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Rumbold JL, Madigan DJ, Didymus FF. A daily diary study of primary appraisals, emotional exhaustion, and turnover intentions in sport coaches. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1018-1024. [PMID: 37733065 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2259202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive-motivational-relational theory asserts that stress is a dynamic process, during which daily fluctuations in mediating processes (primary appraisals) can explain a range of ill-being and performance related outcomes. We tested this idea using a daily diary study to examine the relationships between primary appraisals, emotional exhaustion, and turnover intentions in sport coaches. Forty-four sport coaches (61% male; Mage = 34.98 years) completed an online questionnaire twice per day for five days. The findings of within-person analyses indicated that hourly harm appraisals positively predicted momentary emotional exhaustion over the diary period (β = .30, p < .05). Additionally, emotional exhaustion positively predicted coaches' job turnover intentions (β = .18, p < .05). The findings offer unique insight into the cognitive-motivational-relational theory of stress and emotion by illustrating how exhaustion and turnover intentions may be intensified as a function of primary appraisals experienced during the working day.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Rumbold
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Daniel J Madigan
- School of Science, Technology and Health, York St. John University, York, UK
| | - Faye F Didymus
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
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2
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Barrett RV, Hebron C. Working as a physiotherapist in a rapid response team: 'An emotional rollercoaster'. Physiother Theory Pract 2023:1-17. [PMID: 36919458 DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2023.2183100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION Rapid Response Teams (RRTs) are multidisciplinary, 'hospital at home' services which have developed over the last 10 years, aiming to improve recovery from illness more efficiently, prevent unnecessary hospital admission, and prevent early admission to residential care. However, little is known about the experience of professionals working in these roles. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to explore how working in an RRT is experienced and perceived by physiotherapists. METHODS This study used phenomenographically inspired methodology. Six participants who were working in RRTs were recruited to this study and all were working in the South of England. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews, and phenomenographic analysis was undertaken. RESULTS Participants working in RRTs described a range of varied, concrete lived-through experiences in addition to a more rhetorical discussion of how they conceptualized their work. Six main categories of description were generated from the analysis; each was assigned a metaphor. These included 'the detective,' 'the guru,' 'the lone ranger,' 'the team player,' 'the bricoleur,' and 'an emotional rollercoaster'; all categories were present with varied meanings. 'An emotional rollercoaster' was present within and throughout participants' descriptions of all other categories. CONCLUSION This study provides valuable insights into physiotherapists' experience and conceptualization of working within this discipline, which may have implications for physiotherapy practice, workforce development, new and current RR physiotherapy services, RRT health professionals, and physiotherapy education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalie V Barrett
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK.,Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, St Mary's University, London, UK
| | - Clair Hebron
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
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3
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Santi G, Quartiroli A, Costa S, di Fronso S, Montesano C, Di Gruttola F, Ciofi EG, Morgilli L, Bertollo M. The Impact of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Coaches' Perception of Stress and Emotion Regulation Strategies. Front Psychol 2021; 11:601743. [PMID: 33584438 PMCID: PMC7874101 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.601743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent global outspread of the COVID-19 pandemic has influenced the lives of people across multiple countries including athletes, coaches, and supporting staff. Along with everybody else, coaches found themselves constrained to an at-home self-isolation, which limited their ability to normally engage with their profession and to interact with their athletes. This situation may also have impacted their own psychological well-being. With this study, we explored coaches’ perceptions of stress in relation to their emotion regulation strategies depending upon their gender and competitive level (elite vs. non-elite). A sample of 2272 Italian coaches were surveyed during the period of lockdown. Mean values for perceived stress and emotion regulation strategies were compared to normative data of the two instruments as reported in the original studies. Furthermore, two Multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs) were completed to observe the potential differences in the coaches’ emotion regulation strategies and perception of stress. Finally, a blockwise regression analysis was run to assess how coaches’ emotion regulation strategies impacted upon their perception of stress. Both women and men reported higher levels of perceived stress than those reported in the normative data. Similarly, average scores for emotion regulation strategies were significantly different from those reported for normative data, in particular, coaches reported slightly higher use of emotion regulation strategies than participants in the original study. Significant gender-based differences emerged in terms of emotional regulations, with men adopting more suppression than women. No differences by competitive level were found. In terms of perceived stress, male coaches and elite coaches showed to be more in control of the situation (positive stress) than female coaches and non-elite coaches, respectively, while women experienced more negative stress than men. The blockwise regression evidenced how reappraisal resulted to be predictive in helping coaches to reduce their perception of stress, while suppression predicted higher stress perceptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampaolo Santi
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Quartiroli
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, United States
| | - Sergio Costa
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Selenia di Fronso
- Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics Center, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Cristina Montesano
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Maurizio Bertollo
- Behavioral Imaging and Neural Dynamics Center, Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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Simms M, Arnold R, Turner JE, Hays K. A repeated-measures examination of organizational stressors, perceived psychological and physical health, and perceived performance in semi-elite athletes. J Sports Sci 2020; 39:64-77. [PMID: 32851916 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1804801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Organizational stressors can undermine the psychological well-being and performance of athletes. Less is known, however, about how these relationships unfold over time and whether organizational stressors can impact upon perceived physical health. The current study, therefore, used a repeated-measures design to examine relationships between organizational stressors with components of perceived psychological (anxiety and depression) and physical (illness symptoms and missed training days via illness) ill-health, and perceived performance at the within-person level. Twenty-three semi-elite female rowers completed monthly measures of study variables for six-months. Multilevel models indicated that selection-related stressors positively predicted symptoms of perceived psychological and physical ill-health, and negatively predicted perceived performance. Conversely, coaching stressors negatively predicted symptoms of perceived psychological ill-health. Logistics and operations stressors positively predicted perceived performance, whereas goals and development stressors negatively predicted perceived performance. These findings demonstrate for the first time that, with a repeated-measures design, organizational stressors can predict components of perceived physical and psychological ill-health, and perceived performance at the within-person level in athletes. From a practical perspective, practitioners should incorporate these findings when diagnosing the need for, developing, and optimally implementing primary and secondary stress management interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Simms
- Department for Health, University of Bath Bath UK
| | | | | | - Kate Hays
- English Institute of Sport Manchester UK
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5
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Sors F, Tomé Lourido D, Damonte S, Santoro I, Galmonte A, Agostini T, Murgia M. Former Road Cyclists Still Involved in Cycling Report Lower Burnout Levels Than Those Who Abandoned This Sport. Front Psychol 2020; 11:400. [PMID: 32265774 PMCID: PMC7104803 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the numerous benefits associated with sport practice, many children and adolescents end up quitting it year after year, with a stable dropout rate between 10 and 19 years of age. Among the causes of sport abandonment, the scientific literature highlights the presence of burnout as a fundamental factor. In this regard, the aim of the present study was to investigate the levels of the three components of sport burnout–emotional and physical exhaustion, reduced sense of accomplishment, and sport devaluation–reported by a sample of young (former) athletes, depending on whether their sport abandonment was relative (i.e., change to another sport modality) or definitive. In particular, participants were former agonist road cyclists, who have been divided into three groups on the basis of what they did after abandoning road bicycle racing, namely: (a) those still involved in cycling, either in a different specialty (e.g., mountain bike) or with a different role (e.g., coach for kids); (b) those who started practicing a different sport; and (c) those who definitively abandoned sports. The general hypothesis was that, with respect to those who changed sport and those who definitively abandoned it, those still involved in cycling would report experiencing lower levels of the three burnout components during the last year practicing it. To test this hypothesis, the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ; Raedeke and Smith, 2001) was administered to 85 young former road cyclists. The results seem to support the hypothesis for two out of the three components, namely, emotional and physical exhaustion and sport devaluation; on the other hand, for reduced sense of accomplishment, no difference among the three groups emerged. Further research is needed to deepen the understanding of such processes, also in relation with other relevant constructs; yet, the results of the present study should already raise the awareness of sport organizations on the need to deal with this and related phenomena by adopting appropriate strategies to ensure the well-being of young athletes, thus trying to reduce early dropout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Sors
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Medical Area, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - David Tomé Lourido
- Faculty of Psychology, National Distance Education University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stella Damonte
- Department of Medical Area, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Ilaria Santoro
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Medical Area, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Alessandra Galmonte
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Tiziano Agostini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Mauro Murgia
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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Rumbold J, Fletcher D, Daniels K. An experience sampling study of organizational stress processes and future playing time in professional sport. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:559-567. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1717302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James Rumbold
- College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - David Fletcher
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Kevin Daniels
- Norwich Business School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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Roberts GA, Arnold R, Turner JE, Colclough M, Bilzon J. A Longitudinal Examination of Military Veterans' Invictus Games Stress Experiences. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1934. [PMID: 31507492 PMCID: PMC6715114 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study explored patterns of change in stress variables (i.e., stressors, appraisals, emotions) encountered by wounded, injured, and sick military veterans in the build up to, during, and following an international sporting competition. The study also examined interactions between psychosocial variables and salivary biomarkers of stress and how these relate to veterans’ health, well-being, illness, and performance. 40 Invictus Games (IG) athletes and a control group of 20 military veteran athletes completed questionnaires at seven time points over a 12-week period. Furthermore, participants provided morning and evening saliva samples at four time points to measure cortisol and secretory immunoglobulin A. Multilevel growth curve analyses revealed significant changes in growth trajectories of stress-related variables. For example, team and culture stressors and anger and dejection emotions significantly increased in the build up to competition, whilst challenge appraisals and excitement and happiness emotions significantly decreased over the same time-frame. A number of the stress related variables also predicted performance, well-being, and mental health. Specifically, organizational stressors and threat appraisals were found to negatively relate to performance, well-being, and mental health. Furthermore, whilst challenge appraisals and problem focused coping positively related to veterans’ well-being, adopting emotion-focused and avoidance coping strategies negatively predicted well-being and mental health. Turning to emotions, experiencing anger, anxiety, and dejection negatively related to mental health, well-being and performance; whereas happiness and excitement displayed a positive relationship with these outcomes. The findings also highlighted that organizational stressor intensity was positively related to cortisol exposure at competition. To conclude, this study not only provides a novel, longitudinal, interdisciplinary insight into psychological and biological markers of the stress response as it relates to the performance, health, and well-being of military veterans, but also further contributes to theoretical understanding on the transactional nature of stress. Moreover, the findings significantly contribute to practice regarding how best to support this unique population in adaptively responding to and engaging with competitive sport.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Arnold
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - James E Turner
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | - James Bilzon
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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