1
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Aftab S, Nelson E, Hildreth M, Wang X. Silencing RNA-Mediated Knockdown of IFITM3 Enhances Senecavirus A Replication. Pathogens 2024; 13:290. [PMID: 38668245 PMCID: PMC11054092 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA) is a non-enveloped, positive sense, single-stranded RNA virus that causes vesicular diseases in pigs. Interferon-induced transmembrane 3 (IFITM3) is an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) that exhibits broad antiviral activity. We investigated the role of IFITM3 in SVA replication. Both viral protein expression and supernatant virus titer were significantly increased when endogenous IFITM3 was knocked down by approximately 80% in human non-smallcell lung carcinoma cell line (NCI-H1299) compared to silencing RNA control. Interestingly, overexpression of exogenous IFITM3 in NCI-H1299 cells also significantly enhanced viral protein expression and virus titer compared to vector control, which was positively correlated with induction of autophagy mediated by IFITM3 overexpression. Overall, our results indicate an antiviral role of endogenous IFITM3 against SVA. The exact molecular mechanisms by which endogenous IFITM3 limits SVA replication remain to be determined in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamiq Aftab
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (S.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Eric Nelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA;
| | - Michael Hildreth
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (S.A.); (M.H.)
| | - Xiuqing Wang
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA; (S.A.); (M.H.)
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2
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Welch JL, Shrestha R, Hutchings H, Pal N, Levings R, Robbe-Austerman S, Palinski R, Shanmuganatham KK. Inactivation of highly transmissible livestock and avian viruses including influenza A and Newcastle disease virus for molecular diagnostics. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1304022. [PMID: 38515532 PMCID: PMC10955088 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1304022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a critical need for an inactivation method that completely inactivates pathogens at the time of sample collection while maintaining the nucleic acid quality required for diagnostic PCR testing. This inactivation method is required to alleviate concerns about transmission potential, minimize shipping complications and cost, and enable testing in lower containment laboratories, thereby enhancing disease diagnostics through improved turn-around time. This study evaluated a panel of 10 surrogate viruses that represent highly pathogenic animal diseases. These results showed that a commercial PrimeStore® molecular transport media (PSMTM) completely inactivated all viruses tested by >99.99%, as determined by infectivity and serial passage assays. However, the detection of viral nucleic acid by qRT-PCR was comparable in PSMTM and control-treated conditions. These results were consistent when viruses were evaluated in the presence of biological material such as sera and cloacal swabs to mimic diagnostic sample conditions for non-avian and avian viruses, respectively. The results of this study may be utilized by diagnostic testing laboratories for highly pathogenic agents affecting animal and human populations. These results may be used to revise guidance for select agent diagnostic testing and the shipment of infectious substances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Karthik K. Shanmuganatham
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
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3
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Gebhardt JT, Dee SA, Little E, Scales BN, Kern DR. Evaluation of Extended Storage of Swine Complete Feed for Inactivation of Viral Contamination and Effect on Nutritional, Microbiological, and Toxicological Profiles. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:393. [PMID: 38338036 PMCID: PMC10854509 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The extended storage of feed ingredients has been suggested as a method to mitigate the risk of pathogen transmission through contaminated ingredients. To validate the approach of extended storage of complete swine feed for the inactivation of swine viruses, an experiment was conducted wherein swine feed was inoculated with 10 mL of 1 × 105 TCID50/mL of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), and Senecavirus A (SVA) and stored for 58 d at 23.9 °C. Measures of feed quality were also evaluated at the initiation and conclusion of the storage period including screening for mycotoxins, characterization of select microbiological measures, and stability of phytase and dietary vitamins. Storing feed for 58 d under either ambient or anaerobic and temperature-controlled storage conditions did not result in substantial concerns related to microbiological profiles. Upon exposure to the feed following 58 d of storage in a swine bioassay, previously confirmed naïve pigs showed no signs of PEDV or SVA replication as detected by the PCR screening of oral fluids and serum antibody screening. Infection with SVA was documented in the positive control room through diagnostic testing through the State of Minnesota. For PRRSV, the positive control room demonstrated infection. For rooms consuming inoculated feed stored for 58 d, there was no evidence of PRRSV infection with the exception of unintentional aerosol transmission via a documented biocontainment breach. In summary, storing feed for 58 d at anaerobic and temperature-controlled environmental conditions of 23.9 °C validates that the extended storage of complete swine feed can be a method to reduce risks associated with pathogen transmission through feed while having minimal effects on measures of nutritional quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan T. Gebhardt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Scott A. Dee
- Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, MN 56164, USA; (S.A.D.); (E.L.)
| | - Erin Little
- Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, MN 56164, USA; (S.A.D.); (E.L.)
| | | | - Doug R. Kern
- eGenesis, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA; (B.N.S.); (D.R.K.)
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4
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Shurson GC, Urriola PE, Schroeder DC. Biosecurity and Mitigation Strategies to Control Swine Viruses in Feed Ingredients and Complete Feeds. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2375. [PMID: 37508151 PMCID: PMC10376163 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
No system nor standardized analytical procedures at commercial laboratories exist to facilitate and accurately measure potential viable virus contamination in feed ingredients and complete feeds globally. As a result, there is high uncertainty of the extent of swine virus contamination in global feed supply chains. Many knowledge gaps need to be addressed to improve our ability to prevent virus contamination and transmission in swine feed. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge involving: (1) the need for biosecurity protocols to identify production, processing, storage, and transportation conditions that may cause virus contamination of feed ingredients and complete feed; (2) challenges of measuring virus inactivation; (3) virus survival in feed ingredients during transportation and storage; (4) minimum infectious doses; (5) differences between using a food safety objective versus a performance objective as potential approaches for risk assessment in swine feed; (6) swine virus inactivation from thermal and irradiation processes, and chemical mitigants in feed ingredients and complete feed; (7) efficacy of virus decontamination strategies in feed mills; (8) benefits of functional ingredients, nutrients, and commercial feed additives in pig diets during a viral health challenge; and (9) considerations for improved risk assessment models of virus contamination in feed supply chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald C Shurson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Pedro E Urriola
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Declan C Schroeder
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
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5
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Spronk G, Havas K, Patterson G, Dee S. Will swine veterinarians lead by meeting the next-generation needs of our industry? J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 261:424-429. [PMID: 36563066 DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.10.0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The US swine industry is currently challenged by the potential of transboundary animal disease (eg, African swine fever) entry to the national herd and the relentless pressures of domestic diseases (eg, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome). The task of the swine veterinarian is to biosecure both the national herd and their customers' local farms to mitigate these risks. This Viewpoint raises 4 questions that swine veterinarians, including practicing (private and corporate), industry, research, academic, and regulatory (state and federal) veterinarians who spend a portion of their time controlling, treating, preventing, or eradicating diseases of swine, must answer to meet the needs of their farms to compete globally and survive. In addition, it appears that there is sufficient science-based information to move forward in a collaborative manner and that the goals of prevention of African swine fever and elimination of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus are technically possible. Therefore, as previous generations of swine veterinarians led the US industry in the elimination of foot-and-mouth disease virus, classical swine fever virus, and pseudorabies virus from the national herd, the central challenge is whether the next generation of veterinarians will provide the necessary leadership to deal with the current industry and its next-generation challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karyn Havas
- 1Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, MN
| | | | - Scott Dee
- 1Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, MN
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6
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Wu H, Li C, Ji Y, Mou C, Chen Z, Zhao J. The Evolution and Global Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Senecavirus A. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0209022. [PMID: 36314961 PMCID: PMC9769604 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02090-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent outbreaks of senecavirus A (SVA)-associated vesicular disease have led to a large number of infected pigs being culled and has caused considerable economic losses to the swine industry. Although SVA was discovered 2 decades ago, knowledge about the evolutionary and transmission histories of SVA remains unclear. Herein, we performed an integrated analysis of the recombination, phylogeny, selection, and spatiotemporal dynamics of SVA. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that SVA diverged into two main branches, clade I (pre-2007 strains) and clade II (post-2007 strains). Importantly, analysis of selective strength showed that clade II was evolving under relaxed selection compared with clade I. Positive selection analysis identified 27 positive selective sites, most of which are located on the outer surface of capsid protomer or on the important functional domains of nonstructure proteins. Bayesian phylodynamics suggested that the estimated time to the most recent common ancestor of SVA was around 1986, and the estimated substitution rate of SVA was 3.3522 × 10-3 nucleotide substitutions/site/year. Demographic history analysis revealed that the effective population size of SVA has experienced a gradually increasing trend with slight fluctuation until 2017 followed by a sharp decline. Notably, Bayesian phylogeographic analysis inferred that Brazil might be the source of SVA's global transmission since 2015. In summary, these data illustrated that the ongoing evolution of SVA drove the lineage-specific innovation and potentially phenotypically important variation. Our study sheds new light on the fundamental understanding of SVA evolution and spread history. IMPORTANCE Recurrent outbreaks and global epidemics of senecavirus A-associated vesicular disease have caused heavy economic losses and have threatened the development of the pig industry. However, the question of where the virus comes from has been one of the biggest puzzles due to the stealthy nature of the virus. Consequently, tracing the source, evolution, and transmission pattern of SVA is a very challenging task. Based on the most comprehensive analysis, we revealed the origin time, rapid evolution, epidemic dynamics, and selection of SVA. We observed two main genetic branches, clade I (pre-2007 strains) and clade II (post-2007 strains), and described the epidemiological patterns of SVA in different countries. We also first identified Brazil as the source of SVA's global transmission since 2015. Findings in this study provide important implications for the control and prevention of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiguang Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yongchen Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chunxiao Mou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhenhai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jingwen Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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7
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Niederwerder MC, Khanal P, Foland T, Constance LA, Stoian AMM, Deavours A, Haase K, Cino-Ozuna AG. Stability of African swine fever virus in feed during environmental storage. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3216-3224. [PMID: 35881701 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes high case fatality in pigs and a trade-limiting disease resulting in significant economic losses to pork production. ASFV is resistant to environmental degradation and maintains infectivity in feed ingredients exposed to transoceanic shipment conditions. As ASFV is transmissible through consumption of contaminated feed, the objective of this study was to evaluate the stability of ASFV Georgia 2007 in three feed matrices (complete feed, soybean meal, ground corncobs) exposed to three environmental storage temperatures (40°F, 68°F, 95°F) for up to 365 days. ASFV DNA was highly stable and detectable by qPCR in almost all feed matrices through the conclusion of each study. Infectious ASFV was most stable in soybean meal, maintaining infectivity for at least 112 days at 40°F, at least 21 days at 68°F and at least 7 days at 95°F. These data help define risk of ASFV introduction and transmission through feed ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Niederwerder
- Swine Health Information Center, Ames, Iowa, USA.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Pratiksha Khanal
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Travis Foland
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Laura A Constance
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Ana M M Stoian
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Aubrey Deavours
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Katie Haase
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Ada G Cino-Ozuna
- Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
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8
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Dee S, Havas K, Spronk G. Detection of Senecavirus A in pigs from a historically negative national swine herd and associated with feed imports from endemically infected countries. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3147-3149. [PMID: 35988265 PMCID: PMC10087803 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Dee
- Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, Minnesota, USA
| | - Karyn Havas
- Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, Minnesota, USA
| | - Gordon Spronk
- Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, Minnesota, USA
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9
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Bennett B, Urzúa-Encina C, Pardo-Roa C, Ariyama N, Lecocq C, Rivera C, Badía C, Suárez P, Agredo M, Aguayo C, Ávila C, Araya H, Pérez P, Berrios F, Agüero B, Mendieta V, Pituco EM, de Almeida IG, Medina R, Brito B, Johow M, Ramirez VN. First report and genetic characterization of Seneca Valley virus (SVV) in Chile. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e3462-e3468. [PMID: 36327129 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Seneca Valley virus (SVV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus and the only member of the Senecavirus A (SVA) species, in the Senecavirus genus, Picornaviridae family. SVV infection causes vesicular lesions in the oral cavity, snout and hooves of pigs. This infection is clinically indistinguishable from trade-restrictions-related diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease. Other clinical manifestations include diarrhoea, anorexia, lethargy, neurological signs and mortality in piglets during their first week of age. Before this study, Chile was considered free of vesicular diseases of swine, including SVV. In April 2022, a suspected case of vesicular disease in a swine farm was reported in Chile. The SVV was confirmed and other vesicular diseases were ruled out. An epidemiological investigation and phylogenetic analyses were performed to identify the origin and extent of the outbreak. Three hundred ninety-five samples from 44 swine farms were collected, including faeces (208), oral fluid (28), processing fluid (14), fresh semen (61), environmental samples (80) and tissue from lesions (4) for real-time RT-PCR detection. Until June 2022, the SVV has been detected in 16 out of 44 farms, all epidemiologically related to the index farm. The closest phylogenetic relationship of the Chilean SVV strain is with viruses collected from swine in California in 2017. The direct cause of the SVV introduction has not yet been identified; however, the phylogenetic analyses suggest the USA as the most likely source. Since the virus remains active in the environment, transmission by fomites such as contaminated feed cannot be discarded. Further studies are needed to determine the risk of the introduction of novel SVV and other transboundary swine pathogens to Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamín Bennett
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Constanza Urzúa-Encina
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina Pardo-Roa
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation Register (AIRR) - COVID-19 Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Naomi Ariyama
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hugo Araya
- Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero (SAG), Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Felipe Berrios
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Belén Agüero
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vanessa Mendieta
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
| | - Edviges Maristela Pituco
- Reference Laboratory of Pan American Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease and Veterinary Public Health of the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PANAFTOSA/VPH-PAHO/WHO), Pedro Leopoldo -MG, Brazil
| | - Iassudara Garcia de Almeida
- Reference Laboratory of Pan American Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease and Veterinary Public Health of the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PANAFTOSA/VPH-PAHO/WHO), Pedro Leopoldo -MG, Brazil
| | - Rafael Medina
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Advanced Interdisciplinary Rehabilitation Register (AIRR) - COVID-19 Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Barbara Brito
- Biosecurity and Food Safety, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute (EMAI), Menangle, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Victor Neira Ramirez
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
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10
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Ebling R, Paim WP, Turner J, Flory G, Seiger J, Whitcomb C, Remmenga M, Vuolo M, Ramachandran A, Cole L, Flores EF, Miknis R, Brewer B, Miller L, Bailey K, Talley J, Bauermann FV. Virus viability in spiked swine bone marrow tissue during above-ground burial method and under in vitro conditions. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:2987-2995. [PMID: 35092641 PMCID: PMC9790394 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of high consequence animal diseases usually requires managing significant mortality. A desirable aspect of any carcass management method is the ability to contain and inactivate the target pathogen. The above-ground burial (AGB) technique was recently developed and proposed as an alternative carcass management method. Here, we investigate the tenacity of swinepox virus (SwPV), as a surrogate model for African swine fever virus (ASFV) in swine carcasses during the AGB process. For this, SwPV was inoculated intrafemorally in 90 adult swine carcasses, which were subsequently disposed under AGB conditions. Bone marrow samples were recovered periodically throughout 12 months and virus viability was assessed by virus isolation (VI), whereas the presence of SwPV DNA was evaluated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Additionally, an in vitro study assessed the inactivation rate of SwPV, Senecavirus A (SVA), and bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV). Viral suspensions were mixed with bone marrow material and maintained at 21-23°C for 30 days. Virus viability was assessed by VI and viral titration. In the field study, SwPV remained viable only in 11 (55%) bone marrow samples collected on day 7; only viral DNA (and not infectivity) was detected afterwards. SwPV inactivation was estimated to have occurred by day 11. The in vitro testing revealed a variable tenacity of the studied viruses. The viability period was estimated in 28, 80, and 118 days, respectively, for BVDV, SwPV, and SVA. Overall, these findings indicate that the AGB technique was effective in quickly inactivating SwPV. Additionally, the SwPV inactivation rate is comparable to ASFV under field studies and poses a potential model for preliminary ASFV inactivation studies with reduced biosecurity requirements. Moreover, this study contributes to understanding the inactivation kinetics of viruses under specific conditions, which is critical when designing and applying countermeasures in case of biosecurity breaches in sites managing animal mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Ebling
- Department of Veterinary PathobiologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahomaUSA,Setor de VirologiaUniversidade Federal de Santa MariaSanta MariaBrazil
| | - Willian Pinto Paim
- Department of Veterinary PathobiologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahomaUSA,Laboratório de VirologiaFaculdade de VeterináriaUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulPorto AlegreBrazil
| | - Justin Turner
- Department of Entomology & Plant PathologyFerguson College of AgricultureOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahomaUSA
| | - Gary Flory
- G.A. Flory ConsultingMt. CrawfordVirginiaUSA,Virginia Department of Environmental QualityHarrisonburgVirginiaUSA
| | - Jeremy Seiger
- Envirotech Engineering & Consulting, Inc.Oklahoma CityOklahomaUSA
| | - Caleb Whitcomb
- Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, Food and ForestryOklahoma CityOklahomaUSA
| | - Marta Remmenga
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary ServicesU.S. Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection ServicesFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Matthew Vuolo
- Center for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary ServicesU.S. Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection ServicesFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Akhilesh Ramachandran
- Molecular Diagnostic LaboratoryOklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic LaboratoryOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahomaUSA
| | - Leslie Cole
- United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection ServiceVeterinary ServicesField OperationsOklahoma CityOklahomaUSA
| | | | - Robert Miknis
- U.S. Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection ServicesFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Becky Brewer
- United States Department of AgricultureAnimal and Plant Health Inspection ServiceVeterinary ServicesField OperationsOklahoma CityOklahomaUSA
| | - Lori Miller
- United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Veterinary ServicesStrategy and PolicyRiverdaleMarylandUSA
| | - Keith Bailey
- Molecular Diagnostic LaboratoryOklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic LaboratoryOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahomaUSA,Charles River LaboratoriesMattawanMichiganUSA
| | - Justin Talley
- Department of Entomology & Plant PathologyFerguson College of AgricultureOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahomaUSA
| | - Fernando Vicosa Bauermann
- Department of Veterinary PathobiologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahomaUSA
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11
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Chen PR, Rowland RRR, Stoian AM, Petrovan V, Sheahan M, Ganta C, Cino-Ozuna G, Kim DY, Dunleavey JM, Whitworth KM, Samuel MS, Spate LD, Cecil RF, Benne JA, Yan X, Fang Y, Croix BS, Lechtenberg K, Wells KD, Prather RS. Disruption of anthrax toxin receptor 1 in pigs leads to a rare disease phenotype and protection from senecavirus A infection. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5009. [PMID: 35322150 PMCID: PMC8943192 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09123-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA) is a cause of vesicular disease in pigs, and infection rates are rising within the swine industry. Recently, anthrax toxin receptor 1 (ANTXR1) was revealed as the receptor for SVA in human cells. Herein, the role of ANTXR1 as a receptor for SVA in pigs was investigated by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Strikingly, ANTXR1 knockout (KO) pigs exhibited features consistent with the rare disease, GAPO syndrome, in humans. Fibroblasts from wild type (WT) pigs supported replication of SVA; whereas, fibroblasts from KO pigs were resistant to infection. During an SVA challenge, clinical symptoms, including vesicular lesions, and circulating viremia were present in infected WT pigs but were absent in KO pigs. Additional ANTXR1-edited piglets were generated that were homozygous for an in-frame (IF) mutation. While IF pigs presented a GAPO phenotype similar to the KO pigs, fibroblasts showed mild infection, and circulating SVA nucleic acid was decreased in IF compared to WT pigs. Thus, this new ANTXR1 mutation resulted in decreased permissiveness of SVA in pigs. Overall, genetic disruption of ANTXR1 in pigs provides a unique model for GAPO syndrome and prevents circulating SVA infection and clinical symptoms, confirming that ANTXR1 acts as a receptor for the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula R Chen
- Division of Animal Science, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - Raymond R R Rowland
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Ana M Stoian
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Vlad Petrovan
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Maureen Sheahan
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Charan Ganta
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Giselle Cino-Ozuna
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Dae Young Kim
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - James M Dunleavey
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Kristin M Whitworth
- Division of Animal Science, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Melissa S Samuel
- Division of Animal Science, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Lee D Spate
- Division of Animal Science, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Raissa F Cecil
- Division of Animal Science, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Joshua A Benne
- Division of Animal Science, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Xingyu Yan
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Ying Fang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.,Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Brad St Croix
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Kelly Lechtenberg
- Midwest Veterinary Services, Inc. and Central States Research Centre, Inc., Oakland, NE, 68045, USA
| | - Kevin D Wells
- Division of Animal Science, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Randall S Prather
- Division of Animal Science, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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12
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Turner JH, Paim WP, Maggioli MF, Peter CM, Miknis R, Talley J, Bauermann FV. Prolonged Viability of Senecavirus A in Exposed House Flies ( Musca domestica). Viruses 2022; 14:v14010127. [PMID: 35062331 PMCID: PMC8780564 DOI: 10.3390/v14010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
House flies (Musca domestica) are often present in swine farms worldwide. These flies utilize animal secretions and waste as a food source. House flies may harbor and transport microbes and pathogens acting as mechanical vectors for diseases. Senecavirus A (SVA) infection in pigs occurs via oronasal route, and animals shed high virus titers to the environment. Additionally, SVA possesses increased environmental resistance. Due to these reasons, we investigated the tenacity of SVA in house flies. Five groups of flies, each composed of ten females and ten males, were exposed to SVA, titer of 109.3 tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50/mL). Groups of male and female flies were collected at 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h post-exposure. For comparison purposes, groups of flies were exposed to Swinepox virus (SwPV). Infectious SVA was identified in all tested groups. Successful isolation of SVA demonstrated the titers varied between 106.8 and 102.8 TCID50/mL in female groups and varied from 105.85 to 103.8 TCID50/mL in male groups. In contrast, infectious SwPV was only detected in the female group at 6 h. The significant SVA infectious titer for prolonged periods of time, up to 48 h, indicates a potential role of flies in SVA transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Heath Turner
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (J.H.T.); (W.P.P.); (M.F.M.); (C.M.P.)
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, Ferguson College of Agriculture, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Willian Pinto Paim
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (J.H.T.); (W.P.P.); (M.F.M.); (C.M.P.)
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90040-060, Brazil
| | - Mayara Fernanda Maggioli
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (J.H.T.); (W.P.P.); (M.F.M.); (C.M.P.)
| | - Cristina Mendes Peter
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (J.H.T.); (W.P.P.); (M.F.M.); (C.M.P.)
| | - Robert Miknis
- United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Inspection Service Veterinary Service Strategy and Policy Office of Interagency Coordination, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA;
| | - Justin Talley
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, Ferguson College of Agriculture, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
- Correspondence: (J.T.); (F.V.B.)
| | - Fernando Vicosa Bauermann
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; (J.H.T.); (W.P.P.); (M.F.M.); (C.M.P.)
- Correspondence: (J.T.); (F.V.B.)
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13
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Dee S, Spronk G. Feed: A new pathway for the domestic and transboundary spread of viral pathogens of veterinary significance. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:1-3. [PMID: 34985195 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Dee
- Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone, Minnesota
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