1
|
Zhenyu L, Ying W, Zhuang T, Yongchao X, Kim J. Exercise-mediated macrophage polarization modulates the targeted therapeutic effect of NAFLD: a review. Phys Act Nutr 2023; 27:10-16. [PMID: 37946441 PMCID: PMC10636506 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2023.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This review aims to explore the exercise-mediated hepatic macrophage polarization mechanism and its effect on improving and regulating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by analyzing the pathogenesis of NAFLD and the cause of the influence of hepatic macrophage polarization. In addition to exploring the varied effects of different exercise types on macrophage polarization regulation in NAFLD, to provide a direction and basis for the treatment of NAFLD. METHODS The research methodology involved a comprehensive search of the PubMed database using specific keywords such as "NAFLD", "macrophage polarization", and "exercise", to retrieve relevant literature published. RESULTS (1) The main factors inducing NAFLD were high-fat diet, obesity, insulin resistance (IR), changes in gut microbiota, and genetic variation in susceptibility. (2) Drug treatment, nutrient induction, microfactor induction, physiological environment induction, and other factors can induce the polarization of hepatic macrophages and affect NAFLD. (3) Different intensities, types, and frequencies of exercise have different effects on polarization macrophages, and may also differently effects improving liver inflammation, fibrosis, and NAFLD. Curently, regular moderate-intensity aerobic exercise is the most effective therapy for treating NAFLD. CONCLUSION Approaches to ameliorate NAFLD with exercise involve strategies to alter macrophage polarization by inhibiting M1 or driving M2 activation. However, research on the different types of exercise-mediated macrophage polarization mechanisms and differences in therapeutic effects is not yet sufficient. Future research is necessary to explore the exact mechanisms and differences in the effects of different exercises on the treatment of NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhenyu
- Department of Sport Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Wang Ying
- Department of Sport Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tian Zhuang
- Department of Sport Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Xie Yongchao
- Department of Sport Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaecheol Kim
- Department of Sport Science, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Phillips BE, Lantier L, Engman C, Garciafigueroa Y, Singhi A, Trucco M, Mantzoros C, Wasserman D, Giannoukakis N. Improvement in insulin sensitivity and prevention of high fat diet-induced liver pathology using a CXCR2 antagonist. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2022; 21:130. [PMID: 35831885 PMCID: PMC9277870 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-022-01564-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver pathology (LP) characteristic of non-alcoholic fatty acid disease (NAFLD)/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a prevalent co-morbidity of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Accumulating evidence indicates that neutrophils driving insulin resistance (IR), including hepatic IR, precipitate T2D-associated NAFLD/NASH. We hypothesized that targeting neutrophil accumulation into insulin-sensitive tissues in mice using a CXCR2 antagonist under T2D-precipitating high fat diet (HFD) could improve insulin sensitivity and prevent the progression towards liver pathology reminiscent of NAFLD/NASH. METHODS Mice were age-matched and on standard rodent chow prior to 1:1 randomization into control and HFD formulated with the CXCR2 antagonist AZD5069 or with biologically inactive substitute. They were monitored for metabolic changes including insulin sensitivity using the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp and hepatic histopathologic evaluation in H&E-stained sections as well as via immunofluorescence microscopy of liver sections for leukocyte markers, collagen 1A1 formation, α-smooth muscle actin (SMA), and galectin-3 expression, for 16 weeks. Statistical tests used to determine significant differences among study groups and outcomes include Student's t-test, one-way ANOVA, repeated measures two-way ANOVA, and Fisher's exact test, depending on the analytical question. RESULTS Compared to mice on HFD, mice in the AZD5069-formulated HFD exhibited improved insulin sensitivity, a modest reduction in weight gain, and a significant improvement in LP and markers related to NAFLD/NASH. Mice in the AZD5069-formulated HFD also exhibited reduced neutrophil accumulation into the liver at the end of the 16 week study period. CONCLUSIONS These results show, for the first time, the effectiveness of a selective CXCR2 antagonist to improve insulin sensitivity, concomitantly preventing the progression towards LP characteristic of NAFLD/NASH. This represents a novel approach to target IR and developing LP under T2D-susceptible conditions using a single agent. Furthermore, our data extend the growing evidence in support of neutrophils as a leukocyte population that imprints and maintains a chronic inflammatory state in the progression of dysregulated metabolism in liver-specific co-morbid conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brett E. Phillips
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, 11th Floor South Tower, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA S15212 USA
| | - Louise Lantier
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University., Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Carl Engman
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, 11th Floor South Tower, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA S15212 USA
| | - Yesica Garciafigueroa
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, 11th Floor South Tower, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA S15212 USA
| | - Aatur Singhi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Room A616.2, UPMC Presbyterian, University of Pittsburgh, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Massimo Trucco
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, 11th Floor South Tower, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA S15212 USA
| | - Christos Mantzoros
- Section of Endocrinology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - David Wasserman
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University., Nashville, TN 37232 USA
| | - Nick Giannoukakis
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, 11th Floor South Tower, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA S15212 USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hoebinger C, Rajcic D, Hendrikx T. Oxidized Lipids: Common Immunogenic Drivers of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:824481. [PMID: 35083304 PMCID: PMC8784685 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.824481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), ranging from simple steatosis to inflammatory steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis, continues to rise, making it one of the major chronic liver diseases and indications for liver transplantation worldwide. The pathological processes underlying NAFLD not only affect the liver but are also likely to have systemic effects. In fact, growing evidence indicates that patients with NAFLD are at increased risk for developing atherosclerosis. Indeed, cardiovascular complications are the leading cause of mortality in NAFLD patients. Here, we aim to address common pathophysiological molecular pathways involved in chronic fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis. In particular, we focus on the role of oxidized lipids and the formation of oxidation-specific epitopes, which are important targets of host immunity. Acting as metabolic danger signals, they drive pro-inflammatory processes and thus contribute to disease progression. Finally, we summarize encouraging studies indicating that oxidized lipids are promising immunological targets to improve intervention strategies for NAFLD and potentially limit the risk of developing atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Hoebinger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Klinisches Institut für Labormedizin (KILM), Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dragana Rajcic
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Klinisches Institut für Labormedizin (KILM), Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tim Hendrikx
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Klinisches Institut für Labormedizin (KILM), Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yang XD, Chen Z, Ye L, Chen J, Yang YY. Esculin protects against methionine choline-deficient diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by regulating the Sirt1/NF- κB p65 pathway. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2021; 59:922-932. [PMID: 34243681 PMCID: PMC8274538 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1945112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Esculin, an active coumarin compound, has been demonstrated to exert anti-inflammatory effects. However, its potential role in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) remains unclear. OBJECTIVE This study explored the hepatoprotective effect and the molecular mechanism of esculin in methionine choline-deficient (MCD) diet-induced NASH. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty C57BL/6J mice were divided into five groups: control, model, low dosage esculin (oral, 20 mg/kg), high dosage esculin (oral, 40 mg/kg), and silybin (oral, 105 mg/kg). All animals were fed a MCD diet, except those in the control group (control diet), for 6 weeks. RESULTS Esculin (20 and 40 mg/kg) inhibited MCD diet-induced hepatic lipid content (triglyceride: 16.95 ± 0.67 and 14.85 ± 0.78 vs. 21.21 ± 1.13 mg/g; total cholesterol: 5.10 ± 0.34 and 4.08 ± 0.47 vs. 7.31 ± 0.58 mg/g), fibrosis, and inflammation (ALT: 379.61 ± 40.30 and 312.72 ± 21.45 vs. 559.51 ± 37.01 U/L; AST: 428.22 ± 34.29 and 328.23 ± 23.21 vs. 579.36 ± 31.93 U/L). In vitro, esculin reduced tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, fibronectin, and collagen 4A1 levels, but had no effect on lipid levels in HepG2 cells induced by free fatty acid. Esculin increased Sirt1 expression levels and decreased NF-κB acetylation levels in vivo and in vitro. Interfering with Sirt1 expression attenuated the beneficial effect of esculin on inflammatory and fibrotic factor production in HepG2 cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that esculin ameliorates MCD diet-induced NASH by regulating the Sirt1/ac-NF-κB signalling pathway. Esculin could thus be employed as a therapy for NASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ding Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Central of Translational Medical and Innovative Drug, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Ye
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yong-Yu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Central of Translational Medical and Innovative Drug, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhao J, Bai M, Wei S, Li C, Lv Q, Chen Y. Improvement of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice by Intermittent Use of a Fasting-Mimicking Diet. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2100381. [PMID: 34632700 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Liver plays a central role in maintaining lipid homeostasis which is dysregulated in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) caused by overload of dietary fat, increase in lipid synthesis, and alteration of fatty acid oxidation in the liver. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether intermittent calorie restriction using a fasting-mimicking diet (FMD) is able to slow down the progression of NAFLD in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS This study analyzed the intervention activity of a FMD low in carbohydrate/protein but high in dietary fibers with a NAFLD mouse model induced by high-fat high-sucrose diet (HFHSD). Intermittent application of the FMD reduces HFHSD-induced obesity and glucose intolerance. The FMD decreases the size of adipocytes and elevates expression of lipolysis genes and HSL protein in white adipose tissue. HFHSD-induced lipid accumulation in the liver is reduced by the FMD, accompanied by a reduction of macrophage marker in the liver. RNA sequencing reveals that the expression of a number of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation is elevated by the FMD. CONCLUSION The findings indicate that intermittent application of the FMD can improve NAFLD, at least in part, through increased lipolysis in white adipose tissue and elevated fatty acid oxidation in the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Meijuan Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Siying Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Chenchen Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Qi Lv
- Department of Medical Imaging, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Yan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Saneian H, Khalilian L, Heidari-Beni M, Khademian M, Famouri F, Nasri P, Hassanzadeh A, Kelishadi R. Effect of l-carnitine supplementation on children and adolescents with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2021; 34:897-904. [PMID: 33939897 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2020-0642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases in the pediatric population at global level. Present study aims to assess the effect of l-carnitine supplementation on the NAFLD in children and adolescents. METHODS This randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted in 2018-2019. Study was carried out in NAFLD participants (5-15 years). They were randomly assigned to receive either 50 mg/kg/day l-carnitine twice a day or identical placebo per day for three months. Liver enzymes and liver ultrasonography were assessed before and after the intervention. Both groups received similar consultation for lifestyle changes. RESULTS Overall, 55 participants completed the study, 30 patients in the l-carnitine group and 25 patients in placebo group. Mean changes of anthropometric measurements did not have significant differences between groups (p>0.05). No significant differences in the mean changes of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (p=0.82) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (p=0.76) levels were documented between two groups. Based on within-group analysis, there were significant changes in AST and ALT levels before and after the intervention in both groups. The sonographic grades of fatty liver were not significantly different between two groups before (p=0.94) and after intervention (p=0.93). CONCLUSIONS In the present clinical trial, L-carnitine did not have significant effect on improving biochemical and sonographic markers of NAFLD in children and adolescents. Future studies are necessary to evaluate the applicability and efficacy of long-term l-carnitine supplementation to treatment of NAFLD in pediatric population. TRIAL REGISTRATION IRCT20170628034786N2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Saneian
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Leila Khalilian
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Motahar Heidari-Beni
- Department of Nutrition, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Majid Khademian
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Famouri
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Peyman Nasri
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.,Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Akbar Hassanzadeh
- Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Roya Kelishadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Selma-Gracia R, Megušar P, Haros CM, Laparra Llopis JM. Immunonutritional Bioactives from Chenopodium quinoa and Salvia hispanica L. Flour Positively Modulate Insulin Resistance and Preserve Alterations in Peripheral Myeloid Population. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051537. [PMID: 34063252 PMCID: PMC8147494 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity plays a determinant role in high fat diet (HFD)-induced insulin resistance. This study compares the effects of immunonutritional bioactives from Chenopodium quinoa (WQ) or Salvia hispanica L. (Ch) when used to partially replace wheat flour (WB) into bread formulations. These flours were chosen to condition starch and lipid content in the products as well as because their immunonutritional activity. To be administered with different bread formulations, HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice were distributed in different groups: (i) wild type, (ii) displaying inherited disturbances in glucose homeostasis, and (iii) displaying dietary iron-mediated impairment of the innate immune TLR4/TRAM/TRIF pathway. We analyze the effects of the products on glycaemia and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), plasmatic triglycerides, intestinal and hepatic gene expression and variations of myeloid (MY), and lymphoid (LY) cells population in peripheral blood. Our results show that feeding animals with WQ and Ch formulations influenced the expression of lipogenic and coronary risk markers, thus attaining a better control of hepatic lipid accumulation. WQ and Ch products also improved glucose homeostasis compared to WB, normalizing the HOMA-IR in animals with an altered glucose and lipid metabolism. These positive effects were associated with positive variations in the peripheral myeloid cells population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Selma-Gracia
- Molecular Immunonutrition Group, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Food (IMDEA-Food), Ctra. de, Canto Blanco, n°8, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.S.-G.); (P.M.)
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Parque Científico, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Polona Megušar
- Molecular Immunonutrition Group, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Food (IMDEA-Food), Ctra. de, Canto Blanco, n°8, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.S.-G.); (P.M.)
- Department of Food Science, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Claudia Monika Haros
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, Parque Científico, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain;
| | - José Moisés Laparra Llopis
- Molecular Immunonutrition Group, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Food (IMDEA-Food), Ctra. de, Canto Blanco, n°8, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (R.S.-G.); (P.M.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Singanayagam A, Triantafyllou E. Macrophages in Chronic Liver Failure: Diversity, Plasticity and Therapeutic Targeting. Front Immunol 2021; 12:661182. [PMID: 33868313 PMCID: PMC8051585 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.661182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver injury results in immune-driven progressive fibrosis, with risk of cirrhosis development and impact on morbidity and mortality. Persistent liver cell damage and death causes immune cell activation and inflammation. Patients with advanced cirrhosis additionally experience pathological bacterial translocation, exposure to microbial products and chronic engagement of the immune system. Bacterial infections have a high incidence in cirrhosis, with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis being the most common, while the subsequent systemic inflammation, organ failure and immune dysregulation increase the mortality risk. Tissue-resident and recruited macrophages play a central part in the development of inflammation and fibrosis progression. In the liver, adipose tissue, peritoneum and intestines, diverse macrophage populations exhibit great phenotypic and functional plasticity determined by their ontogeny, epigenetic programming and local microenvironment. These changes can, at different times, promote or ameliorate disease states and therefore represent potential targets for macrophage-directed therapies. In this review, we discuss the evidence for macrophage phenotypic and functional alterations in tissue compartments during the development and progression of chronic liver failure in different aetiologies and highlight the potential of macrophage modulation as a therapeutic strategy for liver disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arjuna Singanayagam
- Infection and Immunity Clinical Academic Group, St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Evangelos Triantafyllou
- Section of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kragh Petersen S, Bilkei‐Gorzo O, Govaere O, Härtlova A. Macrophages and scavenger receptors in obesity-associated non-alcoholic liver fatty disease (NAFLD). Scand J Immunol 2020; 92:e12971. [PMID: 32892401 PMCID: PMC7685160 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
With an increase in sedentary lifestyle and dietary over nutrition, obesity has become one of the major public health problems worldwide and is a prevalent predisposing risk factor to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most common chronic liver disease in Western developed countries. NAFLD represents a series of diseased states ranging from non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to steatohepatitis (NASH), which can lead to fibrosis and eventually to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Currently, the only effective treatment to cure end-stage liver disease is liver transplantation. Macrophages have been reported to play a crucial role in the progression of NAFLD, thereby are a potential target for therapy. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on the role of macrophages and inflammatory signalling pathways associated with obesity and chronic liver inflammation, and their contribution to NAFLD development and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sine Kragh Petersen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Institute of BiomedicineWallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Orsolya Bilkei‐Gorzo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Institute of BiomedicineWallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Olivier Govaere
- Translational and Clinical Research InstituteFaculty of Medical SciencesNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneUK
| | - Anetta Härtlova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at Institute of BiomedicineWallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| |
Collapse
|