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Sašek M, Šarabon N, Smajla D. Exploring the relationship between lower limb strength, strength asymmetries, and curvilinear sprint performance: Findings from a pilot study. Sci Prog 2024; 107:368504241247998. [PMID: 38651328 PMCID: PMC11036933 DOI: 10.1177/00368504241247998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Team sports involve various sprinting actions, including curvilinear sprints, yet their neuromuscular factors have been understudied. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the relationship between lower limb muscle strength, strength asymmetries, linear sprint and curvilinear sprint performance. At two visits 12 male (age: 24.8 ± 4.7 years, height: 1.82 ± 0.06 m, body mass: 80 ± 6.58 kg) and 6 female (age: 20.8 ± 1.33 years, body height: 1.60 ± 0.02 m, body mass: 55.3 ± 2.88 kg) student-athletes completed isometric strength measurements of the knee flexors (KF), knee extensors (KE), hip abductors (HABD), hip adductors (HADD), as well as linear sprint and curvilinear sprint to the right and left. Sprint split times over 30 m (t30) were measured and curvilinear sprint split time deficits (t30deficit) and inter-limb strength asymmetries were calculated. Very large negative correlations were observed between HADD and HABD strength on one side and t30 of curvilinear sprint to the left (r = -0.75 and -0.71; p < 0.001) and right (ρ = -0.81 and -0.70; p < 0.001) on the other. The regression model consisting of HADD, HABD, and KF explained 76% and 67% of the variance in left and right curvilinear sprint t30, respectively. Similarly, 59% of the left curvilinear sprint t30deficit variance was explained by the HABD and KF strength. High inter-limb HABD strength symmetry was related to better left and right curvilinear sprint t30 (r = 0.71 and ρ = 0.75, p < 0.001). These results highlight the pivotal role of hip strength for curvilinear sprint speed, and emphasize the need of symmetrical HABD muscle strength to optimize neuromuscular function during curvilinear sprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matic Sašek
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Šarabon
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
- Andrej Marušič Institute, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
- Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Behavior, S2P, Science To Practice, Ltd, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rehabilitation Research, Vienna, Austria
| | - Darjan Smajla
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
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Millot B, Pradon D, Cecchelli G, Blache P, Arnould A, Dinu D, Slawinski J. Are the ground reaction forces altered by the curve and with the increasing sprinting velocity? Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14602. [PMID: 38491496 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
In 200- and 400-m races, 58% of the total distance to cover is in the curve. In the curve, the sprinting performance is decreased in comparison to the straight. However, the reasons for this decreased performance is not well understood. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify the kinetic parameters underpinning the sprinting performance in the curve in comparison to the straight. Nineteen experienced-to-elite curve specialists performed five sprints in the straight and in the curve (radius 41.58 m): 10, 15, 20, 30, and 40 m. The left and the right vertical, anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, and resultant ground reaction forces (respectivelyF V $$ {F}_{\mathrm{V}} $$ ,F A - P $$ {F}_{\mathrm{A}-\mathrm{P}} $$ ,F M - L $$ {F}_{\mathrm{M}-\mathrm{L}} $$ , andF TOT $$ {F}_{\mathrm{TOT}} $$ ), the associated impulses (respectivelyIMP V $$ {IMP}_{\mathrm{V}} $$ ,IMP A - P $$ {IMP}_{\mathrm{A}-\mathrm{P}} $$ ,IMP M - L $$ {IMP}_{\mathrm{M}-\mathrm{L}} $$ , andIMP TOT $$ {IMP}_{\mathrm{TOT}} $$ ) and the stance times of each side were averaged over each distance. In the curve, the time to cover the 40-m sprint was longer than in the straight (5.52 ± 0.25 vs. 5.47 ± 0.23 s, respectively). Additionally, the left and the rightF A - P $$ {F}_{\mathrm{A}-\mathrm{P}} $$ andIMP A - P $$ {IMP}_{\mathrm{A}-\mathrm{P}} $$ were lower than in the straight while the left and the rightF M - L $$ {F}_{\mathrm{M}-\mathrm{L}} $$ increased, meaning that theF M - L $$ {F}_{\mathrm{M}-\mathrm{L}} $$ was more medial. The leftF V $$ {F}_{\mathrm{V}} $$ was also lower than in the straight while the left stance times increased to keep the leftIMP V $$ {IMP}_{\mathrm{V}} $$ similar to the straight to maintain the subsequent swing time. Overall, the sprinting performance was reduced in the curve due to a reduction in the left and the rightF A - P $$ {F}_{\mathrm{A}-\mathrm{P}} $$ andIMP A - P $$ {IMP}_{\mathrm{A}-\mathrm{P}} $$ , that were likely attributed to the concomitant increasedF M - L $$ {F}_{\mathrm{M}-\mathrm{L}} $$ to adopt a curvilinear motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Millot
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
- French Athletics Federation (FFA), Paris, France
- Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Didier Pradon
- Pole Parasport - ISPC Synergies, CHU Raymond Poincaré, APHP, Garches, France
| | - Giuseppe Cecchelli
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
- French Athletics Federation (FFA), Paris, France
- Paris Cité University, Paris, France
- Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, IBHGC - Institut de Biomecanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Paris, France
| | - Paul Blache
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
| | - Axelle Arnould
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
| | - Daniel Dinu
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
| | - Jean Slawinski
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
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Diaz GB, Alcantara RS, Grabowski AM. Maximum velocity and leg-specific ground reaction force production change with radius during flat curve sprinting. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246649. [PMID: 38291967 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Humans attain slower maximum velocity (vmax) on curves versus straight paths, potentially due to centripetal ground reaction force (GRF) production, and this depends on curve radius. Previous studies found GRF production differences between an athlete's inside versus outside leg relative to the center of the curve. Further, sprinting clockwise (CW) versus counterclockwise (CCW) slows vmax. We determined vmax, step kinematics and individual leg GRF on a straight path and on curves with 17.2 and 36.5 m radii for nine (8 male, 1 female) competitive sprinters running CW and CCW and compared vmax with three predictive models. We combined CW and CCW directions and found that vmax slowed by 10.0±2.4% and 4.1±1.6% (P<0.001) for the 17.2 and 36.5 m radius curves versus the straight path, respectively. vmax values from the predictive models were up to 3.5% faster than the experimental data. Contact length was 0.02 m shorter and stance average resultant GRF was 0.10 body weights (BW) greater for the 36.5 versus 17.2 m radius curves (P<0.001). Stance average centripetal GRF was 0.10 BW greater for the inside versus outside leg (P<0.001) on the 36.5 m radius curve. Stance average vertical GRF was 0.21 BW (P<0.001) and 0.10 BW (P=0.001) lower for the inside versus outside leg for the 17.2 and 36.5 m radius curves, respectively. For a given curve radius, vmax was 1.6% faster in the CCW compared with CW direction (P=0.003). Overall, we found that sprinters change contact length and modulate GRFs produced by their inside and outside legs as curve radius decreases, potentially limiting vmax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela B Diaz
- Applied Biomechanics Lab, University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Integrative Physiology, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Ryan S Alcantara
- Applied Biomechanics Lab, University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Integrative Physiology, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Alena M Grabowski
- Applied Biomechanics Lab, University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Integrative Physiology, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Denver, CO 80205-3540, USA
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Mesquita RM, Willems PA, Dewolf AH, Catavitello G. Kinetics and mechanical work done to move the body centre of mass along a curve. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298790. [PMID: 38346043 PMCID: PMC10861085 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
When running on a curve, the lower limbs interact with the ground to redirect the trajectory of the centre of mass of the body (CoM). The goal of this paper is to understand how the trajectory of the CoM and the work done to maintain its movements relative to the surroundings (Wcom) are modified as a function of running speed and radius of curvature. Eleven participants ran at different speeds on a straight line and on circular curves with a 6 m and 18 m curvature. The trajectory of the CoM and Wcom were calculated using force-platforms measuring the ground reaction forces and infrared cameras recording the movements of the pelvis. To follow a circular path, runners overcompensate the rotation of their trajectory during contact phases. The deviation from the circular path increases when the radius of curvature decreases and speed increases. Interestingly, an asymmetry between the inner and outer lower limbs emerges as speed increases. The method to evaluate Wcom on a straight-line was adapted using a referential that rotates at heel strike and remains fixed during the whole step cycle. In an 18 m radius curve and at low speeds on a 6 m radius, Wcom changes little compared to a straight-line run. Whereas at 6 m s-1 on a 6 m radius, Wcom increases by ~25%, due to an augmentation in the work to move the CoM laterally. Understanding these adaptations provides valuable insight for sports sciences, aiding in optimizing training and performance in sports with multidirectional movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael M. Mesquita
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Physiology of Locomotion, Institute of NeuroScience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Patrick A. Willems
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Physiology of Locomotion, Institute of NeuroScience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Arthur H. Dewolf
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Physiology of Locomotion, Institute of NeuroScience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Giovanna Catavitello
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Physiology of Locomotion, Institute of NeuroScience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Shiotani H, Mizokuchi T, Yamashita R, Naito M, Kawakami Y. Influence of Body Mass on Running-Induced Changes in Mechanical Properties of Plantar Fascia. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:e588-e592. [PMID: 37099441 PMCID: PMC10599803 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Shiotani, H, Mizokuchi, T, Yamashita, R, Naito, M, and Kawakami, Y. Influence of body mass on running-induced changes in mechanical properties of plantar fascia. J Strength Cond Res 37(11): e588-e592, 2023-Body mass is a major risk factor for plantar fasciopathy; however, evidence explaining the process between risk factors and injury development is limited. Long-distance running induces transient and site-specific reduction in plantar fascia (PF) stiffness, reflecting mechanical fatigue and microscopic damage within the tissue. As greater mechanical loads can induce greater reduction in tissue stiffness, we hypothesized that the degree of running-induced change in PF stiffness is associated with body mass. Ten long-distance male runners (age: 21 - 23 years, body mass: 55.5 ± 4.2 kg; mean ± SD ) and 10 untrained men (age: 20 - 24 years, body mass: 58.4 ± 5.6 kg) ran for 10 km. Before and immediately after running, the shear wave velocity (SWV) of PF at the proximal site, which is an index of tissue stiffness, was measured using ultrasound shear wave elastography. Although the PF SWV significantly decreased after running in runners (-4.0%, p = 0.010) and untrained men (-21.9%, p < 0.001), runners exhibited smaller changes ( p < 0.001). The relative changes in SWV significantly correlated with body mass in both runners ( r = -0.691, p = 0.027) and untrained individuals ( r = -0.723, p = 0.018). These results indicate that a larger body mass is associated with a greater reduction in PF stiffness. Our findings provide in vivo evidence of the biomechanical basis for body mass as a risk factor for plantar fasciopathy. Furthermore, group differences suggest possible factors that reduce the fatigue responses, such as adaptation enhancing the resilience of PF and running mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Shiotani
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
- Human Performance Laboratory, Comprehensive Research Organization, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Ryo Yamashita
- School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan; and
| | - Munekazu Naito
- Human Performance Laboratory, Comprehensive Research Organization, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Anatomy, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kawakami
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
- Human Performance Laboratory, Comprehensive Research Organization, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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Baena-Raya A, Díez-Fernández DM, López-Sagarra A, Martínez-Rubio C, Soriano-Maldonado A, Rodríguez-Pérez MA. Novel Curvilinear Sprint Test in Basketball: Reliability and Comparison With Linear Sprint. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:e535-e540. [PMID: 36719967 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Baena-Raya, A, Díez-Fernández, DM, López-Sagarra, A, Martínez-Rubio, C, Soriano-Maldonado, A, and Rodríguez-Pérez, MA. Novel curvilinear sprint test in basketball: reliability and comparison with linear sprint. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): e535-e540, 2023-This study (a) evaluated the reliability of a curvilinear sprint (CS) test to assess kinetic and kinematic outcomes in basketball players, (b) compared the kinetic and kinematic outcomes derived from curvilinear vs. linear sprints (LS), and (c) examined the association of both the CS and LS with change of direction (COD) performance. Thirty young basketball players (17 men and 13 women) competing at the national level (i.e., Spanish Basketball National League) performed a novel CS test around the 3-point line (the 3-point line CS test) to the right and left sides. The maximum and average values of acceleration (ACC), velocity (VEL), and centripetal force (CentF) were measured using Local Positioning System technology (WIMU PRO, Realtrack Systems S.L., Almería, Spain). All outcomes showed a high relative (intraclass correlations coefficient ≥ 0.90) and absolute (coefficient of variation [CV] < 5%) reliability, except the maximal CentF to the right (CV = 5.41%) and left sides (CV = 7.72%). Linear sprints displayed higher ACC and VEL outputs compared with the 3-point line CS test (all p < 0.001). Both sprinting tests were very large to nearly perfect associated with COD performance (LS r range from -0.71 to -0.86; CS r range from -0.68 to -0.94; p < 0.001), and the curvilinear ACC max was the kinematic outcome most strongly associated with COD performance ( r range from -0.73 to -0.94). In conclusion, the 3-point line CS test is reliable to measure CS performance in basketball and presents different kinetic and kinematic features than LS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Baena-Raya
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain; and
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - David M Díez-Fernández
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain; and
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Andrés López-Sagarra
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Carlos Martínez-Rubio
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Alberto Soriano-Maldonado
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain; and
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Manuel A Rodríguez-Pérez
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain; and
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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White J, Wilson C, von Lieres Und Wilkau H, Wyatt H, Weir G, Hamill J, Irwin G, Exell TA. Does lateral banking and radius affect well-trained sprinters and team-sports players during bend sprinting? J Sports Sci 2023:1-7. [PMID: 37330666 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2225026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the short-term responses of step characteristics in sprinters and team-sports players under different bend conditions. Eight participants from each group completed 80 m sprints in four conditions: banked and flat, in lanes two and four (L2B, L4B, L2F, L4F). Groups showed similar changes in step velocity (SV) across conditions and limbs. However, sprinters produced significantly shorter ground contact times (GCT) than team sports players in L2B and L4B for both left (0.123 s vs 0.145 s and 0.123 s vs 0.140 s) and right steps (0.115 s vs 0.136 s and 0.120 s vs 0.141 s) (p > 0.001-0.029; ES = 1.15-1.37). Across both groups, SV was generally lower in flat conditions compared to banked (Left: 7.21 m/s vs 6.82 m/s and Right: 7.31 m/s vs 7.09 m/s in lane two), occurring due to reduced step length (SL) rather than step frequency (SF), suggesting that banking improves SV via increased SL. Sprinters produced significantly shorter GCT in banked conditions that led to non-significant increases in SF and SV, highlighting the importance of bend sprinting specific conditioning and training environments representative of indoor competition for sprint athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan White
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | | | | | - Hannah Wyatt
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gillian Weir
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Joseph Hamill
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Gareth Irwin
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Timothy A Exell
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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Accelerometery-Based Load Symmetry in Track Running Kinematics concerning Body Location, Track Segment, and Distance in Amateur Runners. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14112332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous studies indicate that running at maximum speed on short or curved sections is slower than running on straight sections. This study aimed to analyse the external load symmetry in track running kinematics concerning body location (left vs. right, caudal vs. cephalic), track segment (straight vs. curved) and distance (150 m vs. 300 m). Methods: Twenty experienced athletes ran 150 m and 300 m on an official athletic track and were monitored by Magnetic, Angular Rate and Gravity sensors attached to six different body segments (thorax, lumbar, knees and malleolus). Player Load was quantified as a valid, effective and representative Accelerometery-based variable. Results: (1) Principal component analysis explained 62–93% of the total variance and clustered body locations relevance in curved (knees and malleolus) vs. straight (lumbar, knees, malleolus) running segments; (2) Player Load statistical differences by track segment (curved vs. straight) were found in all body locations; and (3) there were no differences in bilateral symmetries by distance or running segment. Conclusions: Track segment and body location directly impacted accelerometery-based load. Acceleration in straight segments was lower compared to that in curved segments in all the body locations (lumbar, knee and ankle), except in the thorax. Strength and conditioning programs should consider the singularity of curved sprinting (effects of centripetal–centrifugal force) for performance enhancement and injury prevention and focus on the knees and malleolus, as shown in the principal component analysis results.
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The Symmetry of Fatigue of Lower Limb Muscles in 400 m Run Based on Electromyography Signals. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13091698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study assesses curved track effects on fatigue symmetry and lower limb muscle activity while taking maximum velocity running kinematics into account. Methods: Polish master class athletes were examined (age 24.6 ± 3.67 years, bm 78.9 ± 6.02 kg, and bh 186.1 ± 6.63 cm). The measurements were made on a 400 m synthetic surface athletics track. The DelSys 16 channel system was employed to measure the activity of the right and left leg muscles. The kinematic variables of the run were obtained using a 3-axis accelerometer built into the recorder. Results: The study revealed curved track effects on asymmetric muscle activity and running kinematics in the first two sections of the run. On the first curve, the symmetry index (SI) was 8.1%, while in on straight, it was 11.5%. Moreover, significantly lower values of the fatigue index b were found for the right limb (F(3.36) = 6.504; p = 0.0152). Conclusions: A reduction of asymmetric muscle activity is linked with compensatory muscle stimulation triggered by the nervous system and with adjusting running kinematics to changing external conditions. Therefore, the main focus further research should be on the optimal interaction between stride length and frequency in relation to the muscle activity corresponding to the track geometry.
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Tabor P, Iwańska D, Grabowska O, Karczewska-Lindinger M, Popieluch A, Mastalerz A. Evaluation of selected indices of gait asymmetry for the assessment of running asymmetry. Gait Posture 2021; 86:1-6. [PMID: 33662807 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The methods of running asymmetry evaluation are not as highly developed as the methods of gait evaluation. RESEARCH QUESTION Which asymmetry indices used in the gait analysis best characterize the asymmetry of the running movement? METHODS The kinematics of the sprint in a straight run over a distance of 50 m was evaluated using the X-sens system. Three indices (Ia, IS, SA) were based on discrete values from the first point of contact of the foot with the ground (1% of the running cycle phase) and were called discrete coefficients. Furthermore, two indices (SI, RAI) were used to evaluate asymmetry over the entire running cycle and were termed continuous coefficients. The study examined 21 elite and non-professional middle-distance runners of both sexes. The evaluation of the usefulness of individual indices for the evaluation of gait asymmetry was performed by means of the analysis of ROC curves and evaluation of data scatter on Bland-Altman charts. RESULTS The values of discrete and continuous asymmetry coefficients were different to each other. In Bland-Altman plots there was a meaningful variety of discrete coefficients and a small variety of continuous coefficients. The analysis of ROC curves proves this assumption. Including the real curve course of angular placement in particular joints it is observed that continuous coefficients describe asymmetry of movement more precisely. SIGNIFICANCE It was found that the so-called continuous indices SI and RAI ensure the best identification of the phenomenon of movement asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Tabor
- Józef Pisudski Universytyof Physical Education in Warsaw, Poland, Department of Physical Education, Biomedical Sciences, Poland.
| | - Dagmara Iwańska
- Józef Pisudski Universytyof Physical Education in Warsaw, Poland, Department of Physical Education, Biomedical Sciences, Poland
| | - Olga Grabowska
- Józef Pisudski Universytyof Physical Education in Warsaw, Poland, Department of Physical Education, Biomedical Sciences, Poland
| | - Magdalena Karczewska-Lindinger
- University of Gothenburg, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Physiology and University of Gothenburg, Sweden, Center of Health and Performance at the Department of Food and Nutrition and Sport Science, Poland
| | - Aneta Popieluch
- Józef Pisudski Universytyof Physical Education in Warsaw, Poland, Department of Physical Education, Biomedical Sciences, Poland
| | - Andrzej Mastalerz
- Józef Pisudski Universytyof Physical Education in Warsaw, Poland, Department of Physical Education, Biomedical Sciences, Poland
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Track distance runners exhibit bilateral differences in the plantar fascia stiffness. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9260. [PMID: 33927340 PMCID: PMC8085187 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88883-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human steady-state locomotion modes are symmetrical, leading to symmetric mechanical function of human feet in general; however, track distance running in a counterclockwise direction exposes the runner’s feet to asymmetrical stress. This may induce asymmetrical adaptation in the runners’ foot arch functions, but this has not been experimentally tested. Here, we show that the plantar fascia (PF), a primary structure of the foot arch elasticity, is stiffer for the left than the right foot as a characteristic of runners, via a cross-sectional study on 10 track distance runners and 10 untrained individuals. Shear wave velocity (index of tissue stiffness: SWV) and thickness of PF and foot dimensions were compared between sides and groups. Runners showed higher PF SWV in their left (9.4 ± 1.0 m/s) than right (8.9 ± 0.9 m/s) feet, whereas untrained individuals showed no bilateral differences (8.5 ± 1.5 m/s and 8.6 ± 1.7 m/s, respectively). Additionally, runners showed higher left to right (L/R) ratio of PF SWV than untrained men (105.1% and 97.7%, respectively). PF thickness and foot dimensions were not significantly different between sides or groups. These results demonstrate stiffer PF in the left feet of runners, which may reflect adaptation to their running-specific training that involves asymmetrical mechanical loading.
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Cherkesov T, Ingushev C, Konopleva A, Cherkessov R, Gairbekov M, Zhukov A. Features of the performance exposure in girls involved in cyclic and acyclic sports. J Med Life 2021; 14:105-110. [PMID: 33767794 PMCID: PMC7982266 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2020-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the definition adopted by the international biological program, physical performance is characterized by maximum oxygen consumption (MOC). Profession, lifestyle, and sport affect the value of the MOC. For anatomy and physiology, oxygen delivery to muscle tissue depends on the state of the respiratory and cardiovascular system, the amount and composition of blood. In this case, the leading role belongs to the cardiac activity, namely to the magnitude of the shock and minute volumes of blood in working conditions. High values of MOC and, consequently, a large work capacity are characteristic of athletes specializing in cyclic sports with moderate and high power. The purpose of the research was to evaluate the adaptive response of the cardiovascular system of girls involved in cyclic and acyclic sports as well as those not involved in sports. The study was conducted in 2018. During the research, we used pulse oximetry and determination of blood pressure according to N.S. Korotkov, as well as an assessment of the adaptation of the cardiovascular system according to the Ruffier Index. Studies have shown differences in the level of performance of girls involved in cyclic sports (athletics) and acyclic sports (karate and taekwondo), as well as non-sports. During the experiments, heart rate and blood pressure indicators were recorded at rest and after exercise, and the Ruffier Index, which reflects the level of performance of the participants, was calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timur Cherkesov
- Department of Theory and Technology of Physical Culture and Sports, Institute of Pedagogy, Psychology and Physical Education and Sports Education, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Kabardino-Balkarian State University named after H.M. Berbekov", Kabardino-Balkaria Republic, Russian Federation
| | - Cherim Ingushev
- Department of Emergency Situations, Institute of Pedagogy, Psychology and Physical Education and Sports Education, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Kabardino-Balkarian State University named after H.M. Berbekov", Kabardino-Balkaria Republic, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Konopleva
- Department of Theory and Technology of Physical Culture and Sports, Institute of Pedagogy, Psychology and Physical Education and Sports Education, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Kabardino-Balkarian State University named after H.M. Berbekov", Kabardino-Balkaria Republic, Russian Federation
| | - Radmir Cherkessov
- North-Caucasian Institute for Advanced Studies, Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Kabardino-Balkaria Republic, Russian Federation
| | - Magomed Gairbekov
- Department of Physical Education, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Dagestan State University", Republic of Dagestan, Russian Federation
| | - Azamat Zhukov
- North-Caucasian Institute for Advanced Studies, Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Kabardino-Balkaria Republic, Russian Federation
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14
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Freitas TT, Jeffreys I, Reis VP, Fernandes V, Alcaraz PE, Pereira LA, Loturco I. Multidirectional sprints in soccer: are there connections between linear, curved, and change-of-direction speed performances? J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 61:212-217. [PMID: 32674541 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.20.11155-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between linear sprint, curve sprint (CS) and change of direction (COD) abilities and vertical jump performance in elite young soccer players. METHODS Twenty-nine players from the same soccer club participated in this study. On the same day, athletes performed countermovement jump (CMJ), 17-m linear sprint (with a 10-m split time), CS (for both sides) and COD tests. A Pearson product moment correlation was performed to determine the associations between the assessed variables. Significance level was set at P<0.05. RESULTS Linear sprint was significantly related to CS (r ranging from 0.67 and 0.76; P<0.05) but not to COD performance (r=0.23 and 0.33 for 10- and 17-m, respectively; P>0.05). CS ability (for both good and weak sides) was significantly associated with COD performance (r=0.60 and 0.54, respectively; P<0.05). CMJ height was significantly correlated with both linear and CS velocities (r varying between 0.50 and 0.68; P<0.05), but not with COD velocity (r=0.37; P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Based on these findings, it is possible to suggest that training strategies designed to improve vertical jumping capacity may potentially improve both linear and curvilinear sprint abilities. Moreover, increases in COD velocity may also produce positive changes in CS performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás T Freitas
- NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Valter P Reis
- NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Murcia (UCAM), Murcia, Spain
| | - Lucas A Pereira
- NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Irineu Loturco
- NAR - Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil - .,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK
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15
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Eccentric hamstring strength in elite track and field athletes on the British Athletics world class performance program. Phys Ther Sport 2020; 43:217-223. [PMID: 32278105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This novel study aims to provide unique data on eccentric hamstring strength in elite track and field athletes. DESIGN Clinical measurement, cross-sectional study. SETTING Across two British Athletics performance centres. PARTICIPANTS 44 elite British track and field athletes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Eccentric hamstring force and torque were evaluated using the Nordbord device. Injury history and demographic data was collected to assess whether differences between gender, event group, limb symmetry and previous injury history were present. RESULTS Average peak force for males and females was 418.38N and 318.54N. Relative to body weight there were no gender differences (Male 5.21N.kg-1, Female 4.99N.kg-1) (p = 0.62). The right limb was significantly stronger in long sprint (400m athletes) (p = 0.00018) (d = 0.56). No differences in relative force or torque were observed between previously injured and non-injured limbs. CONCLUSIONS This study provides unique data in elite track and field athletes. Relative force per kilogram should be used when comparing male and female athletes. Unlike other studies, we found no difference in eccentric strength between previously injured and non-injured limbs. The novel finding of increased eccentric strength demonstrated in the right limb in 400m sprinters may be due to the asymmetric demands of bend running and may be considered normal.
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16
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Judson LJ, Churchill SM, Barnes A, Stone JA, Wheat J. Joint moments and power in the acceleration phase of bend sprinting. J Biomech 2020; 101:109632. [PMID: 31987576 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Joint kinetics of the lower limb (hip, knee, ankle, midfoot and metatarsophalangeal joints) were investigated during the acceleration phase of bend sprinting and straight-line sprinting. Within the bend sprinting literature, it is generally accepted that sprint performance on the bend is restricted by moments in the non-sagittal plane preventing the production of force in the sagittal plane. However, there is limited evidence in conditions representative of elite athletics performance that supports this hypothesis. Three-dimensional kinematic and ground reaction force data were collected from seven participants during sprinting on the bend (36.5 m radius) and straight, allowing calculation of joint moment, power and energy. No changes in extensor moment were observed at the hip and knee joints. Large effect sizes (g = 1.07) suggest a trend towards an increase in left step peak ankle plantarflexion moment. This could be due to a greater need for stabilisation of the ankle joint as a consequence of non-sagittal plane adaptations of the lower limb. In addition, the observed increase in peak MTP joint plantar-flexor moment might have implications for injury risk of the fifth metatarsal. Energy generation, indicated by positive power, in the sagittal plane at the MTP and ankle joints was moderately lower on the bend than straight, whilst increases in non-sagittal plane energy absorption were observed at the ankle joint. Therefore, energy absorption at the foot and ankle may be a key consideration in improving bend sprinting performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Judson
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Collegiate Hall, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S10 2BP, United Kingdom; Sheffield Hallam University, Centre for Sports Engineering Research, Sheffield S10 2LW, United Kingdom.
| | - Sarah M Churchill
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Collegiate Hall, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S10 2BP, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Barnes
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Collegiate Hall, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S10 2BP, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph A Stone
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Collegiate Hall, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield S10 2BP, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Wheat
- Sheffield Hallam University, Centre for Sports Engineering Research, Sheffield S10 2LW, United Kingdom
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17
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Taboga P, Kram R. Modelling the effect of curves on distance running performance. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8222. [PMID: 31879575 PMCID: PMC6927354 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although straight ahead running appears to be faster, distance running races are predominately contested on tracks or roads that involve curves. How much faster could world records be run on straight courses? Methods Here,we propose a model to explain the slower times observed for races involving curves compared to straight running. For a given running velocity, on a curve, the average axial leg force (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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}{}${\overline{F}}_{a}$\end{document}F¯a) of a runner is increased due to the need to exert centripetal force. The increased \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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}{}${\overline{F}}_{a}$\end{document}F¯a presumably requires a greater rate of metabolic energy expenditure than straight running at the same velocity. We assumed that distance runners maintain a constant metabolic rate and thus slow down on curves accordingly. We combined published equations to estimate the change in the rate of gross metabolic energy expenditure as a function of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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}{}${\overline{F}}_{a}$\end{document}F¯a, where \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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}{}${\overline{F}}_{a}$\end{document}F¯a depends on curve radius and velocity, with an equation for the gross rate of oxygen uptake as a function of velocity. We compared performances between straight courses and courses with different curve radii and geometries. Results The differences between our model predictions and the actual indoor world records, are between 0.45% in 3,000 m and 1.78% in the 1,500 m for males, and 0.59% in the 5,000 m and 1.76% in the 3,000 m for females. We estimate that a 2:01:39 marathon on a 400 m track, corresponds to 2:01:32 on a straight path and to 2:02:00 on a 200 m track. Conclusion Our model predicts that compared to straight racecourses, the increased time due to curves, is notable for smaller curve radii and for faster velocities. But, for larger radii and slower speeds, the time increase is negligible and the general perception of the magnitude of the effects of curves on road racing performance is not supported by our calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Taboga
- Kinesiology Department, California State University, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
| | - Rodger Kram
- Integrative Physiology Department, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States of America
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18
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Judson LJ, Churchill SM, Barnes A, Stone JA, Brookes IGA, Wheat J. Kinematic modifications of the lower limb during the acceleration phase of bend sprinting. J Sports Sci 2019; 38:336-342. [PMID: 31795818 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1699006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A decrease in speed when sprinting on the bend compared with the straight has been attributed to kinetic, kinematic and spatiotemporal modifications. Although maximal speed is dependent on an athlete's ability to accelerate, there is limited research investigating the acceleration phase of bend sprinting. This study used a lower limb and trunk marker set with 15 optoelectronic cameras to examine kinematic and spatiotemporal variables of the lower limb during sprinting on the bend and straight. Nine sprinters completed up to six 30 m maximal effort trials in bend (radius 36.5 m, lane one) and straight conditions. An increase in body lateral lean at touchdown resulted in a number of asymmetric kinematic modifications. Whilst the left limb demonstrated a greater peak hip adduction, peak hip internal rotation and peak ankle eversion on the bend compared with the straight, the right limb was characterised by an increase in peak hip abduction. These results demonstrate that kinematic modifications start early in the race and likely accumulate, resulting in greater modifications at maximal speed. It is recommended that strength and conditioning programmes target the hip, ankle and foot in the non-sagittal planes. In addition, sprint training should prioritise specificity by occurring on the bend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Judson
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK.,Centre for Sports Engineering Research, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Sarah M Churchill
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Andrew Barnes
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Joseph A Stone
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ian G A Brookes
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jon Wheat
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
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19
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Fílter A, Olivares J, Santalla A, Nakamura FY, Loturco I, Requena B. New curve sprint test for soccer players: Reliability and relationship with linear sprint. J Sports Sci 2019; 38:1320-1325. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1677391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Fílter
- Faculty of Sport, University of Pablo de Olavide (UPO), Seville, Spain
- Research and Development Department, Football Science Institute (FSI), Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús Olivares
- Research and Development Department, Football Science Institute (FSI), Granada, Spain
- Mixed University Institute of Sport and Health (IMUDS), Granada, Spain
| | - Alfredo Santalla
- Faculty of Sport, University of Pablo de Olavide (UPO), Seville, Spain
- Research and Development Department, Football Science Institute (FSI), Granada, Spain
| | - Fabio Y. Nakamura
- Research and Development Department, Football Science Institute (FSI), Granada, Spain
| | - Irineu Loturco
- NAR – Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, UK
- Department of Human Movement Science, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Requena
- Research and Development Department, Football Science Institute (FSI), Granada, Spain
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20
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Dos'Santos T, McBurnie A, Thomas C, Comfort P, Jones PA. Biomechanical Comparison of Cutting Techniques: A Review and Practical Applications. Strength Cond J 2019. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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21
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Judson LJ, Churchill SM, Barnes A, Stone JA, Brookes IGA, Wheat J. Horizontal force production and multi‐segment foot kinematics during the acceleration phase of bend sprinting. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 29:1563-1571. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Judson
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield UK
- Centre for Sports Engineering Research Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield UK
| | - Sarah M. Churchill
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield UK
| | - Andrew Barnes
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield UK
| | - Joseph A. Stone
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield UK
| | - Ian G. A. Brookes
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield UK
| | - Jon Wheat
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity Sheffield Hallam University Sheffield UK
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22
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Funken J, Willwacher S, Heinrich K, MüLLER R, Hobara H, Grabowski AM, Potthast W. Three-Dimensional Takeoff Step Kinetics of Long Jumpers with and without a Transtibial Amputation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 51:716-725. [PMID: 30489495 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The loads applied on the musculoskeletal system during the long jump takeoff step are not well established for nonamputee athletes or athletes with a lower extremity amputation. Information on joint loading and potential injury mechanisms is important for improving training or rehabilitation protocols, prosthetic design, and the general understanding of the long jump. METHODS Three-dimensional takeoff step kinematics and kinetics were used for inverse dynamic model calculations on three male athletes with and seven male athletes without a below the knee amputation (BKA). Athletes with BKA used their affected leg as their takeoff leg. RESULTS Despite equivalent long jump performance, ground reaction force application characteristics were widely different, and calculated joint loads were significantly lower in athletes with BKA compared with nonamputee athletes during the takeoff step. The takeoff step of the long jump for athletes with BKA seems to be dominated by sagittal plane movements, whereas it involves sagittal plane movement and compensatory joint work in the frontal plane for nonamputee athletes. CONCLUSIONS Coaches and athletes should adapt training protocols to the unique musculoskeletal loading patterns of long jumpers with or without a BKA. Specifically, nonamputee athletes should strengthen the muscles responsible for hip and knee extension, as well as for frontal plane stabilization, early in the season to avoid injuries. The presented data enable clinicians to identify potential causes of pain or injury more differentially in both groups of athletes and might stimulate future research in the field of robotics and prosthetic components. Furthermore, the altered joint mechanics of athletes with BKA versus nonamputees serves as an explanation for their previously described more effective takeoff step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Funken
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Köln, GERMANY
| | - Steffen Willwacher
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Köln, GERMANY.,Institute of Functional Diagnostics, Cologne, GERMANY
| | - Kai Heinrich
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Köln, GERMANY
| | - Ralf MüLLER
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Köln, GERMANY
| | - Hiroaki Hobara
- Human Informatics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, JAPAN
| | - Alena M Grabowski
- Integrative Physiology Department, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Denver, CO
| | - Wolfgang Potthast
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Köln, GERMANY.,ARCUS Clinics, Pforzheim, GERMANY
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23
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Judson LJ, Churchill SM, Barnes A, Stone JA, Brookes IGA, Wheat J. Measurement of bend sprinting kinematics with three-dimensional motion capture: a test-retest reliability study. Sports Biomech 2018; 19:761-777. [PMID: 30274542 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2018.1515979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Sprint velocity decreases on the bend when compared with the straight, therefore understanding technique during bend sprinting could have important implications for aiding race performance. Few bend sprinting studies have used optoelectronic cameras to investigate kinematic variables. Limited published evidence regarding the reliability of marker sets in conditions representative of elite bend sprinting makes model selection difficult. Therefore, a test-retest protocol was conducted to establish the reliability and minimum detectable difference of a lower limb and trunk marker set during bend sprinting (radius: 36.5 m). Six participants completed five, 60 m trials at maximum effort, with data collected at 38-45 m. This was repeated 2-7 days later. Spatio-temporal (e.g., contact time) and kinematic variables (e.g., peak joint angles) were evaluated. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) were used to determine the between- and within-day reliability. Between-day reliability (ICC 3, k) was fair to excellent for all variables. Compared to between-day, within-day reliability demonstrated stronger agreement for the majority of variables. Thus, same-day data collection is preferable. It has been established that the marker set is reliable for future use. In addition, the minimal detectable difference was calculated which serves as useful reference for future research in bend sprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Judson
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University , Sheffield, UK.,Centre for Sports Engineering Research, Sheffield Hallam University , Sheffield, UK
| | - Sarah M Churchill
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University , Sheffield, UK
| | - Andrew Barnes
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University , Sheffield, UK
| | - Joseph A Stone
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University , Sheffield, UK
| | - Ian G A Brookes
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University , Sheffield, UK
| | - Jon Wheat
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University , Sheffield, UK
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24
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Ichikawa H, Matsuo T, Haiya M, Higurashi Y, Wada N. Gait Characteristics of Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) and Greyhounds (Canis lupus familiaris) Running on Curves. MAMMAL STUDY 2018. [DOI: 10.3106/ms2017-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ichikawa
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Taiki Matsuo
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Megumi Haiya
- Akiyoshidai Safari Land, Mine, Yamaguchi 754-0302, Japan
| | - Yasuo Higurashi
- Laboratory of System Physiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
| | - Naomi Wada
- Laboratory of System Physiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi 753-8515, Japan
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25
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Ohnuma H, Tachi M, Kumano A, Hirano Y. How to Maintain Maximal Straight Path Running Speed on a Curved Path in Sprint Events. J Hum Kinet 2018; 62:23-31. [PMID: 29922374 PMCID: PMC6006540 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to clarify the ideal technique for running on a curved path during sprinting events. Participants were twelve male track and field athletes including long jumpers and sprinters. The participants performed a 60-m sprint with maximal effort on straight and curved paths. Participants were divided into "good curve runners" and "poor curve runners" according to the curved path running speed relative to that of the straight path. Kinematic variables and ground reaction forces (GRFs) were registered and compared between the groups and paths. The running speed, step length, and flight distance of the outside leg on the curved path were lower than on the straight path only in poor curve runners. The medial-lateral GRF and impulse showed an increase during curved path running for both groups. However, the maximum posterior GRF and impulse decreased only in poor curve runners. The ideal technique for running on a curved path is to maintain the same kinematics and kinetics in the sagittal plane as on a straight path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Ohnuma
- Department of Sports Science, Japan Institute of Sports Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Hayato Ohnuma, Ph.D Japan Institute of Sports Science Department of Sports Science 3-15-1, Nishigaoka, Kita-ku, Tokyo, Japan, 115-0056 Phone number: 81-3-5963-0200 Fax number: 81-3-5963-0244
| | - Masanobu Tachi
- Faculty of Education, Nara University of Education, Nara, Japan
| | - Akihito Kumano
- School of Physical Education, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hirano
- Faculty of Sports and Health Studies, Hosei University, Machida, Japan
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26
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Churchill SM, Trewartha G, Salo AIT. Bend sprinting performance: new insights into the effect of running lane. Sports Biomech 2018; 18:437-447. [PMID: 29562837 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2018.1427279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Athletes in inner lanes may be disadvantaged during athletic sprint races containing a bend portion because of the tightness of the bend. We empirically investigated the veracity of modelled estimates of this disadvantage and the effect of running lane on selected kinematic variables. Three-dimensional video analysis was conducted on nine male athletes in lanes 8, 5 and 2 of the bend of an outdoor track (radii: 45.10, 41.41 and 37.72 m, respectively). There was over 2% (p < 0.05) reduction in mean race velocity from lane 8 (left step 9.56 ± 0.43 m/s, right step: 9.49 ± 0.41 m/s) to lane 5 (left step: 9.36 ± 0.51 m/s, right step: 9.30 ± 0.51 m/s), with only slight further reductions from lane 5 to lane 2 (left step: 9.34 ± 0.61 m/s, right step: 9.30 ± 0.63 m/s). Race velocity decreased mainly because of reductions in step frequency as radius decreased. These unique data demonstrate the extent of the disadvantage of inner lane allocation during competition may be greater than previously suspected. Variations in race velocity changes might indicate some athletes are better able to accommodate running at tighter radii than others, which should have implications for athletes' training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Churchill
- a Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Department for Health , University of Bath , Bath , UK.,b Academy of Sport and Physical Activity , Sheffield Hallam University , Sheffield , UK
| | - Grant Trewartha
- a Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Department for Health , University of Bath , Bath , UK
| | - Aki I T Salo
- a Sport, Health and Exercise Science, Department for Health , University of Bath , Bath , UK
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Taboga P, Kram R, Grabowski AM. Maximum-speed curve-running biomechanics of sprinters with and without unilateral leg amputations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 219:851-8. [PMID: 26985053 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.133488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
On curves, non-amputees' maximum running speed is slower on smaller radii and thought to be limited by the inside leg's mechanics. Similar speed decreases would be expected for non-amputees in both counterclockwise and clockwise directions because they have symmetric legs. However, sprinters with unilateral leg amputation have asymmetric legs, which may differentially affect curve-running performance and Paralympic competitions. To investigate this and understand the biomechanical basis of curve running, we compared maximum curve-running (radius 17.2 m) performance and stride kinematics of six non-amputee sprinters and 11 sprinters with a transtibial amputation. Subjects performed randomized, counterbalanced trials: two straight, two counterclockwise curves and two clockwise curves. Non-amputees and sprinters with an amputation all ran slower on curves compared with straight running, but with different kinematics. Non-amputees ran 1.9% slower clockwise compared with counterclockwise (P<0.05). Sprinters with an amputation ran 3.9% slower with their affected leg on the inside compared with the outside of the curve (P<0.05). Non-amputees reduced stride length and frequency in both curve directions compared with straight running. Sprinters with an amputation also reduced stride length in both curve-running directions, but reduced stride frequency only on curves with the affected leg on the inside. During curve running, non-amputees and athletes with an amputation had longer contact times with their inside compared with their outside leg, suggesting that the inside leg limits performance. For sprinters with an amputation, the prolonged contact times of the affected versus unaffected leg seem to limit maximum running speed during both straight running and running on curves with the affected leg on the inside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Taboga
- University of Udine, Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, P.le M. Kolbe 4, Udine 33100, Italy Integrative Physiology Department, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Rodger Kram
- Integrative Physiology Department, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Alena M Grabowski
- Integrative Physiology Department, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs, Denver, CO 80220, USA
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Tottori N, Kurihara T, Otsuka M, Isaka T. Relationship between lateral differences in the cross-sectional area of the psoas muscle and curve running time. J Physiol Anthropol 2016; 35:3. [PMID: 26810310 PMCID: PMC4727261 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-016-0086-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate whether lateral differences in the cross-sectional areas of the hip and thigh muscles were related to curve sprinting time. METHODS Thirteen college students (10 men and 3 women; mean ± SD: age, 20.4 ± 1.7 years; height, 167.6 ± 8.9 cm; mass, 57.4 ± 5.4 kg) participated in this study. The participants were instructed to sprint along a circular track (23 m radius) in the counterclockwise and clockwise directions. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure the cross-sectional area of the psoas major, quadriceps femoris, and hamstring muscles. The symmetry index was used to evaluate the lateral differences in the cross-sectional area. RESULTS The lateral difference was observed in the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the thigh muscles, not in the psoas major muscle. The sprint time was not significantly different between the counterclockwise (22.15 ± 2.27 s) and clockwise (22.13 ± 2.32 s) directions. No significant correlations were found between the symmetry index of the thigh muscles and the cross-directional differences in sprint time. However, the symmetry index of the psoas major muscle correlated significantly with the cross-directional difference in sprint time (r = -0.614, P = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the participants in whom the cross-sectional area of the psoas major muscle of the outer leg was larger than that of the inner leg were faster in curve sprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Tottori
- Department of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kurihara
- Department of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan.
| | - Mitsuo Otsuka
- Department of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tadao Isaka
- Department of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
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