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Shen MJ, Pan DC, Du L, Jiang GJ. Clinical Research into Treating Unexplained Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion during Early Pregnancy with the Qing Yi Tiao Mian Formula. Explore (NY) 2023; 19:52-57. [PMID: 35397998 DOI: 10.1016/j.explore.2022.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aims to analyze the clinical effect of the Qing Yi Tiao Mian (QYTM) formula on unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (URSA) during early pregnancy and the immune balance of T lymphocytes. METHODS With their consent, 45 patients with URSA in weeks 4-9 of pregnancy were separated into three groups, i.e., the conventional fetal protection (n = 15), prednisone treatment (n = 10), and QYTM formula treatment (n = 20) groups. These patients received treatment once they had been diagnosed with an intrauterine pregnancy. The conventional fetal protection group was given progesterone (20 ∼ 40 mg daily injection) for four weeks. The prednisone treatment group was given progesterone (20 ∼ 40 mg daily injection) + prednisone (5 mg/d) for four weeks. The QYTM formula treatment group was given progesterone (20 ∼ 40 mg daily injection) + QYTM formula (one dose per day) for four weeks. In addition, women who had previously had a normal pregnancy were enrolled as a control group (n = 18). The success rate of the pregnancy in the first trimester was observed in each group, and the proportion of T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood before and after treatment was recorded. RESULTS Among the 20 patients with URSA in the QYTM formula treatment group, 19 remained pregnant. Thus, the success rate during early pregnancy was 95%, which was significantly higher than the conventional fetal protection (53.33%) and prednisone treatment (70%) groups. The CD8+ T and natural killer (NK) cells population in the URSA groups was higher compared with the control group (P < 0.01). The QYTM formula treatment significantly decreased the ratio of CD8+ T lymphocytes (P < 0.01) and NK cells (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The QYTM formula significantly decreased the spontaneous abortion rate in patients with URSA during early pregnancy. The mechanism may be closely related to the inhibition of the killer lymphocytes' proliferation by CD8+ T lymphocytes and NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Jie Shen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ding-Chen Pan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Le Du
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Guo-Jing Jiang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shuguang Hospital affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Wang H, Su C, Li Z, Ma C, Hong L, Li Z, Ma X, Xu Y, Wei X, Geng Y, Zhang W, Li P, Gu J. Evaluation of multiple immune cells and patient outcomes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1091098. [PMID: 36891293 PMCID: PMC9986480 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1091098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent reports indicate that immune cells in solid cancers have significant predictive and therapeutic value. IgG4 is a subclass of IgG and we recently found that it exerted an inhibitory effect in tumor immunity. We aimed to assess the significance of IgG4 and T cell subtypes in tumor prognosis. We investigated the density, distribution and relationship of five immune markers CD4, CD8, Foxp3, IL-10 and IgG4 with multiple immunostaining method in 118 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) together with clinical data. The relationship among different immune cell types and with clinical data were analyzed with Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards model to identify independent risk factors among immune and clinicopathological parameters. Five-year survival rate of these patients treated with surgery reached 61%. Higher number of CD4+ plus CD8+ T cells predicted better prognosis (p=0.01) in tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) and could add to the value of TNM staging. Density of the newly identified immune inhibitor IgG4+ B lymphocytes was found positively correlated to that of CD4+ cells (p=0.02) and IL-10+ cells (p=0.0005), but number of infiltrating IgG4+ cells by itself was not an independent factor for prognosis. However, increased serum concentration of IgG4 indicated a poor prognosis of ESCC (p=0.03). 5-year survival rate of esophageal cancer after surgery has been significantly improved. Increased T cells in TLS predicted better survival, suggesting that T cells in TLS may actively participate in anti-tumor immunity. Serum IgG4 could be a useful predictor of prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine, Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chanjuan Su
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine, Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziteng Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine, Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Changchun Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liangli Hong
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine, Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine, Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaonan Ma
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine, Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yien Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaolong Wei
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiqun Geng
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine, Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine, Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Penghao Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine, Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China.,Jinxin Research Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Xinan Hospital for Maternal and Child Health Care, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiang Gu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Personalized Medicine, Center of Collaborative and Creative Center, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China.,Jinxin Research Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Xinan Hospital for Maternal and Child Health Care, Chengdu, China
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Zhang F, Niu M, Guo K, Ma Y, Fu Q, Liu Y, Feng Z, Mi W, Wang L. The immunometabolite S-2-hydroxyglutarate exacerbates perioperative ischemic brain injury and cognitive dysfunction by enhancing CD8 + T lymphocyte-mediated neurotoxicity. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:176. [PMID: 35799259 PMCID: PMC9264651 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02537-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic dysregulation and disruption of immune homeostasis have been widely associated with perioperative complications including perioperative ischemic stroke. Although immunometabolite S-2-hydroxyglutarate (S-2HG) is an emerging regulator of immune cells and thus triggers the immune response, it is unclear whether and how S-2HG elicits perioperative ischemic brain injury and exacerbates post-stroke cognitive dysfunction. Methods Perioperative ischemic stroke was induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion for 60 min in C57BL/6 mice 1 day after ileocecal resection. CD8+ T lymphocyte activation and invasion of the cerebrovascular compartment were measured using flow cytometry. Untargeted metabolomic profiling was performed to detect metabolic changes in sorted CD8+ T lymphocytes after ischemia. CD8+ T lymphocytes were transfected with lentivirus ex vivo to mobilize cell proliferation and differentiation before being transferred into recombination activating gene 1 (Rag1−/−) stroke mice. Results The perioperative stroke mice exhibit more severe cerebral ischemic injury and neurological dysfunction than the stroke-only mice. CD8+ T lymphocyte invasion of brain parenchyma and neurotoxicity augment cerebral ischemic injury in the perioperative stroke mice. CD8+ T lymphocyte depletion reverses exacerbated immune-mediated cerebral ischemic brain injury in perioperative stroke mice. Perioperative ischemic stroke triggers aberrant metabolic alterations in peripheral CD8+ T cells, in which S-2HG is more abundant. S-2HG alters CD8+ T lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation ex vivo and modulates the immune-mediated ischemic brain injury and post-stroke cognitive dysfunction by enhancing CD8+ T lymphocyte-mediated neurotoxicity. Conclusion Our study establishes that S-2HG signaling-mediated activation and neurotoxicity of CD8+ T lymphocytes might exacerbate perioperative ischemic brain injury and may represent a promising immunotherapy target in perioperative ischemic stroke. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02537-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faqiang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Mu Niu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Kaikai Guo
- Department of Pain Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yulong Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yanhong Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Zeguo Feng
- Department of Pain Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Weidong Mi
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Pain Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China.
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Sun Y, Zhang Y, Yu H, Wang H, Shao Z, Liu C. Cofilin-1 participates in the hyperfunction of myeloid dendritic cells in patients with severe aplastic anaemia. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:3460-3470. [PMID: 35579089 PMCID: PMC9189344 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cofilin‐1 interacts with actin to regulate cell movement. The importance of cofilin‐1 in immunity has been established, and its involvement in a number of autoimmune diseases has been confirmed. However, its role in severe aplastic anaemia (SAA) remains elusive. Thus, the aim of the current study was to investigate the role of cofilin‐1 in patients with SAA. Flow cytometry, Western blotting and real‐time quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction were performed to detect the mRNA and protein expression of cofilin‐1 in myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) from patients with SAA. The expression of cofilin‐1 was then suppressed via siRNA, and its effects on mDCs and downstream effector T‐cell function were evaluated. Cofilin‐1 expression was higher in mDCs from patients with SAA and correlated with routine blood and immune indexes. Moreover, cofilin‐1 knockdown in mDCs from patients with SAA reduced their phagocytic capacity, migration capacity, and CD86 expression through F‐actin remodelling, downregulating the stimulatory capacity of mDCs on CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. Collectively, these findings indicate that cofilin‐1 participates in the hyperfunction of mDCs in patients with SAA and that the downregulation of cofilin‐1 in mDCs from patients with SAA could be a novel treatment approach for SAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Sun
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Huaquan Wang
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zonghong Shao
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Xie Q, Ding J, Chen Y. Role of CD8 + T lymphocyte cells: Interplay with stromal cells in tumor microenvironment. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1365-78. [PMID: 34221857 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T lymphocytes are pivotal cells in the host response to antitumor immunity. Tumor-driven microenvironments provide the conditions necessary for regulating infiltrating CD8+ T cells in favor of tumor survival, including weakening CD8+ T cell activation, driving tumor cells to impair immune attack, and recruiting other cells to reprogram the immune milieu. Also in tumor microenvironment, stromal cells exert immunosuppressive skills to avoid CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity. In this review, we explore the universal function and fate decision of infiltrated CD8+ T cells and highlight their antitumor response within various stromal architectures in the process of confronting neoantigen-specific tumor cells. Thus, this review provides a foundation for the development of antitumor therapy based on CD8+ T lymphocyte manipulation.
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Abstract
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a chronic autoimmune disease associated with damage to multiple organs and glands. The most common clinical manifestations are dry eyes, dry mouth, and enlarged salivary glands. Currently, CD4+ T lymphocytes are considered to be key factors in the immunopathogenesis of pSS, but various studies have shown that CD8+ T lymphocytes contribute to acinar injury in the exocrine glands. Therefore, in this review, we discussed the classification and features of CD8+ T lymphocytes, specifically describing the role of CD8+ T lymphocytes in disease pathophysiology. Furthermore, we presented treatment strategies targeting CD8+ T cells to capitalize on the pathogenic and regulatory potential of CD8+ T lymphocytes in SS to provide promising new strategies for this inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People’s Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People’s Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People’s Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Grywalska E, Smarz-Widelska I, Korona-Głowniak I, Mertowski S, Gosik K, Hymos A, Ludian J, Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej P, Roliński J, Załuska W. PD-1 and PD-L1 Expression on Circulating Lymphocytes as a Marker of Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation-Associated Proliferative Glomerulonephritis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218001. [PMID: 33121190 PMCID: PMC7663145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations to the programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) pathway were previously shown to be involved in a poorer prognosis for patients with proliferative glomerulonephritis (PGN). Here, we investigated the association between several infectious agents and the expression of PD-1 and its ligand (PD-L1) on T and B lymphocytes in patients with PGN and nonproliferative glomerulonephritis (NPGN). A cohort of 45 newly-diagnosed patients (23 with PGN and 22 with NPGN) and 20 healthy volunteers was enrolled. The percentage of peripheral blood mononuclear cells expressing PD-1 and PD-L1 antigens was determined by flow cytometry. We found PD-1 and PD-L1 expression on T and B lymphocytes was higher in PGN patients than in NPGN patients and controls. We also found that reactivation of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) correlated with the expression of PD-1/PD-L1 antigens in patients with PGN. Further receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated that PD-1 expression could distinguish EBV-positive PGN patients from those with NPGN or healthy controls. The use of PD-1 expression as a non-invasive marker of PGN should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (S.M.); (K.G.); (J.L.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-8144-86420
| | - Iwona Smarz-Widelska
- Department of Nephrology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski Provincial Hospital in Lublin, 20-718 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Izabela Korona-Głowniak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Sebastian Mertowski
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (S.M.); (K.G.); (J.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Krzysztof Gosik
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (S.M.); (K.G.); (J.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Anna Hymos
- Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngeal Oncology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Jarosław Ludian
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (S.M.); (K.G.); (J.L.); (J.R.)
| | | | - Jacek Roliński
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (S.M.); (K.G.); (J.L.); (J.R.)
| | - Wojciech Załuska
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland;
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Mertowski S, Grywalska E, Gosik K, Smarz-Widelska I, Hymos A, Dworacki G, Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej P, Drop B, Roliński J, Załuska W. TLR2 Expression on Select Lymphocyte Subsets as a New Marker in Glomerulonephritis. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9020541. [PMID: 32079183 PMCID: PMC7073934 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9020541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling may be involved in autoimmune kidney disorders and has been implicated in proliferative and non-proliferative glomerulonephritis (PGN and NPGN). In this study, we investigated the expression of TLR2 on T and B lymphocytes in relation to selected clinical parameters in patients with PGN and NPGN. We collected peripheral blood from the ulnar vein of patients with PGN (n = 15) or NPGN (n = 22) and healthy volunteers (n = 20). The percentage of peripheral blood mononuclear cells expressing TLR2 was determined with flow cytometry. TLR2 expression on T and B lymphocytes was increased in PGN patients compared with NPGN patients and controls (p ≤ 0.001). In patients with PGN, TLR2 expression correlated negatively with the serum concentrations of IgG and albumin and positively with urine protein excretion. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis indicated that TLR2 expression is a highly specific marker to distinguish PGN patients from NPGN patients and controls, especially on CD4+ T lymphocytes. Its use as a non-invasive marker of disease should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Mertowski
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-093, Poland; (K.G.); (J.R.)
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (E.G.); Tel.: +48-8144-86420
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-093, Poland; (K.G.); (J.R.)
- Department of Immunology, St. John’s Cancer Centre, Lublin 20-090, Poland
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (E.G.); Tel.: +48-8144-86420
| | - Krzysztof Gosik
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-093, Poland; (K.G.); (J.R.)
| | - Iwona Smarz-Widelska
- Department of Nephrology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski Provincial Hospital in Lublin, Lublin 20-718, Poland;
| | - Anna Hymos
- Department of Otolaryngology and Laryngeal Oncology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-954, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Dworacki
- Department of Immunology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan 60-806, Poland;
| | | | - Bartłomiej Drop
- Department of Informatics and Medical Statistics, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-090, Poland;
| | - Jacek Roliński
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Immunotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-093, Poland; (K.G.); (J.R.)
- Department of Immunology, St. John’s Cancer Centre, Lublin 20-090, Poland
| | - Wojciech Załuska
- Department of Nephrology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-954, Poland;
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Pfeffer PE, Ho TR, Mann EH, Kelly FJ, Sehlstedt M, Pourazar J, Dove RE, Sandstrom T, Mudway IS, Hawrylowicz CM. Urban particulate matter stimulation of human dendritic cells enhances priming of naive CD8 T lymphocytes. Immunology 2018; 153:502-512. [PMID: 29044495 PMCID: PMC5838419 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have consistently shown associations between elevated concentrations of urban particulate matter (UPM) air pollution and exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which are both associated with viral respiratory infections. The effects of UPM on dendritic cell (DC) -stimulated CD4 T lymphocytes have been investigated previously, but little work has focused on CD8 T-lymphocyte responses despite their importance in anti-viral immunity. To address this, we examined the effects of UPM on DC-stimulated naive CD8 T-cell responses. Expression of the maturation/activation markers CD83, CCR7, CD40 and MHC class I on human myeloid DCs (mDCs) was characterized by flow cytometry after stimulation with UPMin vitro in the presence/absence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). The capacity of these mDCs to stimulate naive CD8 T-lymphocyte responses in allogeneic co-culture was then assessed by measuring T-cell cytokine secretion using cytometric bead array, and proliferation and frequency of interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-producing T lymphocytes by flow cytometry. Treatment of mDCs with UPM increased expression of CD83 and CCR7, but not MHC class I. In allogeneic co-cultures, UPM treatment of mDCs enhanced CD8 T-cell proliferation and the frequency of IFN-γ+ cells. The secretion of tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-13, Granzyme A and Granzyme B were also increased. GM-CSF alone, and in concert with UPM, enhanced many of these T-cell functions. The PM-induced increase in Granzyme A was confirmed in a human experimental diesel exposure study. These data demonstrate that UPM treatment of mDCs enhances priming of naive CD8 T lymphocytes and increases production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Such UPM-induced stimulation of CD8 cells may potentiate T-lymphocyte cytotoxic responses upon concurrent airway infection, increasing bystander damage to the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E. Pfeffer
- MRC and Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of AsthmaKing's College LondonGuy's HospitalLondonUK
- Present address:
William Harvey Research InstituteQueen Mary University of LondonLondonEC1M 6BQUK
| | - Tzer R. Ho
- MRC and Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of AsthmaKing's College LondonGuy's HospitalLondonUK
| | - Elizabeth H. Mann
- MRC and Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of AsthmaKing's College LondonGuy's HospitalLondonUK
| | - Frank J. Kelly
- MRC and Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of AsthmaKing's College LondonGuy's HospitalLondonUK
- Environmental Research GroupMRC‐PHE Centre for Environment and HealthKing's College LondonLondonUK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental HazardsFaculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Maria Sehlstedt
- Division of MedicineDepartment of Public Health and Clinical MedicineUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Jamshid Pourazar
- Division of MedicineDepartment of Public Health and Clinical MedicineUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Rosamund E. Dove
- Environmental Research GroupMRC‐PHE Centre for Environment and HealthKing's College LondonLondonUK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental HazardsFaculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Thomas Sandstrom
- Division of MedicineDepartment of Public Health and Clinical MedicineUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Ian S. Mudway
- Environmental Research GroupMRC‐PHE Centre for Environment and HealthKing's College LondonLondonUK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental HazardsFaculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Catherine M. Hawrylowicz
- MRC and Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms of AsthmaKing's College LondonGuy's HospitalLondonUK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental HazardsFaculty of Life Sciences and MedicineKing's College LondonLondonUK
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Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are transient ectopic lymphoid aggregates that often share structural similarities to conventional secondary lymphoid organs. In a variety of solid cancers, the presence of these structures commonly correlates with high densities of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes and prolonged patient survival. These observations suggest that TLS act as sites for the development of beneficial antitumor immune responses. However, few murine tumor models have been described that could enable a more comprehensive understanding of the functionality of TLS in solid cancers. We previously reported that murine B16-F1 melanoma or Lewis lung carcinoma cells transfected to express the model antigen ovalbumin form intratumoral TLS after implantation into the peritoneal cavity of C57BL/6 mice. In this chapter, we describe immunofluorescent microscopy and flow cytometry approaches for identifying and characterizing intratumoral TLS. Additionally, we describe an adoptive transfer method for demonstrating the infiltration of naïve T cells into B16-OVA melanoma tumors via the lymph node-like vasculature, which is an essential functional feature of tumor-associated TLS.
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Chen X, Zheng J, Cai J, Li H, Li S, Wang L, Cheng D, Chen H, Yang Y, Chen G, Zhang Q, Peng Y, Wang Q, Wang G. The cytoskeleton protein β-actin may mediate T cell apoptosis during acute rejection reaction after liver transplantation in a rat model. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:4888-4901. [PMID: 29218087 PMCID: PMC5714773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytoskeletal proteins and associated regulatory proteins are essential for maintaining cell structure and growth. β-actin is a major component of the cytoskeleton, and β-actin remodeling is involved in lymphocyte migration, infiltration and apoptosis. However, little is known about whether changes in β-actin expression affect lymphocyte cell fate, particularly during acute rejection after liver transplantation in a rat model. In our studies, grafts were harvested on days 5, 7 or 9 after xenogeneic rat liver transplantation. The acute rejection grade was histopathologically evaluated. Recipient-derived CD8+ T lymphocytes gradually infiltrated into liver allografts in cases of severe acute rejection. The apoptotic rate of CD8+ T lymphocytes peaked on day 7 and then decreased. Moreover, changes in β-actin expression were consistent with the apoptotic rate of CD8+ T lymphocytes in both allografts and peripheral blood based on western blotting and immunohistochemistry results. Additionally, jasplakinolide (an actin-stabilizing drug) evoked CD8+ T lymphocyte apoptosis. In conclusion, our study is the first to describe the fluctuating expression levels and dynamics of the cytoskeletal protein β-actin and its potential roles in the pathogenesis of acute rejection following rat liver transplantion. Our results enhance the understanding of the roles of CD8+ T lymphocytes during acute rejection and suggest that β-actin regulation leads to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Chen
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Liver Transplantation, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Liver Transplantation, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jianye Cai
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Liver Transplantation, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Liver Transplantation, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shihui Li
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Liver Transplantation, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Liver Transplantation, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Daorou Cheng
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Liver Transplantation, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Huaxin Chen
- Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Liver Transplantation, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guihua Chen
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Liver Transplantation, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Liver Transplantation, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
- Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
- Cell-Gene Therapy Translational Medicine Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yanwen Peng
- Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
- Cell-Gene Therapy Translational Medicine Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qiyou Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Genshu Wang
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Liver Transplantation, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease Research, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen UniversityGuangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
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Rahbar M, Naraghi ZS, Mardanpour M, Mardanpour N. Tumor-Infiltrating CD8+ Lymphocytes Effect on Clinical Outcome of Muco-Cutaneous Melanoma. Indian J Dermatol 2015; 60:212. [PMID: 25814732 PMCID: PMC4372936 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.152571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent data have changed our views of prognostic factors in cutaneous melanoma, while some newer methods have yielded better prognostic information. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are believed to represent the immune reaction/response to melanoma cells which is often found in melanocytic cancer. Aim and Objective: We carried out an analysis, aiming to establish pooled estimates for clinical outcomes based on the presence of CD8+ T cell in melanocytic cancer. Materials and Methods: We have included 42 patients with primary cutaneous melanocytic cancer without preoperative treatments in our study. We next analyzed the proliferative activity of CD8+ T cells that infiltrated in tumor cell nests. The intratumoral and adjacent to invasive margin of tumor CD+ T-cell infiltration were analyzed which could also reflect antitumor immunity. Results: The total number of CD8+ cells especially adjacent to invasive margin of tumor was positively correlated with anatomical tumor thickness (P < .001) and not correlated with patient's age and sex. The stage of tumor which is related to vascular-neural invasion, regional lymph nodes involvement and tumor thickness shows positive correlation with CD8+ infiltration in tumor (P < .004, P < .005, P < .001), respectively. Acral melanoma shows more CD8 lymphocytes infiltration and also recurrence rate of tumor (P < .005). Conclusion: We believe that CD8+ T-cell infiltration in primary cutaneous melanocytic cancer represents the immune reaction/response to melanoma which could be an important new therapy for melanoma although more research is needed on this treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahtab Rahbar
- Department of surgical Pathology, Kermanshah Medical University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Marjan Mardanpour
- Department of Dentistry, Dentist, Kermanshah Dentistry University, Kermanshah, Iran
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Hua R, Mao SS, Zhang YM, Chen FX, Zhou ZH, Liu JQ. Effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide on CD4(+)/CD8(+) T cell levels after traumatic brain injury in a rat model. World J Emerg Med 2014; 3:294-8. [PMID: 25215080 DOI: 10.5847/wjem.j.issn.1920-8642.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) during traumatic brain injury (TBI) and whether it can modulate secondary injury has not been reported previously. The present study evaluated the potential protective effects of ventricular infusion of PACAP in a rat model of TBI. METHODS Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 treatment groups (n=6, each): sham-operated, vehicle (normal saline)+TBI, and PACAP+TBI. Normal saline or PACAP (1 μg/5 μL) was administered intracerebroventricularly 20 minutes before TBI. Right parietal cortical contusion was produced via a weight-dropping method. Brains were extracted 24 hours after trauma. Histological changes in brains were examined by HE staining. The numbers of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in blood and the spleen were detected via flow cytometry. RESULTS In injured brain regions, edema, hemorrhage, inflammatory cell infiltration, and swollen and degenerated neurons were observed under a light microscope, and the neurons were disorderly arrayed in the hippocampi. Compared to the sham group, average CD4(+) CD8(-) lymphocyte counts in blood and the spleen were significantly decreased in rats that received TBI+vehicle, and CD4(-) CD8(+) were increased. In rats administered PACAP prior to TBI, damage was attenuated as evidenced by significantly increased CD4(+), and decreased CD8(+), T lymphocytes in blood and the spleen. CONCLUSION Pretreatment with PACAP may protect against TBI by influencing periphery T cellular immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Hua
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the 97th Hospital of PLA, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Shan-Shan Mao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the 97th Hospital of PLA, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Yong-Mei Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the 97th Hospital of PLA, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Fu-Xing Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the 97th Hospital of PLA, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Zhong-Hai Zhou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the 97th Hospital of PLA, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Jun-Quan Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, the 97th Hospital of PLA, Xuzhou 221000, China
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Baptista AAS, Donato TC, Garcia KCOD, Gonçalves GAM, Coppola MP, Okamoto AS, Sequeira JL, Andreatti Filho RL. Immune response of broiler chickens immunized orally with the recombinant proteins flagellin and the subunit B of cholera toxin associated with Lactobacillus spp. Poult Sci 2014; 93:39-45. [PMID: 24570421 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the immune response of broiler chickens with oral treatment of a Lactobacillus spp. pool (PL) associated with microencapsulated recombinant proteins flagellin (FliC) and the subunit B of cholera toxin (CTB). Immune responses were evaluated by measuring IgA from intestinal fluid, serum IgY, and immunostaining of CD8(+) T lymphocytes present in the cecum. The evaluations were performed on d 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 posttreatment. A significant increase (P < 0.05) was observed in IgA levels in all immunized groups, especially 3 wk after immunization. Treatments 2 (recombinant CTB) and 3 (recombinant FliC+CTB) showed the highest concentrations. Similarly, serum concentrations IgY (μg/mL) increased along the experiment, and the means for treatments 2 and 3 showed significant differences (P < 0.05) compared with controls, reaching concentrations of 533 and 540 μg/mL, respectively. The number of CD8(+) T lymphocytes in all treatments greatly differed (P < 0.05) compared with the negative control at 21 d posttreatment. However, only treatment 2 (recombinant CTB), 4 (PL), and 5 (recombinant FliC+ recombinant CTB + PL) remained significantly (P < 0.05) different from the control at 28 d posttreatment. Thus, it is concluded that the microencapsulated recombinant proteins administered orally to broiler chickens are capable of stimulating humoral and cellular immune response, and the combinations of these antigens with Lactobacillus spp. can influence the population of CD8(+) T cells residing in the cecum.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A S Baptista
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil 18618-970
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Beswick M, Pachnio A, Al-Ali A, Sweet C, Moss PA. An attenuated temperature-sensitive strain of cytomegalovirus (tsm5) establishes immunity without development of CD8(+) T cell memory inflation. J Med Virol 2013; 85:1968-74. [PMID: 23852921 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a widely prevalent herpesvirus that is well tolerated by an immune competent host yet establishes a state of chronic infection. The virus is thought to undergo frequent subclinical episodes of reactivation which leads to an unusually large accumulation of CMV-specific CD8(+) T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, a phenomenon termed "memory inflation." The high magnitude of the CMV T cell response has been implicated in impaired immunity to heterologous pathogens such as EBV, influenza and West Nile virus. Here, using murine CMV (MCMV), we show that memory inflation of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells is avoided if mice are infected with a replication defective virus called temperature-sensitive mutant 5 (tsm5), which carries an attenuating mutation within the DNA primase gene. Mice infected with tsm5 do generate primary T cell responses towards viral proteins but these do not amass to skew the memory repertoire of CD8(+) T cells. Therefore, attenuation of the virus replication machinery may be valuable in future CMV vaccine designs because the virus remains immunogenic but does not contribute to CMV associated T cell immune senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Beswick
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom.
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Kim JE, Bauer S, La KS, Lee KH, Choung JT, Roh KH, Lee CK, Yoo Y. CD4+/ CD8+ T lymphocytes imbalance in children with severe 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) pneumonia. Korean J Pediatr 2011; 54:207-11. [PMID: 21829412 PMCID: PMC3145905 DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2011.54.5.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study was conducted to investigate the immune responses of children with moderate and severe novel influenza A virus (H1N1) pneumonia, and to compare their clinical and immunological findings with those of control subjects. Methods Thirty-two admitted patients with H1N1 pneumonia were enrolled in the study. The clinical profiles, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses of the 16 H1N1 pneumonia patients who were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (severe pneumonia group), 16 H1N1 pneumonia patients admitted to the pediatric general ward (moderate pneumonia group) and 13 control subjects (control group) were measured. Results Total lymphocyte counts were significantly lower in patients with H1N1 pneumonia than in the control group (P=0.02). The number of CD4+ T lymphocytes was significantly lower in the severe pneumonia group (411.5±253.5/µL) than in the moderate pneumonia (644.9±291.1/µL, P=0.04) and control (902.5±461.2/µL, P=0.01) groups. However, the number of CD8+ T lymphocytes was significantly higher in the severe pneumonia group (684.2±420.8/µL) than in the moderate pneumonia (319.7±176.6/µL, P=0.02) and control (407.2±309.3/µL, P=0.03) groups. The CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocytes ratio was significantly lower in the severe pneumonia group (0.86±0.24) than in the moderate pneumonia (1.57±0.41, P=0.01) and control (1.61±0.49, P=0.01) groups. The serum levels of IgG, IgM and IgE were significantly higher in the severe pneumonia group than in the 2 other groups. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that increased humoral immune responses and the differences in the CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte profiles, and imbalance of their ratios may be related to the severity of H1N1 pneumonia in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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