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Pringle V, Sun J, Carlson EN. What is the moral person like? An examination of the shared and unique perspectives on moral character. J Pers 2024; 92:697-714. [PMID: 38014735 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The psychological profile of the moral person might depend on whose perspective is being used. Here, we decompose moral impressions into three components: (a) Shared Moral Character (shared variance across self- and informant reports), (b) Moral Identity (how a person uniquely views their morality), and (c) Moral Reputation (how others uniquely view that person's morality). METHOD In two samples (total N = 458), we used an extended version of the Trait-Reputation-Identity model to examine the extent to which each perspective accounts for the overall variance in moral impressions and the degree to which social and personal outcomes were associated with each perspective, controlling for method variance (i.e., positivity and acquiescence bias). RESULTS Results suggest that moral character impressions are strongly influenced by positivity and largely idiosyncratic. All components were related to higher levels of agreeableness. For the most part, however, the three components had unique correlates: people higher in Shared Moral Character tended to have higher standings on conscientiousness and honesty-humility, were more respected, and donated more during an in-lab game; people higher in Moral Identity endorsed various moral foundations to a greater extent; and people higher in Moral Reputation valued the loyalty foundation less. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate the value of considering multiple perspectives when measuring moral character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Pringle
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessie Sun
- Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Erika N Carlson
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Sun J, Smillie LD. Why moral psychology needs personality psychology. J Pers 2024; 92:653-665. [PMID: 38450583 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
People vary in how they perceive, think about, and respond to moral issues. Clearly, we cannot fully understand the psychology of morality without accounting for individual differences in moral functioning. But decades of neglect of and explicit skepticism toward such individual differences has resulted in a lack of integration between moral psychology and personality psychology-the study of psychological differences between people. In recent years, these barriers to progress have started to break down. This special issue aims to celebrate and further increase the visibility of the personality psychology of morality. Here, we introduce the articles in this special issue by highlighting some important contributions a personality-based perspective has to offer moral psychology-particularly in comparison to the currently prominent social psychological approach. We show that personality psychology is well-placed to (a) contribute toward a rigorous empirical foundation for moral psychology, (b) tackle the conceptualization and assessment of stable moral tendencies, (c) assess the predictive validity of moral traits in relation to consequential outcomes, (d) uncover the mechanisms underlying individual differences in moral judgments and behavior, and (e) provide insights into moral development. For these reasons, we believe that moral psychology needs personality psychology to reach its full scholarly potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Sun
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Luke D Smillie
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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3
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Baby T, Ippoliti HŞ, Wintersberger P, Zhang Y, Yoon SH, Lee J, Lee SC. Development and classification of autonomous vehicle's ambiguous driving scenario. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2024; 200:107501. [PMID: 38471236 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2024.107501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Human drivers are gradually being replaced by highly automated driving systems, and this trend is expected to persist. The response of autonomous vehicles to Ambiguous Driving Scenarios (ADS) is crucial for legal and safety reasons. Our research focuses on establishing a robust framework for developing ADS in autonomous vehicles and classifying them based on AV user perceptions. To achieve this, we conducted extensive literature reviews, in-depth interviews with industry experts, a comprehensive questionnaire survey, and factor analysis. We created 28 diverse ambiguous driving scenarios and examined 548 AV users' perspectives on moral, ethical, legal, utility, and safety aspects. Based on the results, we grouped ADS, with all of them having the highest user perception of safety. We classified these scenarios where autonomous vehicles yield to others as moral, bottleneck scenarios as ethical, cross-over scenarios as legal, and scenarios where vehicles come to a halt as utility-related. Additionally, this study is expected to make a valuable contribution to the field of self-driving cars by presenting new perspectives on policy and algorithm development, aiming to improve the safety and convenience of autonomous driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiju Baby
- Division of Media, Culture, and Design Technology, Hanyang University Erica, Ansan, Republic of Korea; Department of Human-Computer Interaction, Hanyang University Erica, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Philipp Wintersberger
- Digital Media Department, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Hagenberg, Austria; Visual Computing and Human-Centered Technology, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yiqi Zhang
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Sol Hee Yoon
- Department of Safety Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- Department of Safety Engineering, Pukyong National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul Chan Lee
- Division of Media, Culture, and Design Technology, Hanyang University Erica, Ansan, Republic of Korea; Department of Human-Computer Interaction, Hanyang University Erica, Ansan, Republic of Korea.
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4
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McAdams DP, Mayukha A. Hiding in plain view: An historical perspective on the study of morality in personality psychology. J Pers 2024; 92:666-682. [PMID: 36648361 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aim to identify the major ideas and trends in the study of morality within personality psychology over the past 100 years. METHOD Our historical review is organized into three sections, examining moral dimensions in personality from the standpoints of the person as (1) a social actor (moral traits), (2) a motivated agent (the mental infrastructure of morality), and (3) an autobiographical author (moral life stories). RESULTS Within the field of personality psychology, a great deal of research into morality has been hiding for decades in plain view. Accordingly, we trace the history of research on socialization and instrumental competence, altruism, moral traits and virtues, the dimensions of morality inherent in the authoritarian personality, personal values, moral reasoning, moral intuitions, and the life stories constructed by people who have distinguished themselves for moral excellence, as evidenced in extraordinary bravery, compassion, or generativity. CONCLUSIONS In a multitude of ways, human beings express and experience individual differences in their moral engagement of the world, all of which fall within the purview of personality psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan P McAdams
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Ananya Mayukha
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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5
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Helzer EG, Cohen TR, Kim Y, Iorio A, Aven B. Moral beacons: Understanding moral character and moral influence. J Pers 2024; 92:735-752. [PMID: 37548060 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We introduce the concept of moral beacons-individuals who are higher in moral character than their peers and prominent within their social environment-and examine the degree to which moral beacons increase the moral awareness of their peers. BACKGROUND Using data from cohorts of students in graduate business education across two universities, we applied theory and methods from organizational behavior, personality psychology, and social networks analysis to test two research questions about moral beacons. METHOD We used latent profile analysis of data from personality questionnaires and social network surveys completed by graduate business students at two universities (N = 502) to identify individuals classified as moral beacons. We used peer nominations and an in-class business case discussion exercise to assess moral influence. RESULTS Latent profile analysis identified a latent class of moral beacons in our sample. These individuals received more nominations from their peers in end-of-class surveys as guides for moral thought and action and positively impacted the moral awareness of their peers in a discussion of a difficult business case about possible lead poisoning of employees, but did not significantly change their counterparts' moral awareness in a different case. CONCLUSIONS These results provide promising initial evidence that moral beacons can be distinguished from their peers by both moral character and social prominence and can act as guides for others, at times encouraging greater consideration of the moral aspects of situations and decisions. As these results are the first of their kind, we encourage further replication and investigations of moral beacons and moral influence in other settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik G Helzer
- Department of Defense Management, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, USA
| | - Taya R Cohen
- Tepper School of Business, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yeonjeong Kim
- Sloan School of Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alessandro Iorio
- Department of Management and Technology, Bocconi University, Milano, Italy
| | - Brandy Aven
- Tepper School of Business, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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6
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Landy JF, Perry AD. Forming Evaluations of Moral Character: How Are Multiple Pieces of Information Prioritized and Integrated? Cogn Sci 2024; 48:e13443. [PMID: 38659093 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Evaluating other people's moral character is a crucial social cognitive task. However, the cognitive processes by which people seek out, prioritize, and integrate multiple pieces of character-relevant information have not been studied empirically. The first aim of this research was to examine which character traits are considered most important when forming an impression of a person's overall moral character. The second aim was to understand how differing levels of trait expression affect overall character judgments. Four preregistered studies and one supplemental study (total N = 720), using five different measures of importance and sampling undergraduates, online workers, and community members, found that our participants placed the most importance on the traits honest, helpful, compassionate, loyal, and responsible. Also, when integrating the information that they have learned, our participants seemed to engage in a simple averaging process in which all available, relevant information is combined in a linear fashion to form an overall evaluation of moral character. This research provides new insights into the cognitive processes by which evaluations of moral character are formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin F Landy
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University
| | - Alexander D Perry
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Nova Southeastern University
- Department of Psychology, Iowa State University
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Ratchford JL, Schnitker SA. Virtue in Pursuit of Goals: A Goals-Based Approach to Patience Measurement. J Pers Assess 2024; 106:181-195. [PMID: 37306360 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2023.2219846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we provide a contextualized assessment of virtue through validation of a goals-based approach to measuring patience, the Goals-Based Virtue-Patience Scale (GBV-P). To assess virtue in a way congruent with its definition requires consideration of situational and contextual factors; however, most extant measures of virtue instead assess virtue at a decontextualized, global level (Ng & Tay, 2020). As such, we developed a contextualized and motivationally attuned goals-based assessment of the virtue of patience, the ability to remain calm in the face of frustration, suffering, or delay in goal pursuit. We engaged multilevel structural equation modeling to validate a new measure of patience in pursuit of goals nested within people. Across three studies (N = 798) assessing the GBV-P, data were consistent with reliability and structural validity tests, and associations of the new measure with other regulatory virtues or constructs (e.g., global patience, self-control, conscientiousness, perseverance, emotion regulation) as well as well-being (e.g., life satisfaction, goal orientation, meaning) and ill-being outcomes (e.g., depression and anxiety symptoms, loneliness, stress) provided evidence of convergent validity. Likewise, patience was differentially engaged depending on the goal domain and type; approach (vs. avoidance), interpersonal (vs. intrapersonal), and generativity goals were pursued with more patience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah A Schnitker
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, Texas
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8
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Wilson D, Ng V, Foster J, Tay L. Character Traits Predict Health and Well-Being beyond Personality. J Pers Assess 2024; 106:116-126. [PMID: 37036124 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2023.2197064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
We examined the incremental validity of character in predicting health outcomes and well-being beyond personality traits and investigated the extent to which health-related behaviors mediate the relationship between character and well-being. Findings indicate that several character cores (e.g., transcendence, fortitude) predict well-being, health behaviors, and health outcomes beyond different measures of personality traits, indicating that character is discriminable from personality as indicated by incremental prediction. In particular, fortitude, temperance, transcendence, and sincerity appear to be key players. Implications for character research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincent Ng
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston
| | - Jeff Foster
- Department of Psychology, Missouri State University, Springfield
| | - Louis Tay
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette
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9
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Fowers BJ, Novak LF, Kiknadze NC, Selim M. Is the concept of personality capacious enough to incorporate virtues? Front Psychol 2023; 14:1232637. [PMID: 37705950 PMCID: PMC10495770 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1232637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We will consider four answers to the question about whether the concept of personality is capacious enough to incorporate virtues. The simplest is that the concept of personality encompasses all individual variations in persons. It follows from this answer that virtues would, as individual differences, be incorporated into personality. Unfortunately, definitions of personality do not always invoke such capaciousness, and, in practice, most scholars limit their work to the Big Five or HEXACO models, which do not incorporate virtues. The second answer is that the concept of personality incorporates all trait or dimension level variations across persons, with some exceptions, such as intelligence, attachment style, and psychopathy. Following this definition, virtues, as traits, would be incorporated into such a broad definition of personality. Unfortunately, the boundaries for inclusion and exclusion into personality are fuzzy in this case, and there is no extant definition of personality that solves this problem. The third answer is that personality traits and virtue traits are similar, but distinct concepts. This article presents conceptual and empirical arguments for this similarity in seeing traits as a higher order concept that includes the species of personality and the species of virtue. The fourth answer is that personality and virtue are unrelated. This answer is dismissed because there are many studies that indicate that they are correlated, and few advocate such a clear differentiation. The conclusion is that, pending conceptual and empirical results indicating otherwise, the genus-species relationship seems most fitting where traits are a genus, and personality and virtue are each a species within that genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaine J. Fowers
- Department of Educational and Psychological Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States
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10
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Le BM, Chopik WJ, Shimshock CJ, Chee PX. When the truth helps and when it hurts: How honesty shapes well-being. Curr Opin Psychol 2022; 46:101397. [PMID: 35820222 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite honesty being valued in many settings, there is some ambiguity regarding the conditions under which it is beneficial or harmful for individual and relational well-being. We review and evaluate current work linking honesty to well-being. Specifically, we highlight and distinguish associations between honesty and different types of well-being within people, between people, and among broader groups, organizations, and societies. Importantly, we provide additional context that explains why honesty is not universally associated with greater well-being-and how it may even incur costs for individuals. We provide suggestions for future directions for moving toward a more holistic understanding of honesty and the ways in which honesty can be used to understand individual and relational functioning.
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11
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Laceulle OM, Stellar JE, Kinan A, Eva A, Zeina AS, Laurien M, Moopen N, Trudy M, Ozoruç I, Haza R, Taşfiliz D, Zonneveld R, Chung JM. A longitudinal study of dispositional compassion in Syrian origin young adults resettling in the Netherlands. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070221081316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Dispositional compassion is regarded as a facet of Agreeableness, an emotional driver of prosociality, and a primary marker of adjustment. We examined changes in dispositional compassion in Syrian young adults resettling in the Netherlands, as well as the role of migration-related and demographic variables in this change. Methods We analyzed data from a 4-wave (T1-T4), 13-month longitudinal study ( N = 168; T1 Mage = 28.1 years, 70% male) using Latent Growth Curve Modelling (LGCM) in Mplus. Results Bivariate correlations indicated moderate test-retest correlations across the four waves of dispositional compassion and several correlations with the migration-related and demographic variables. A LGCM indicated a high initial level and small linear decrease in compassion over the four waves. Except for a link between pre-migration adversity and the intercept, the migration-related and demographic variables were not related to either the intercept of the slope of dispositional compassion. Conclusion Results suggest that high levels of dispositional compassion may be common for Syrian young adults with refugee backgrounds, but on average, slowly decreases over time. The cross-sectional associations between migration-related and demographic variables and dispositional compassion in the absence of a prospective one emphasize the importance of longitudinal research for understanding trajectories of adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mooren Trudy
- Utrecht University, The Netherlands
- ARQ National Psychotrauma Centre, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Joanne M. Chung
- University of Toronto, Mississauga, Canada
- ARQ National Psychotrauma Centre, The Netherlands
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12
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Michael Furr R, Prentice M, Hawkins Parham A, Jayawickreme E. Development and Validation of the Moral Character Questionnaire. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Lin L, Shek DT. Association of normative moral character and prosocial behavior – Moderators of personal moral character and sociodemographic factors. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2021.111400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Gross J, De Dreu CKW. Rule Following Mitigates Collaborative Cheating and Facilitates the Spreading of Honesty Within Groups. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2021; 47:395-409. [PMID: 32552605 PMCID: PMC7897793 DOI: 10.1177/0146167220927195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Compared with working alone, interacting in groups can increase dishonesty and give rise to collaborative cheating-the joint violation of honesty. At the same time, collaborative cheating emerges some but not all of the time, even when dishonesty is not sanctioned and economically rational. Here, we address this conundrum. We show that people differ in their extent to follow arbitrary and costly rules and observe that "rule-followers" behave more honestly than "rule-violators." Because rule-followers also resist the temptation to engage in collaborative cheating, dyads and groups with at least one high rule-follower have fewer instances of coordinated violations of honesty. Whereas social interaction can lead to a "social slippery slope" of increased cheating, rule-abiding individuals mitigate the emergence and spreading of collaborative cheating, leading to a transmission advantage of honesty. Accordingly, interindividual differences in rule following provide a basis through which honest behavior can persist.
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Fowers BJ, Carroll JS, Leonhardt ND, Cokelet B. The Emerging Science of Virtue. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2020; 16:118-147. [PMID: 32835627 DOI: 10.1177/1745691620924473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Numerous scholars have claimed that positive ethical traits such as virtues are important in human psychology and behavior. Psychologists have begun to test these claims. The scores of studies on virtue do not yet constitute a mature science of virtue because of unresolved theoretical and methods challenges. In this article, we addressed those challenges by clarifying how virtue research relates to prosocial behavior, positive psychology, and personality psychology and does not run afoul of the fact-value distinction. The STRIVE-4 (Scalar Traits that are Role sensitive, include Situation × Trait Interactions, and are related to important Values that help to constitute Eudaimonia) model of virtue is proposed to help resolve the theoretical and methods problems and encourage a mature science of virtue. The model depicts virtues as empirically verifiable, acquired scalar traits that are role sensitive, involve Situation × Trait interactions, and relate to important values that partly constitute eudaimonia (human flourishing). The model also holds that virtue traits have four major components: knowledge, behavior, emotion/motivation, and disposition. Heuristically, the STRIVE-4 model suggests 26 hypotheses, which are discussed in light of extant research to indicate which aspects of the model have been assessed and which have not. Research on virtues has included survey, intensive longitudinal, informant-based, experimental, and neuroscientific methods. This discussion illustrates how the STRIVE-4 framework can unify extant research and fruitfully guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaine J Fowers
- Department of Educational and Psychological Studies, University of Miami
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16
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Grossmann I, Weststrate NM, Ardelt M, Brienza JP, Dong M, Ferrari M, Fournier MA, Hu CS, Nusbaum HC, Vervaeke J. The Science of Wisdom in a Polarized World: Knowns and Unknowns. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2020.1750917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Grossmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Nic M. Weststrate
- Department of Educational Psychology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Monika Ardelt
- Department of Sociology and Criminology & Law, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Justin P. Brienza
- UQ Business School, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mengxi Dong
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michel Ferrari
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marc A. Fournier
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Canada
| | - Chao S. Hu
- Art Therapy Psychological Research Centre, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Howard C. Nusbaum
- Department of Psychology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - John Vervaeke
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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17
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Prentice M, Jayawickreme E, Fleeson W. An experience sampling study of the momentary dynamics of moral, autonomous, competent, and related need satisfactions, moral enactments, and psychological thriving. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-020-09829-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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18
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Ng V, Lee P, Ho MHR, Kuykendall L, Stark S, Tay L. The Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Forced-Choice Format Character Measure: Testing the Thurstonian IRT Approach. J Pers Assess 2020; 103:224-237. [DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2020.1739056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Ng
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Philseok Lee
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Moon-Ho Ringo Ho
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Lauren Kuykendall
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Stephen Stark
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Louis Tay
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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Abstract
Most people want to change some aspects of their personality, but does this phenomenon extend to moral character and to close others? Targets ( n = 800) rated their personality traits and reported how much they wanted to change on each trait; well-acquainted informants ( n = 958) rated targets’ personality traits and how much they wanted the targets to change on those same traits. Targets and informants reported a lower desire to change more morally relevant traits (e.g., honesty, compassion, fairness) compared with less morally relevant traits (e.g., anxiety, sociability, productiveness)—even after we controlled for current trait levels. Moreover, although targets generally wanted to improve more on traits that they had less desirable levels of, and informants wanted their targets to improve more on those traits as well, targets’ moral change goals were less calibrated to their current trait levels. Finally, informants wanted targets to change in similar ways, but to a lesser extent, than targets themselves did. These findings suggest that moral considerations take a back seat when it comes to self-improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Sun
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis
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20
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Smith KM, Apicella CL. Hadza Hunter-Gatherers Disagree on Perceptions of Moral Character. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550619865051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
To the extent that moral character is grounded in stable and observable truths, there should exist agreement between people in their judgments of others’ character. In Western populations, this agreement is found. We examine whether this is universal in Hadza hunter-gatherers of Tanzania. Ninety-four judges ranked their campmates on global character and relevant character traits for a total of 802 observations. Judges disagreed on rankings of global character, generosity, and honesty but agreed more on hard work and hunting ability. Individual rankings on specific traits predicted character evaluations. There was agreement between judges on the extent to which generosity and hard work related to character. These findings suggest that Hadza have shared beliefs about what traits constitute character but disagree on which of their campmates exhibit these traits. We discuss these findings in light of other research suggesting that stable moral dispositions may not be universal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Coren L. Apicella
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Schnitker SA, King PE, Houltberg B. Religion, Spirituality, and Thriving: Transcendent Narrative, Virtue, and Telos. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2019; 29:276-290. [PMID: 31206886 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A theory is proposed to explain how religion/spirituality (R/S) is related to positive youth development and thriving. The concept of telos is employed to define thriving as continued growth through strength-based living that leads to contributing to one's communities and living out one's ethical ideals. Virtue development is proposed as a primary process by which R/S promotes thriving. Virtues are defined as hybrid personality units emerging when characteristic adaptations are given meaning by a transcendent narrative identity. R/S contributes to virtue formation through the ideological, social, and transcendent contexts embedded within religion by providing opportunities to grow both the characteristic adaptations and transcendent narrative identities necessary for virtue formation in youth and, ultimately, thriving. Implications for future research are discussed.
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Collier-Spruel L, Hawkins A, Jayawickreme E, Fleeson W, Furr RM. Relativism or tolerance? Defining, assessing, connecting, and distinguishing two moral personality features with prominent roles in modern societies. J Pers 2019; 87:1170-1188. [PMID: 30770564 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This work disentangles moral tolerance from moral relativism and reveals their distinct personological meanings. Both constructs have long been of interest to moral philosophers, moral psychologists, and everyday people, and they may play prominent roles in the feasibility of modern diverse societies. However, they have been criticized as devaluing morality and as producing overly permissive societies. Moreover, although they lack necessary conceptual implications for each other, they are easily (and often) conflated. METHOD Three studies included nine samples (total N > 3,200, 40%-50% female, Mage = 38-40, 83% white). Participants completed (online) new measures of moral tolerance and moral relativism, along with measures of 40 additional constructs. RESULTS Results reveal robust psychometric quality of the new measures (the Moral Relativism Scale and the Moral Tolerance Scale), demonstrate that the constructs are empirically overlapping but separable, and highlight their distinct personological networks. Moral relativism was associated with liberal political views and a lowered valuing/enacting of moral values. Moral tolerance was weakly associated with liberal political views but was strongly related to a broad range of both liberal and conservative moral values. CONCLUSION This work yields new tools for investigating moral character, and it reveals the differential meaning of two important moral constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashley Hawkins
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Eranda Jayawickreme
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - William Fleeson
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - R Michael Furr
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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Grossmann I, Brienza JP. The Strengths of Wisdom Provide Unique Contributions to Improved Leadership, Sustainability, Inequality, Gross National Happiness, and Civic Discourse in the Face of Contemporary World Problems. J Intell 2018; 6:E22. [PMID: 31162449 PMCID: PMC6480762 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence6020022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We present evidence for the strengths of the intellectual virtues that philosophers and behavioral scientists characterize as key cognitive elements of wisdom. Wisdom has been of centuries-long interest for philosophical scholarship, but relative to intelligence largely neglected in public discourse on educational science, public policy, and societal well-being. Wise reasoning characteristics include intellectual humility, recognition of uncertainty, consideration of diverse viewpoints, and an attempt to integrate these viewpoints. Emerging scholarship on these features of wisdom suggest that they uniquely contribute to societal well-being, improve leadership, shed light on societal inequality, promote cooperation in Public Goods Games and reduce political polarization and intergroup-hostility. We review empirical evidence about macro-cultural, ecological, situational, and person-level processes facilitating and inhibiting wisdom in daily life. Based on this evidence, we speculate about ways to foster wisdom in education, organizations, and institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Grossmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Justin P Brienza
- Lazaridis School of Business and Economics, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, ON N2L 3C7, Canada.
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A Theoretical and Critical Examination on the Relationship between Creativity and Morality. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-017-9613-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Seider S, Jayawickreme E, Lerner RM. Theoretical and Empirical Bases of Character Development in Adolescence: A View of the Issues. J Youth Adolesc 2017; 46:1149-1152. [PMID: 28285421 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-017-0650-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Seider
- Boston University, 2 Silber Way, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Eranda Jayawickreme
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University, 415 Greene Hall, P.O. Box 7778 Reynold Station, Winston-Salem, NC, 27109, USA
| | - Richard M Lerner
- Eliot Pearson Department of Child Study and Human Development, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
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Ng V, Tay L, Kuykendall L. The development and validation of a measure of character: The CIVIC. JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2017.1291850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Ng
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Louis Tay
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Lauren Kuykendall
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
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Judging personal values and personality traits: Accuracy and its relation to visibility. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kim Y, Cohen TR. Moral character and workplace deviance: recent research and current trends. Curr Opin Psychol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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A foundation beam for studying morality from a personological point of view: Are individual differences in moral behaviors and thoughts consistent? JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Helzer EG, Furr RM, Hawkins A, Barranti M, Blackie LER, Fleeson W. Agreement on the Perception of Moral Character. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2014; 40:1698-710. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167214554957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study tested for inter-judge agreement on moral character. A sample of students and community members rated their own moral character using a measure that tapped six moral character traits. Friends, family members, and/or acquaintances rated these targets on the same traits. Self/other and inter-informant agreement was found at the trait level for both a general character factor and for residual variance explained by individual moral character traits, as well as at the individual level (judges agreed on targets’ “moral character profiles”). Observed inter-judge agreement constitutes evidence for the existence of moral character, and raises questions about the nature of moral character traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik G. Helzer
- The Johns Hopkins University Carey Business School, Baltimore, MD, USA
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