PCR. The presence of IL-13, MAC2+ macrophages, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ T cells and CD20+ B cells in tissues was analysed by immunohistochemistry. Bronchial thickness and the collagen/elastic fibers density were evaluated by morphometry. We measured the mean linear intercept (Lm), a measure of alveolar distension, and the mean airspace diameter (D0) and statistical distribution (D2). Results DEP decreased IFN-γ levels in BAL (p = 0.03), but did not significantly alter IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 levels. MAC2+ macrophage, CD4+ T cell and CD20+ B cell numbers were not altered; however, numbers of CD3+ T cells (p ≤ 0.001) and CD8+ T cells (p ≤ 0.001) increased in the parenchyma. Although IL-13 (p = 0.008) expression decreased in the bronchiolar epithelium, Muc5ac gene expression was not altered in the lung of DEP-exposed animals. Although respiratory mechanics, elastic and collagen density were not modified, the mean linear intercept (Lm) was increased in the DEP-exposed animals (p ≤ 0.001), and the index D2 was statistically different (p = 0.038) from the control animals. Conclusion Our data suggest that nasal instillation of low doses of DEP over a period of 90 days results in alveolar enlargement in the pulmonary parenchyma of healthy mice. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12931-015-0172-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Freeman CM, Crudgington S, Stolberg VR, Brown JP, Sonstein J, Alexis NE, Doerschuk CM, Basta PV, Carretta EE, Couper DJ, Hastie AT, Kaner RJ, O'Neal WK, Paine R, Rennard SI, Shimbo D, Woodruff PG, Zeidler M, Curtis JL. Design of a multi-center immunophenotyping analysis of peripheral blood, sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the Subpopulations and Intermediate Outcome Measures in COPD Study (SPIROMICS). J Transl Med 2015; 13:19. [PMID: 25622723 PMCID: PMC4314767 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-014-0374-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Subpopulations and Intermediate Outcomes in COPD Study (SPIROMICS) is a multi-center longitudinal, observational study to identify novel phenotypes and biomarkers of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In a subset of 300 subjects enrolled at six clinical centers, we are performing flow cytometric analyses of leukocytes from induced sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and peripheral blood. To minimize several sources of variability, we use a “just-in-time” design that permits immediate staining without pre-fixation of samples, followed by centralized analysis on a single instrument. Methods The Immunophenotyping Core prepares 12-color antibody panels, which are shipped to the six Clinical Centers shortly before study visits. Sputum induction occurs at least two weeks before a bronchoscopy visit, at which time peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage are collected. Immunostaining is performed at each clinical site on the day that the samples are collected. Samples are fixed and express shipped to the Immunophenotyping Core for data acquisition on a single modified LSR II flow cytometer. Results are analyzed using FACS Diva and FloJo software and cross-checked by Core scientists who are blinded to subject data. Results Thus far, a total of 152 sputum samples and 117 samples of blood and BAL have been returned to the Immunophenotyping Core. Initial quality checks indicate useable data from 126 sputum samples (83%), 106 blood samples (91%) and 91 BAL samples (78%). In all three sample types, we are able to identify and characterize the activation state or subset of multiple leukocyte cell populations (including CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils), thereby demonstrating the validity of the antibody panel. Conclusions Our study design, which relies on bi-directional communication between clinical centers and the Core according to a pre-specified protocol, appears to reduce several sources of variability often seen in flow cytometric studies involving multiple clinical sites. Because leukocytes contribute to lung pathology in COPD, these analyses will help achieve SPIROMICS aims of identifying subgroups of patients with specific COPD phenotypes. Future analyses will correlate cell-surface markers on a given cell type with smoking history, spirometry, airway measurements, and other parameters. Trial registration This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT01969344.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Freeman
- Research Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA. .,Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Sean Crudgington
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Valerie R Stolberg
- Research Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
| | - Jeanette P Brown
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Joanne Sonstein
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Neil E Alexis
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Claire M Doerschuk
- Center for Airways Disease, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Patricia V Basta
- Marsico Lung Institute/University of North Carolina Cystic Fibrosis Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Elizabeth E Carretta
- Marsico Lung Institute/University of North Carolina Cystic Fibrosis Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - David J Couper
- Marsico Lung Institute/University of North Carolina Cystic Fibrosis Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Annette T Hastie
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| | - Robert J Kaner
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
| | - Wanda K O'Neal
- Marsico Lung Institute/University of North Carolina Cystic Fibrosis Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Robert Paine
- Division of Pulmonary, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| | - Stephen I Rennard
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Daichi Shimbo
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Prescott G Woodruff
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Michelle Zeidler
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Jeffrey L Curtis
- Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine Section, Medicine Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA. .,Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. .,Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Section (506/111G), Department of Veterans Affairs Healthsystem, 2215 Fuller Road, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105-2303, USA.
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Blessing or curse? Proteomics in granzyme research. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 8:351-81. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201300096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Leung JM, Liu JC, Mtambo A, Ngan D, Nashta N, Guillemi S, Harris M, Lima VD, Mattman A, Shaipanich T, Raju R, Hague C, Leipsic JA, Sin DD, Montaner JS, Man SP. The determinants of poor respiratory health status in adults living with human immunodeficiency virus infection. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2014; 28:240-7. [PMID: 24742270 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2013.0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The increased longevity afforded by combination antiretroviral therapy in developed countries has led to an increased concern regarding senescence-related diseases in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Previous epidemiologic analyses have demonstrated an increased risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well as a significant burden of respiratory symptoms in HIV-infected patients. We performed the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) in 199 HIV-positive men, and determined the predominant factors contributing to poor respiratory-related health status. In univariate analyses, worse SGRQ scores were associated with respiratory-related variables such as greater smoking pack-year history (p=0.028), lower forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) (p<0.001), and worse emphysema severity as quantified by computed tomographic imaging (p=0.017). In addition, HIV-specific variables, such as a history of plasma viral load >100,000 copies/mL (p=0.043), lower nadir CD4 cell count (p=0.040), and current CD4 cell count ≤350 cells/μL (p=0.005), as well as elevated levels of inflammatory markers, specifically plasma interleukin (IL)-6 (p=0.002) and alpha-1 antitrypsin (p=0.005) were also associated with worse SGRQ scores. In a multiple regression model, FEV1, current CD4 count ≤350 cells/μL, and IL-6 levels remained significant contributors to reduced respiratory-related health status. HIV disease activity as measured by HIV-related immunosuppression in conjunction with the triggering of key inflammatory pathways may be important determinants of worse respiratory health status among HIV-infected individuals. Limitations of this analysis include the absence of available echocardiograms, diffusion capacity and lung volume testing, and an all-male cohort due to the demographics of the clinic population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph C. Liu
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Andy Mtambo
- AIDS Research Program, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David Ngan
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Negar Nashta
- AIDS Research Program, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Silvia Guillemi
- AIDS Research Program, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Division of HIV/AIDS, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marianne Harris
- AIDS Research Program, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Division of HIV/AIDS, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Viviane D. Lima
- BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Andre Mattman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tawimas Shaipanich
- UBC Department of Medicine and Division of Respiratory Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Rekha Raju
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cameron Hague
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jonathon A. Leipsic
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Don D. Sin
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- UBC Department of Medicine and Division of Respiratory Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Julio S. Montaner
- BC Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - S.F. Paul Man
- UBC James Hogg Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- UBC Department of Medicine and Division of Respiratory Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Ko FWS, Lim TK, Hancox RJ, Yang IA. Year in review 2013: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma and airway biology. Respirology 2014; 19:438-47. [PMID: 24708033 DOI: 10.1111/resp.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fanny W S Ko
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Inflammation and immune response in COPD: where do we stand? Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:413735. [PMID: 23956502 PMCID: PMC3728539 DOI: 10.1155/2013/413735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that chronic inflammatory and immune responses play key roles in the development and progression of COPD. Recent data provide evidence for a role in the NLRP3 inflammasome in the airway inflammation observed in COPD. Cigarette smoke activates innate immune cells by triggering pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to release “danger signal”. These signals act as ligands to Toll-like receptors (TLRs), triggering the production of cytokines and inducing innate inflammation. In smokers who develop COPD there appears to be a specific pattern of inflammation in the airways and parenchyma as a result of both innate and adaptive immune responses, with the predominance of CD8+ and CD4+ cells, and in the more severe disease, with the presence of lymphoid follicles containing B lymphocytes and T cells. Furthermore, viral and bacterial infections interfere with the chronic inflammation seen in stable COPD and exacerbations via pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Finally, autoimmunity is another novel aspect that may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of COPD. This review is un update of the currently discussed roles of inflammatory and immune responses in the pathogenesis of COPD.
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