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Brito S, Baek M, Bin BH. Skin Structure, Physiology, and Pathology in Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:1403. [PMID: 39598527 PMCID: PMC11597055 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16111403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2024] [Revised: 10/23/2024] [Accepted: 10/28/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Several industries are increasingly focused on enhancing the delivery of active ingredients through the skin to optimize therapeutic outcomes. By facilitating the penetration of active ingredients through the skin barrier, these enhancers can significantly improve the efficacy of various formulations, ranging from skincare products to therapeutic agents targeting systemic circulation. As the understanding of skin physiology and the mechanisms of drug absorption deepen, these industries are adopting permeation enhancers more widely, ultimately leading to better patient outcomes and expanded treatment options. However, the structure and physiological function of the skin can vary according to different factors, such as the area of the body and between individuals. These variations, along with external environmental exposures, aging and pathological conditions, introduce complexities that must be carefully considered when designing effective delivery systems. Considering the intricacies of skin structure and physiology, tailoring systems to account for regional differences, individual variability, and changes induced by environmental factors or disease is critical to optimizing therapeutic outcomes. This review discusses the features of skin structure, physiology, and pathologies, as well as the application of permeation enhancers in these contexts. Furthermore, it addresses the use of animal skin models in transdermal delivery and dermatological studies, along with the latest developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Brito
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea;
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonki Baek
- Department of Applied Biotechnology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum-Ho Bin
- Department of Applied Biotechnology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea
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De Tollenaere M, Meunier M, Durduret A, Chapuis E, Auriol P, Auriol D, Scandolera A, Reynaud R. Facial pore refining by targeting dermal and epidermal functions: Assessment across age and gender. J Cosmet Dermatol 2024; 23:3395-3408. [PMID: 39086149 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.16424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conspicuous facial pores are benign but represent a cosmetic concern for men and women. Recent works described dermal and epidermal impairments as clinical causes of enlarged pores. Morphological modifications of skin at the site of pores were associated with collagen density loss, possible alteration of extracellular matrix and abnormal differentiation of keratinocytes. AIMS A composition containing mannose-6-phosphate (Active Complex) was designed to address these different aspects of pore enlargement. In vitro and ex vivo evaluations were conducted in different models mimicking disturbance of dermal and epidermal functions. The pore refining activity of Active Complex was assessed in two clinical trials studying a Caucasian women cohort and an Asian men cohort. RESULTS At the dermal level, Active Complex upregulated collagen I and decorin synthesis, and genes encoding collagens I, III, V, VII, XVII; suggesting its ability to favor collagen fiber organization and anchorage. The downregulation of matrix metalloprotease, involved in extracellular matrix degradation, reinforced the protective effect of Active Complex in the dermis. Active Complex down modulated differentiation markers in keratinocytes as well as genes involved in cell renewal. Study of reconstructed human epidermis modeling keratinocyte hyperproliferation revealed that Active Complex mitigated two markers of this state: number of nuclei in the stratum corneum and involucrin expression. Clinical trials confirmed the pore refining activity of Active Complex on men and women of different ages and ethnicities; -24% total skin pore area after 56 days of application on women, and -30.2% on men after 7 days. CONCLUSIONS This work demonstrates the interest to target dermal and epidermal modifications described in conspicuous pore area, especially dermis fiber organization, to address this cosmetic concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane De Tollenaere
- Givaudan Active Beauty, Research and Development, Givaudan France SAS, Pomacle, France
| | - Marie Meunier
- Givaudan Active Beauty, Research and Development, Givaudan France SAS, Pomacle, France
| | - Anaïs Durduret
- Givaudan Active Beauty, Research and Development, Givaudan France SAS, Pomacle, France
| | - Emilie Chapuis
- Givaudan Active Beauty, Research and Development, Givaudan France SAS, Pomacle, France
| | - Pascale Auriol
- Givaudan Active Beauty, Research and Development, Givaudan France SAS, Toulouse, France
| | - Daniel Auriol
- Givaudan Active Beauty, Research and Development, Givaudan France SAS, Toulouse, France
| | - Amandine Scandolera
- Givaudan Active Beauty, Research and Development, Givaudan France SAS, Pomacle, France
| | - Romain Reynaud
- Givaudan Active Beauty, Research and Development, Givaudan France SAS, Toulouse, France
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Zhou H, Xie H, Wu L, Song J, Ma Z, Zeng D, Wang X, Shi S, Qu Y, Luo Y, Meng X, Niu Y, Kan H, Cao J, Pernodet N. An artificial intelligence powered study of enlarged facial pore prevalence on one million Chinese from different age groups and its correlation with environmental factors. Skin Res Technol 2024; 30:e70025. [PMID: 39297705 PMCID: PMC11411701 DOI: 10.1111/srt.70025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enlarged pores are amidst one of the top cosmetic concerns, especially among Chinese. Many small-group studies have been conducted in understanding their prevalence and beauty relevance. Nonetheless, population-level investigations are still lacking because of gaps in data collection and processing of large-scale studies. Owing to the recent technological advancement enabled by artificial intelligence, databases on the scale of millions can be processed and analyzed readily. MATERIALS AND METHODS Powered by big data capabilities, revealed a number of novel trends on pore conditions among over-a-million Chinese participants recruited via the "You Look Great Today" mobile application. A scoring model was constructed, which demonstrated high consistency with conventional grading method from dermatologists. Environmental data (weather, air pollution, light at night satellite) were applied to correlate with pore severity. RESULTS Intraclass correlations between the two scoring systems were strong, with coefficients ranging from 0.79 to 0.92 for different facial areas. Statistical differences in pore severity among all four facial areas (cheek, forehead, nose, and overall) were observed, with the cheek exhibiting the most severe pore condition. Interestingly, Chinese men suffer from more severe pore condition than females. Multiple environmental factors exhibited strong correlations with cheek pore severity and were statistically fitted into linear regressions. Specifically, incremental risk with Each Low Temperature, Low Humidity, And High Solar Exposure correlate to worse cheek pore conditions. Although the Pearson correlation was low between cheek pore severity and light at night, comparison between representative cities demonstrated that in geologically similar cities, higher light at night corresponds to more severe cheek pore conditions. CONCLUSION Our study is showcasing a robust and reliable AI model in facial pore evaluation. More importantly, insights uncovered using this facile approach also bear significant cosmetic ramifications in treatment of pore enlargement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanjun Zhou
- Estée Lauder Companies Innovation R&D (China) Co., LtdShanghaiChina
| | - Hang Xie
- Estée Lauder Companies Innovation R&D (China) Co., LtdShanghaiChina
| | - Liang Wu
- Estée Lauder Companies Innovation R&D (China) Co., LtdShanghaiChina
| | - JinYan Song
- Hangzhou C2H4 Internet Technology Co., Ltd.HangzhouChina
| | - Zitao Ma
- Hangzhou C2H4 Internet Technology Co., Ltd.HangzhouChina
| | - Danning Zeng
- Estée Lauder Companies Innovation R&D (China) Co., LtdShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaodi Wang
- Estée Lauder Companies Innovation R&D (China) Co., LtdShanghaiChina
| | - Su Shi
- Estée Lauder Companies Innovation R&D (China) Co., LtdShanghaiChina
| | - Yulan Qu
- Estée Lauder Companies Innovation R&D (China) Co., LtdShanghaiChina
| | - Yajun Luo
- Estée Lauder Companies Innovation R&D (China) Co., LtdShanghaiChina
| | - Xia Meng
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology AssessmentFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yue Niu
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology AssessmentFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and NHC Key Lab of Health Technology AssessmentFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jian Cao
- Estée Lauder Companies Innovation R&D (China) Co., LtdShanghaiChina
| | - Nadine Pernodet
- Research and DevelopmentThe Estée Lauder CompaniesMelvilleNew YorkUSA
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Kim J, Ye S, Jun SH, Kang NG. Efficacy of SGPP2 Modulation-Mediated Materials in Ameliorating Facial Wrinkles and Pore Sagging. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:9122-9135. [PMID: 39194756 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46080539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin aging is a complex process with internal and external factors. Recent studies have suggested that enlargement and elongation of skin pores may be early signs of aging in addition to wrinkles and loss of elasticity. This study explores the potential of targeting the SGPP2 gene in keratinocytes to address these emerging concerns. Using siRNA knockdown, we demonstrated that SGPP2 modulates the production of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-8). Furthermore, conditioned media experiments revealed that keratinocytes with high SGPP2 expression indirectly influence fibroblast extracellular matrix remodeling, potentially contributing to enlarged pores and wrinkle formation. Based on these findings, we explored a complex formulation containing four SGPP2-modulating compounds. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated the efficacy of the formulation in mitigating fine wrinkles and pore enlargement. This study highlights the significant implications of developing a more effective antiaging cosmetic formulation by targeting underlying inflammatory processes that drive skin aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyun Kim
- LG Household & Health Care (LG H&H) R&D Center, Seoul 07795, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyun Ye
- LG Household & Health Care (LG H&H) R&D Center, Seoul 07795, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Jun
- LG Household & Health Care (LG H&H) R&D Center, Seoul 07795, Republic of Korea
| | - Nae-Gyu Kang
- LG Household & Health Care (LG H&H) R&D Center, Seoul 07795, Republic of Korea
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Qiu W, Chen F, Feng X, Shang J, Luo X, Chen Y. Potential role of inflammaging mediated by the complement system in enlarged facial pores. J Cosmet Dermatol 2024; 23:27-32. [PMID: 37555304 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enlarged facial pores are a common cosmetic concern of the skin, rather than a disease, and have not received much attention from dermatologists in recent years. Consequently, progress in understanding their pathogenesis has been limited, and current cosmetic solutions have limitations. Given that the complement system has regained interest as a key player in chronic inflammatory skin conditions, various mechanisms involving this system are being investigated. OBJECTIVE We aimed to shed light on the mechanism underlying enlarged facial pores by examining the role of the complement system in skin. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive literature search utilizing various academic databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Employing keywords such as "complement system," "inflammation," "facial pores," "enlarged," and "mechanisms," we compiled a selection of relevant studies. These studies provided a comprehensive understanding of the intricate mechanisms underlying the relationship between the "complement system" and "inflammation" within the context of facial pore enlargement. RESULTS Our findings suggest that inflammaging mediated by complement activation may be a critical player in the formation of enlarged facial pores. Specifically, overactivation of the complement system leading to the accumulation of complement fragments could be a major contributor to this process. Notably, the complement system in skin may be involved in a range of skin issues, including aging. CONCLUSION Modulating the complement system presents a promising avenue for future research in improving skin health. Further basic and clinical research is necessary to validate these findings, but we hope that this study can serve as a theoretical foundation for the development of targeted cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qiu
- Beijing Underproved Medical Technology Co., LTD., Beijing, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Beijing Underproved Medical Technology Co., LTD., Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyue Feng
- Beijing Underproved Medical Technology Co., LTD., Beijing, China
| | - Jianli Shang
- Beijing Underproved Medical Technology Co., LTD., Beijing, China
| | - Xingyi Luo
- Beijing Underproved Medical Technology Co., LTD., Beijing, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Beijing Underproved Medical Technology Co., LTD., Beijing, China
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Salem RM, Salah SAE, Ibrahim SE. Microbotox injection versus its topical application following microneedling in the treatment of wide facial pores: A split face comparative study. J Cosmet Dermatol 2023; 22:1249-1255. [PMID: 36606384 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enlarged facial pores and seborrhea are common cosmetic problems. Mesobotox has been proved to be effective safe therapeutic option. OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy and longevity of intradermal mesobotox injection versus its topical application with microneedling for treatment of wide facial pores and seborrhea. MATERIALS AND METHODS This split face study was conducted on 20 patients with enlarged facial pores and seborrhea. One side of the face was treated with intradermal injection of botulinum toxin, the other was treated with its topical application following microneedling. Patient evaluation was performed after 1 month then after 4 months. CONCLUSION Microbotox can effectively and safely minimize enlarged facial pores with no downtime. Intradermal injection showed more patient satisfaction on the basis of greater efficacy, longevity of treatment than its topical application following microneedling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samah Ezzat Ibrahim
- Dermatology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine-Benha University, Benha, Egypt
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Ali S, Gilani SBS, Shabbir J, Almulhim KS, Bugshan A, Farooq I. Optical coherence tomography's current clinical medical and dental applications: a review. F1000Res 2021; 10:310. [PMID: 33976868 PMCID: PMC8086034 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.52031.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive investigative technique that is used to obtain high-resolution three-dimensional (3D) images of biological structures. This method is useful in diagnosing diseases of specific organs like the eye, where a direct biopsy cannot be conducted. Since its inception, significant advancements have been made in its technology. Apart from its initial application in ophthalmology for retinal imaging, substantial technological innovations in OCT brought by the research community have enabled its utilization beyond its original scope and allowed its application in many new clinical areas. This review presents a summary of the clinical applications of OCT in the field of medicine (ophthalmology, cardiology, otology, and dermatology) and dentistry (tissue imaging, detection of caries, analysis of dental polymer composite restorations, imaging of root canals, and diagnosis of oral cancer). In addition, potential advantages and disadvantages of OCT are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saqib Ali
- Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saqlain Bin Syed Gilani
- Department of Oral Biology, Islamic International Dental College, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Juzer Shabbir
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Liaquat College of Medicine and Dentistry, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Khalid S. Almulhim
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amr Bugshan
- Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Farooq
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1G6, Canada
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